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TINGTASK2BOOK

CALLUS:98131-
94022

DI
RECTOR:NEERAJSAGWAL
EMAI
LUS:beacon.
pundr
i@gmai
l.
com
FACEBOOK:www.
facebook.
com/
beaconi
elt
sacademy
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CE:SCO288, OPPBUSSTAND,
PUNDRI
-
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TINGNOTES

 AGREEORDI
SAGREEESSAYSFORMAT

I
nsomecountri
esanincr
easingnumberofpeopl
earesuf f
eri
ngfrom heal
th
probl
emsasaresul
tofeati
ngtoomuchf astf
ood.I
tistheref
orenecessar
yfor
gover
nment
stoimposeahighertaxonthiski
ndoffood.
Towhatext
entdoyouagreeordisagr
ee?

 Par
agraph1-Intr
oduct
ion
Sent
ence1-Paraphr
aseQuesti
on
Sent
ence2-ThesisSt
atement
Sent
ence3-Outli
neStat
ement

Soourf
ull
int
roduct
ionwi
l
llookl
i
ket
his:

Iti
sarguedt hatgov er
nment sshouldlevyat ari
ffonjunkf oodbecausethenumber
ofhealt
hr i
sksassoci atedwithconsumi ngthiskindoffoodi sonther i
se.Thi
sessay
agreesthatahi gherrateoftaxshouldbepai dbyf astfoodcompani es.Fir
stl
y,t
his
essaywilldi
scusst hef actt
hatalcoholandt obaccocompani esalreadypayhigher
taxesandsecondl y,discusshowhi ghertaxeswoul draisepri
cesandl ower
consumpt i
on.
3sentences, 77wor ds.

Wenowneedt owr i
teoursupport
ingpar
agr
aphsf
orouragr
eeordi
sagr
eeessay
:
 Supporti
ngParagraph1
Thi
sparagraphshouldincl
ude:
Sent
ence1-TopicSentence
Sent
ence2-Explanati
on
Sent
ence3-Exampl e

Atopicsent encetel
lstheexaminerwhattherestofthepar
agraphi
sabout.I
nother
words,iti
sasummar yofy ourf
ir
stidea.I
tshouldlooksomethi
ngli
kethi
s:
Higherexciseonliqueurandcigarett
eshaspr oventobesuccessf
ulatcur
bingt
he
harm causedbyt hesesubstances.

Wenowneedt oexpandont hispointalitt

le.Agoodwayofdoi ngthisi
st oassume
thatt
heexami nerhasnoknowl edgeoft hi
ssubj ectandyouhavetoexplai
nclear
ly
whaty oumean.
Hereiswhatthiscouldlooklike:
Thisrevenuehasbeenusedt ot reathealt
hpr oblemsassociat
edwiththese
productsandhaspr ovenusef ulinadverti
singcampai gnswarningpeopleaboutthe
dangersofalcoholandt obaccoabuse.Taxf rom fastfoodcoul
dbeusedi nthe
sameway .

Weshouldnowt hi
nkofanexampl etosupportourpoi
nt.Thi
nkaboutanyr
ecent
newsst
ories,
studi
esoradv ert
s.Ifyoucan’tt
hinkofone,makeoneup.The
exami
nerwon’tcheckifi
tisrealornot.
TheUni
tedKingdom isapr i
meexampl e,
wher emoneyf r
om smokersi
susedto
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TINGNOTES

tr
eatl
ungcancerandhear
tdi
sease,whil
eatthesamet i
me,pumpedint
oheal
th
campai
gnsinschool
stowarnchil
drenaboutthedanger
sofsmoking.

That’sit
.Foursentences.Theful
lparagraphshouldlookli
kethi
s:
Higherexciseonl i
queurandcigaretteshasproventobesuccessf ulatcurbingthe
harm causedbyt hesesubstances.Thisrevenuehasbeenusedt otreathealth
problemsassociatedwi t
hthesepr oductsandhaspr ovenusefuli
nadv ert
ising
campai gnswarningpeopleaboutt hedangersofalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Tax
fr
om f astfoodcouldbeusedi nthesameway .TheUnitedKingdom isapr ime
exampl e,wheremoneyf rom smokersi susedtotr
eatlungcancerandhear t
disease.

 Support
ingParagraph2
Wenowrepeatthesamef or
mulawi
thoursecondsuppor
ti
ngpoi
nt-hi
ghert
axeswi
l
l
i
ncr
easepr
icesandreduceconsumpt
ion.

Ourtopi
csentence:
I
ncreasi
ngtaxeswouldr
aisepr
icesandl
owerconsumpt
ion.

Expl
ainingthi
sfur
ther:
Fastfoodcompani eswouldpassonthesetaxest
oconsumer sintheform of
hi
gherpr i
cesandthiswouldleadtopeopl
enotbeingabletoaff
ordjunkfood
becauseitistooexpensi
ve.Junkfoodwouldsoonbecomeal uxuryit
em andit
wouldonlybeconsumedoccasi onal
ly,
whichwouldbelessharmfultothegener
al
publi
c’shealt
h.

Wenowsuppor tourpoi
ntwithanexample:
Forinst
ance,t
hecostoforgani
cfoodhaspr ovenprohi
bit
ivel
yexpensi
veformost
peopleandthati
swhyonlyasmal lper
centageofthepopulat
ionbuyitr
egular
ly.

Thefullparagraphwouldlookliket his:
Incr
easingt axeswoul
dr aisepricesandl owerconsumpt i
on.Fastfoodcompanies
wouldpassont hesetaxestoconsumer si nthef orm ofhigherpri
cesandt hi
s
wouldleadt opeoplenotbei ngablet oaffordjunkf oodbecausei ti
stooexpensive.
Junkfoodwoul dsoonbecomeal uxur yi
tem andi twouldonlybeconsumed
occasional
ly ,
whichwouldbel esshar mfult othegener alpubli
c’shealt
h.For
i
nstance,thecostofor ganicfoodhaspr ov enpr ohibi
tivel
yexpensiveformost
peopleandt hatiswhyonlyasmal lpercent ageoft hepopulati
onbuy sitr
egular
ly.
Foursentences.

 Concl
usion
Sent
ence1-Summaryofmai
npoi
nts
Sent
ence2-Youropi
nion

Don’twri
teanynewi deasinthi
sparagraph.
Agoodconcl usionshoul
djustrest
ateyourthesi
sstat
ementandy ourmai
n
support
ingpoints.
Inconcl
usion,junkfoodshouldbetaxedatahi gherr
atebecauseofthegood
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TINGNOTES

precedentsetbyal
coholandtobaccoandthef
actt
hatt
hei
ncr
easedcostshoul
d
reducetheamountoffastfoodpeoplebuy
.

 OPI
NIONQUESTI
ONS(
AGREEORDI
SAGREE)

Typi
calQuesti
onWor ds–
Whatisyouropini
on?
Doyouagreeordisagree?
Towhatextentdoy ouagr
eeordi
sagr
ee?
 Introducti
on
Sentence1-ParaphraseQuesti
on
Sentence2-Thesi sSt
atement(I
tisagreed…/
Iti
sdisagr
eed…/
Thi
sessay
agrees/di
sagrees…)
Sentence3-Out l
ineSentence(
Thisessaywil
ldi
scuss….
)
 MainBodyParagraph1
Sent
ence1-Topi
cSentence
Sent
ence2-Expl
ainTopi
cSentence
Sent
ence3-Example
 MainBodyParagr
aph2
Sent
ence1-Topi
cSentence
Sent
ence2-Expl
ainTopi
cSent
ence
Sent
ence3-Example
 Conclusi
on
Sent
ence1-Summar yandopinion
ExampleQuestion–
Somepeoplebel i
evet hatunpai
dcommuni tyser
viceshouldbeacompulsor
ypar
tof
hi
ghschool pr
ogrammes( forexampl
ewor kingf
orachar i
ty,
impr
ovi
ngthe
nei
ghborhoodort eachingsport
stoyoungerchil
dren)
.Towhatextentdoyouagr
ee
ordi
sagree?

Iti
sar guedt hatvolunt eeringshoul dbemadepar toft heschool cur r
iculum.Thi s
essayagr eeswi tht hatsuggest ioncompl etelybecauseoft hebenef i
tsi tbr
ingst o
pupils.Theessaywi ll
fir
stl ookathowv oluntarywor kcanhel pst udent sdev elopsof t
skil
lsandt hendi scusshowt heseext r
acur r
icularact ivit
iesar ev al uedbyuni versities
andempl oyers.
Educat ionshouldnotbel i
mi tedt ostri
ctlyacademi cpur suitsandt hosei neducat i
on
shoul dalsodev elopl i
feski l
ls,suchast eamwor k, empat hyandsel f-
discipl
ine, and
oneoft hebestway st ohonet heseapt i
tudesi st hr oughcommuni tyser vi
ce.Ser ving
thosel essfortunatet hanour selvesteachesusmanyl essonsi ncl udinghowt owor k
withpeopl efrom ot herbackgr oundsandt hev alueofhar dwor k.Forexampl e,I
personal l
yvolunteer edtospend6weeksi nAf ri
cat eachi ngdisadv ant agedchi ldren
andt hisledtoamuchhi gherwor kethicwhenIr eturnedt omyst udies.
Manycol l
egesandcompani esar ealsoincreasi ngl ylookingf ort hist ypeof
exper i
ence.Mostschool leav ershav ethesamegr adesandchar itablewor kscan
helpsety ouapar tfr om theher d.Forexampl e,Cambr i
dgeandOxf ordr eceive
thousandsofappl i
cationsf rom st r
aight-Astudent sev eryy earandcanonl yaccepta
smal lpercentageofappl icant s.Whaty ouhav edoneout sidet hecl assroom i sof ten
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TINGNOTES

thethi
ngt hatdif
fer
enti
atesyoufr
om ev
eryoneelseandgetsyout hatcovetedspot.
Inconclusion,
teenager
sshouldbemadetopar t
akeinunpaidwor kaspartoftheir
schooli
ngbecausei twi
llhel
pthem l
ear
nthingstheywouldn’
tordinar
il
ylearnfrom
thei
rteachersanditwil
lalsoboostt
hei
rchancesofgett
ingint
ot hir
dleveleducati
on.
 PROBLEM ANDSOLUTI ONESSAYFORMAT

Paragraph1-Introduction
Paragraph2-Pr oblems
Paragraph3-Sol uti
ons
Paragraph4-Concl usion
Atasent encelevel,yourst ruct
ureshouldl ooklikethis:
 I nt
roduction
Sentence1-Par aphrasequest i
on
Sentence2-Out li
nesent ence(saywhaty ouwi l
ldiscussint
herestoftheessay
)
 Pr oblem
Sentence3-St ateproblem
Sentence4-Expl ai
nwhatpr obl
em is
Sentence5-Whati sther esultofthi
spr oblem
Sentence6-Exampl e
 Sol uti
on
Sentence7-St atesolution
Sentence8-Expl ai
nhowsol uti
onwi l
lsolvepr oblem
Sentence9-Exampl e
 Concl usion
Sentence10-Summar yofmai npointsinpar agraphs2and3
Sentence11-Pr edict
ionorr ecommendat ion
That’
si t
!11sent encest hatcanbeusedagai nandagai nforanyprobl
em sol
uti
on
I
ELTSessay .

Theintr
oduct ionwi
llhav
etwosentences:aparaphr
aseoft hequest
ionandan
out
linestatement.
Paraphr
asingi ssi
mplysayi
ngthesentenceagai
nwithdif
fer
entwordsbutwiththe
samemeani ng.Wecandothisbyusingsynonymsand/orchangi
ngtheorderofthe
words.

Question-Globalwarmi ngi
soneoft hebiggestthreatshumansf aceinthe21st
Centuryandseal ev
elsareconti
nuingtoriseatalarmingrates.
Paraphrased-Cli
mat echangeisamongt hepr i
ncipaldangersfacingpeoplethis
centuryandoceanl evelsarei
ncreasingdramaticall
y.
Asy oucanseeabov e,Ihav
eusedsy nonymst ochanget hewordsoft hequesti
ons
butitstil
lhasthesamemeani ng.Theexami nerwillbelooki
ngfory ourabi
l
itytodo
thi
sint heexam, soiti
sagoodi deatopracti
cethisskill
.

Ouroutli
nesentenceisnextandthistel
lstheexami nerwhattheyaregoingtoreadi
n
therestoftheessay.Thismakesitverycl
eartot heexaminerandmakest herestof
theessaymucheasi ertounderst
and.Youwi l
ltherefor
egainmar ksforcoher
ence
andcohesion.
Ouroutli
nesentenceshouldlooksomet hi
ngli
ket his:
Thisessaywi l
lfi
rstsuggestt
hatthebiggestproblem causedbyt hi
sphenomenon
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TINGNOTES

i
st hefloodingofhomesandt hensubmi tbuil
dingfl
oodpr otecti
onasthemost
viabl
esol ut
ion.
Ourintroducti
onwi ll
ther eforel ooklikethis:
Climatechangei samongt hepr incipaldanger
sf aci
ngpeopl ethiscent
uryand
oceanl evel
sar eincreasingdr amat icall
y.Thi
sessaywi llf
ir
stsuggestthatthe
biggestproblem causedbyt hisphenomenoni sthefloodi
ngofhomesandt hen
submi tbuil
dingfloodpr otectionast hemostv i
ablesoluti
on.
Itshouldbenot edthatt hisintroduct iondoesnotcontainat hesi
sstatement.Thi
sis
becauset hi
spar ti
cularquest iondoesnotaskusf orouropinion.However,I
ELTS
problem soluti
onquest i
onssomet imesdoasky ouforyouropinionandyoushould
thenincludeat hesi
sst atement .
SAMPLEESSAY

Globalwar
mingi
soneofthebiggestthr
eatshumansfacei
nthe21stCent
ury
andsealevel
sar
econti
nui
ngt ori
seatalar
mingrat
es.
Whatprobl
emsareassoci
atedwiththi
sandwhataresomepossibl
esolut
ions.

Cli
mat echangeisamongtheprincipaldangersfaci
ngpeopl ethiscentur
yandocean
l
ev elsar
ei ncr
easi
ngdramat
ical
l
y .Thisessaywi l
lfi
rstsuggestthatthebiggest
problem causedbythi
sphenomenoni sthefloodingofhomesandt hensubmi t
buildi
ngfloodprot
ecti
onasthemostv i
ablesolut
ion.

Theforemostproblem causedbyseal evel

screepingupi sthefl
oodingofpeopl es’
resi
dences.Mil
li
onsofpeopl eal
l overtheworldliveincoastalar
easandi ft
hesea
ri
sesbyev enafewf eet
,theywil
l beinundatedwi thwaterandlosetheir
proper
ty.Shel
teri
soneoft hemostbasi cofhumanneedsandwi despreadf l
ooding
wouldcausemi l
li
onsofpeopl etobecomehomel ess,nottomentionlosi
ngal lof
thei
rpossessi
ons.Thedev astat
ionbr oughtaboutbyt hiswasclearforalltosee
duri
ngthe2011Tsunami inJapan,inwhi chmill
ionsofpeopl eweredisplaced.

Apossibl
esol uti
ont ot
hispr obl
em wouldbet obuildfloodbarr
iers.Fl
ooddefences,
suchasdikes, damsandf loodgates,couldbebui ltalongcoastsandwat er
way s,
ther
ebystoppingthewat erreachingpopul at
edar eas.TheNether l
andsisoneofthe
mostpopulatedar easi
nt hewor l
dandal sooneoft hemostv ulnerabl
etofl
ooding
andtheyhavesuccessf ul
lyempl oyedvariousflooddef ensesystems.

Toconcl ude,stemmi ngther i

singtidescausedbyincreasinggl
obalt
emper atur esis
oneoft hef or
emostchal lengeswef aceanditwil
lul
ti
mat elyl
eadtomanyoft he
wor l
ds’cit
iesbeingleftunderwat er,butapossi
blesolut
ioncouldbetoutil
iset he
fl
oodpr eventi
ont echniquesalreadyusedbycount ri
eslikeHoll
and.I
tispredicted
thatmor eandmor ecount r
ieswillbef or
cedtotakesuchmeasur est
oav oidawat ery
catastr
ophe.

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TINGNOTES

 ADVANTAGE&DI
SADVANTAGEESSAYSFORMAT

I
ELTSadvant
agesanddi
sadv
antagesquesti
onsnormal
lygi
veyouastat
ementand
asky
outocommentontheadvantagesanddisadv
ant
agesoft
hatst
atement
.

Theprobl
em isthatthereare3differentt
ypesofadvant
agesanddisadvant
ages
essayandtheyeachr equir
eadifferentappr
oach.I
fyouanswerthem i
nadiffer
ent
waythenyourisklosinglotsofeasymar ks.

Question1
I
nsomecount r
iesyoungpeopleareencour agedt owor kortr
avelf
oray earbet
ween
fi
nishi
nghi ghschool andst
arti
nguni v
ersit
yst udi
es.
Discusstheadv antagesanddisadvantagesf oryoungpeoplewhodecidedt odothi
s.
Question2
Someexper t
sbelievethati
tisbett
erforchildrentobegi nl
earni
ngaforeign
l
anguageatpr i
mar yschool
sratherthansecondar yschool.
Dot headvantagesoft hi
soutweighthedisadv antages?
Question3
Comput ersarebecomi nganessentialpartofschool l
essons.
Discusstheadv antagesanddisadvantagesandgi vey ourownopini
on.

Question1simplyasksustodiscusstheadvantagesanddisadv
antages.I
tdoesnot
askforouropini
onorsaywhi chsi
deisbett
erorwor se,soweshouldnotincludet
his
i
nfor
mat i
oninouranswer.
Thi
sr equir
esasimplestr
ucturei
nwhichthestudentwilll
ookattheadvantagesin
onepar agr
aphandthedisadvant
agesintheother.

Quest i
on2i sdi f
ferentbecausewehav et osayi ft headv antagesarest r
ongert han
thedisadvantages.Not i
ceIdi dn’
tsay‘ i
ft her earemor eadv antagesthan
disadvantages’.Thequest ionisnotaski ngy out otalkaboutnumber s,butcomment
ont heoverallweightoft headv antagesordi sadv antages.Forexampl e,therearea
hugenumberofadv antagest otravell
i
ngbypr i
vatejet,butthereisonehuge
disadvantage( t
hecost )t hatstopsmostpeopl efrom f l
yi
ngt hatwayandt herefore
thedisadvantagesout wei ghtheadv antages.
Inthisexampl ewewi llhav etodecidewhi chsi de( advantagesordisadv antages)is
strongerandt hiswillaffectourst r
ucture.I fy ouchooseadv antagest heny ouwi l
l
hav etosaywhyt hesear emuchst rongert hant hedi sadvantagesandwhyt he
disadvantagesdon’ thol dmuchwei ght.Youwoul dal sohav etomaket hisclearin
yourthesisstatement .

Question3isdiff
erentagai
nbecauseiti
smor eli
keanopinionessayanda
di
scussionessayatt hesameti
me.Yourstruct
urewil
lref
lectthi
sbyhavinga
paragraphforadvant
agesanddisadvant
ages,butal
sohav i
ngaclearposit
ionont
he
statement.

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TINGNOTES

 Struct
uref orEssay1
I
ntroducti
on
Sentence1-Paraphrasequesti
on
Sentence2-Outli
nesentence
Supporti
ngParagr aph1(Advantages)
Sentence3-Topicsentence(Advantage1)
Sentence4-Explainhowthisisanadv antage
Sentence5-Exampl e
Supporti
ngParagr aph2(Disadvantages)
Sentence6-Topicsentence(Disadvantage1)
Sentence7-Explainhowthisisadisadv ant
age
Sentence8-Exampl e
Conclusi
on
Sentence9-Summar yofmainpoints

 Struct
uref orEssay2
I
ntroducti
on
Sentence1-Paraphrasequest i
on
Sentence2-Thesisstatement( stat
ewhi choneoutwei
ghstheot
her
)
Sentence3-Outli
nesent ence
MainBodyPar agraph1( Str
ongerSide)
Sentence4-TopicSent ence
Sentence5-Explainwhyi ti
sst r
ong
Sentence6-Exampl e
Sentence7-TopicSent ence
Sentence8-Explainwhyi ti
sst r
ong
Sentence9-Exampl e
MainBodyPar agraph2( WeakerSide)
Sentence10-TopicSent ence
Sentence11-Explainwhyi tisnotstrong
Sentence12-Exampl e
Conclusi
on
Sentence13-Summar yofmai npointsandrestat
eposit
ion.

 Struct
uref orEssay3
I
ntroducti
on
Sentence1-Paraphrasequest i
on
Sentence2-Thesisstatement( y
ouropi
nion)
Sentence3-Outli
nesent ence
MainBodyPar agraph1( Advant
ages)
Sentence4-TopicSentence
Sentence5-Explain
Sentence6-Exampl e
MainBodyPar agraph2( Di
sadvant
ages)
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TINGNOTES

Sent
ence7-TopicSent
ence
Sent
ence8-Expl
ain
Sent
ence9-Example
MainBodyParagraph3(Opini
on)
Sent
ence10-Explai
nopini
on
Sent
ence11-Explai
norgiveexampl
e
Concl
usi
on
Sent
ence12–Summar yofmainpoi
nts

Question1Sampl eAnswer
I
nsomecount r
iesyoungpeopleareencouragedtoworkortr
avel
forayear
betweenfini
shi
nghi ghschool
andst ar
ti
nguniversi
tyst
udi
es.
Discusstheadvantagesanddisadv
antagesforyoungpeopl
ewhodecidedtodo
thi
s.

Befor
eembar ki
ngoncoll
egemanyy oungpeopleareadvisedthatay
earworki
ngor
tr
avel
li
ngmaybeagoodopt i
on.Thi
sessaywillsuggestt
hatsav i
ngmoneyist
he
bi
ggestadvantageoft
hisandareducedmotiv
at i
ontostudyisthepr
imary
di
sadvant
age.

Thirdleveleducati
onisv er
yexpensi veandlot
sofst udent
sdecidetowor kfor12
mont hsandsav eupmoneybef oret heybegi
ntheirstudi
es.Thisal
lowst hem topay
fortheirl
ivi
ngcost s,
tuit
ionfeesandaccommodat ionandfocusont heirstudies,
ratherthanstrugglefi
nancial
lyorhav etogetaparttimejobont opoftheiracademic
wor k.TheTimesr ecentl
yreportedthattheaveragestudentataUKuni versit
y
requiresover$12,000perannum j usttosurvi
veandmanydr opoutbecauset hey
cannotaf f
ordt ostay.

Despitetheseadv ant
ages, manystudentsoftengetusedt owor ki
ngortravell
ingand
don’
twantt or et
urntoal i
feofstudyafteray earoff.Thisshorttermv i
ewcancause
somet oby passuniversi
tyalt
ogetherandgost raightintoajobt hati
sbeneat hthei
r
capabil
iti
esormaynotof fert
hesamepr ospectstheirfutur
ecar eermighthav edone.
Forinstance,arecentsurveybytheBriti
shGov ernmentf oundt hat26%ofst udents
whot akeagap- yearneverentert
erti
aryeducat i
on.

I
nconclusi
on,
taki
ngabreakf r
om studi
escanbeadvant
ageousifital
l
owspeopl
eto
gat
herupsavi
ngs,however
,theyshouldal
sobecar
efult
hatitdoesnotleadt
o
di
sil
l
usi
onmentwitheducat
ionalt
ogether.

Quest
ion2Sampl eAnswer
Someexpertsbeli
evethati
tisbett
erforchil
drentobegi
nlear
ningaf
orei
gn
l
anguageatprimaryschool
sratherthansecondar
yschool.
Dotheadvantagesofthi
soutweighthedisadvant
ages?

Someaut horit
iesthinkthati
tismor ef
avorabl
eforpupil
stobeginstudyi
ng
l
anguagesatpr i
mar yschoolinst
eadofsecondaryschool
.Thi
sessaywi l
larguethat
theadvantagesoft hisoutweighthedr
awbacks.Theessaywill
fir
stdemonst rat
e
thatt
heear l
iersomeonel earnsanaddit
ionall
anguagethemorelikel
ytheyareto
masteritandt hati
tbr i
ngsaddedcogniti
vebenefit
s,f
oll
owedbyananal ysi
sofhow
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TINGNOTES

t
hepr
imar
ydi
sadv
ant
age,
namel
yconf
usi
onwi
tht
hei
rnat
ivet
ongue,
isnotv
ali
d.

Themai nreasont ostartkidsoffwi t

hf or
eignlanguagesear l
yisthatthi
si ncreases
thelikel
ihoodtheywi llachi
ev efl
uencyi nadult
hood.Thati stosayt hattheywi llhave
farmor ey ear
stoper fecttheirskil
lsanditwill
seem per f
ectlynormal t
ospeak
bil
ingually
.Forexampl e,i
ncount ri
essuchasHol l
andandNor waywher eEngl ishis
taughtfrom av eryyoungage, mor ethan95%ofadul tsspeaki tatanadv ancedl evel
.
Lear ni
ngasecondl anguageal sohelpst oimproveov er
allcogniti
veabil
iti
es.Inot her
wor dsitbenefi
tst heov er
alldevelopmentofachi ld’
sbrain.Ar ecentsurveyby
Cambr i
dgeUniver si
tyfoundt hatchil
drenwhost udiedanewl anguagebef oret heage
of5wer esigni
ficantl
ymor elikelytoscorehigherinMat hemat i
csandSci ence.

Thoseopposedt othi
ssayt hatitcausesthechildtobecomeconf usedbetween
thei
rmot hertongueandtheot herlanguage.Howev er,ther
ei sactual
lynoevidence
tosupportt hi
sviewandchi l
drenf r
om bil
i
ngual famil
iesdoj ustaswel l
inboth
l
anguages.Myownsonwasbr oughtupspeakingbot hVietnameseandEngl i
shand
outper
formsmostofhi sclassmat esinboth.
Onbalance, thefactt
hatearlyforeignl
anguagel ear
ningleadst ohigherfl
uencyand
i
mpr ovedbr ainf
uncti
onclearlyoutweighstheflawedar gumentt hatiti
mpairsuptake
ofnati
vel anguages.
(299words)

Quest
ion3Sampl eAnswer
Computersar
ebecomi nganessent
ial
partofeducat
ion.
Di
scusstheadvantagesanddi
sadvant
agesandgivey ourownopi
nion.

Infor
mat i
ontechnologyisbecomingaubiquit
ouspartofl
earni
ng.Thisessaywi l
l
showt hatthi
sisawel comedevelopmentandcanenhanceeducationalpracti
ce.I
t
willf
ir
stsuggestthattheinst
antavai
labi
li
tyofhugeamountsofinfor
mat i
oni sthe
primaryadvantage,
f ol
l
owedbyadi scussi
onofhowi tcansometi
mesl eadt o
plagi
arism.

Themai nbenef i
tcomput ersbr ingtol earner siseasyaccesst ovastamount s
resour ces.Lear nerswer eoncel i
mitedt ot hebookst heyhadandt heknowl edgeof
theirteacher ,nowt heycanl ear naboutany t
hingt heychooseatt het ouchofabut ton.
Googl ei sapr i
meexampl e, becausei tall
owspeopl etoeasi l
ysear chf orwhat ever
theyar el ookingf orqui cklyandaccur ately.
Onepossi bledr awbacki st hatusi ngt hei nternettocompl eteacademi cwor kcan
somet i
mesl eadt opupi l
scopy ingarticlesf rom theinternet.Asar esul t,
student sdo
nothav et othinkaboutt heirt asksandl earnv erylit
tle.TheSundayTi mesr ecently
repor t
edt hat72%ofcol l
egegr aduat esi ntheUKadmi ttedt ocopy ingandpast i
ng
Wiki pediaar ti
clesatl eastonce.
Ov erall
,itisav eryposi ti
vedev elopmentbecausemostst udentswi lltakeadv antage
oft hepoweroft hei nformat ionsuper highwayt oenhancet heirstudies, ratherthan
usingi ttocheat .Forexampl e,in2005Cambr idgeUni versit
yfoundt hatst udent s
whor egul arl
yusedacomput erwer e26%mor eli
kelytogetaf ir
st-classdegr eethan
thosewhodi dnot .
Inconcl usi on,thewebhaspr ovidedagat ewayt oknowl edgeunl i
keany t
hingseen
bef oreandal thoughi tcansomet i
mesl eadt oaf ewt akingt heeasyr outeand
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TINGNOTES

plagi
ari
sing,
iti
sav
eryposi
ti
vest
epi
ntheev
olut
ionofeducat
ion.
(278words)

 DI SCUSSIONESSAYSFORMAT
Identif
yingtheQuest i
on
Lookatt het hr
eequest ionsbelowandchooseoney out hinkisadiscussi
onquesti
on.
1.Comput ersarebeingusedmor eandmor eineducat ionandsot herewil
lsoonbe
norol ef
ortheteacheri neducat i
on.
Towhatext entdoy ouagr eeordisagree?
2.Comput ersarebeingusedmor eandmor eineducat ion.
Discusst headvantagesanddi sadvantagesandgi vey ourownopi nion.
3.Comput ersarebeingusedmor eandmor eineducat ion.Somepeopl esaythat
thi
si sapositi
vetrend, whil
eothersar guethatitisleadingtonegat i
ve
consequences.
Discussbot hsidesoft hisargumentandt hengiveyourownopi ni
on.

Thef
ir
stquesti
onisanopi
nionquesti
onandwecant
ell
thi
sfr
om t
hei
nst
ruct
ions
‘
Towhatextentdoyouagr
eeordisagree?
’.

Thesecondquest
ioni
sobv
iousl
yanadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesquest
ion.

Thethir
dquest i
onisthediscussionquest
ion.Wecant ellt
hisf
rom thetypical
i
nstr
uctionsint hequestion‘
Discussbothsidesoftheargumentandt hengi veyour
opi
nion’.
Youmayal sobeaskedt o‘Discussbothviewsandgivey ouopi
nion’or‘Discussbot
h
si
desoft hear gumentandgi veyouropini
on’.
Eachoft hesequestionsisaskingust ododiff
erentt
hingsandwet hereforeneed
adif
ferentstructur
ef oreachquestion.

Exampl eQuestions
Herear eafewot hertypicaldiscussi
onquest ions:
1.Agr owingnumberofpeopl efeelthatani malsshouldnotbeexpl oit
edbypeopl e
andthatt
heyshoul dhav ethesamer ightsashumans, whi
leothersarguethat
humansmustempl oyani malstosat i
sfyt hei
rvari
ousneeds, i
ncludi
ngusesf or
foodandresear ch.
Discussbothv i
ewsandgi vey ouropinion.
2. Bl oodspor t
shav ebecomeahott opi cfordebateinrecentyears.Associety
developsiti
sincreasinglyseenasanunci vil
izedacti
vit
yandcr uelt
ot hehelpl
ess
animalsthatarekill
ed.Al l
bloodspor tsshoul dbebanned.
Discussthemai nar gument sforthi
sst atementandgi vey ourownopi ni
on.
3. Somepeopl et hi
nkt hatthebestwayt oreducecri
mei stogivelongerpri
son
sentences.Others,howev er,beli
evetherear ebet t
eralt
ernati
veway sofreduci
ng
cri
me.
Discussbothv i
ewsandgi vey ouropinion.

Asyoucansee,t
heytypi
cal
lyst
atetwoopi
nionsandthenaskyoutodiscussbot
h
andgi
veyouropi
nion.Makesur
ey oudot
hesethingsi
ntheessay.I
fyouonly
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TINGNOTES

di
scussbot
hvi
ewsandf
ail
togi
vey
ouropi
niony
ouwi
l
llosemar
ks.

Fordiscussi
onquest i
ons,Isuggesty ouusethef
oll
owingfourpar
agr
aphst
ruct
ure.
 Introduct
ion
Sentence1-ParaphraseQuest i
on
Sentence2-StateBothPoi ntsofView
Sentence3-ThesisStatement
Sentence4-Outli
neSent ence
 Mai nBodyPar agraph1
Sentence1-Statefi
rstviewpoint
Sentence2-Discussfir
stv i
ewpoi nt
Sentence3-Reasonwhyy ouagr eeordisagr
eewit
hv i
ewpoint
Sentence4-Examplet osuppor tyourvi
ew
 Mai nBodyPar agraph2
Sentence1-Statesecondv iewpoint
Sentence2-Discusssecondv i
ewpoint
Sentence3-Reasonwhyy ouagr eeordisagr
eewit
hv i
ewpoint
Sentence4-Examplet osuppor tyourvi
ew
 Concl usi
on
Sentence1-Summar y
Sentence2-Statewhichonei sbet t
erormoreimport
ant

Sampl
eAnswerwithDi
scourseMarkers
Her
eisthesampl
eansweragainwi
ththedi
scour
semar
ker
sinbol
d.

Thereisaneverincreasi
nguseoftechnol ogy,suchast abletsandlaptops,inthe
cl
assroom.Itisoftenarguedthatthisisaposi t
ivedev elopment ,
whilstothers
di
sagreeandt hi
nki twil
ll
eadtoadv erseramif
ications.Thi sessayagr eesthatan
i
ncreaseintechnologyisbenef
ici
altost udent
sandt eacher s.Thi
sessaywi lldi
scuss
bothpoint
sofv i
ew.

Iti
scl earthatt
hei nt
ernethasprovi
dedstudentswithaccesstomor einfor
mation
thanev erbefor
e.Mor eover,
lear
nershavetheabil
itytoresear
chandlearnaboutany
subjectatthetouchofabut ton.I
tisther
eforeagreedthattechnol
ogyisav ery
worthwhi l
etoolforeducati
on.Wiki
pediaisaprimeexampl e,wherestudentscan
simplytypeinanykey wordandgainaccesst oi
n-depthknowledgequicklyandeasil
y.

Howev er,manydi sagr

eeandf eelt
hattechnologydepriv
espeopl eofrealhuman
i
nteracti
on.Humani nt
eractionteachespeoplev al
uabl
eski ll
ssuchasdi scour
se,
debateandempat hy.Despitethis,humaninteract
ionisstil
lpossibl
ethroughthe
i
nternetandt hi
sessaydi sagreestechnologyshouldbedi smissedforthis
reason.Forinstance,SkypeandFacebookmakei tpossibleforpeopletoint
eracti
n
way sthatwerenev erbeforepossible.

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TINGNOTES

Inconclusion,whil
ethebenefit
soft echnol
ogy,part
icul
arl
ytheint er
net,
all
ow
student
st ot apint
olimit
lesssourcesofinfor
mat i
on,somestil
lf eelt
hatpeople
shouldbewar yoft
hisnewphenomenonandnotal l
owi tt
ocurbf acetoface
i
nteract
ion.Howev er,asl
ongaswear ecar
efult
okeepi nmindt heimportanceof
humani nteracti
onineducati
on,theeducati
onalbenefit
sareclear l
yposit
ive.

SAMLEESSAY2

Somepeoplesaythatthebestwaytoimprovepubl
ichealt
hisbyi
ncreasi
ngthe
numberofsport
sfacil
it
ies.Ot
hers,
however,
saythatthi
swouldhaveli
ttl
eef
fecton
publi
chealt
handthatothermeasuresar
erequi
red.
Discussbot
hthesevi
ewsandgi veyourownopini
on.

I
tisoftenarguedthatexpandi
ngthenumberofleisur
eameni t
iesist
hemost
appropri
atewayofboost i
ngtheheal
thofthegeneralpubl
i
c,whileot
hersfeelt
hat
thi
sisnotav i
ablesolut
ionandbeli
eveotherst
epsareneeded.Thisessaywill
argue
thatsport
scompl exesarenott
hebestanswerandeducationisamor esuit
able
opti
on.

Agr eat
eravai
labil
it
yofrecreat
ionfacil
it
iesmighthelpsomebecomeheal thi
erbuti
t
i
sunl i
kelyt
ohav eaneff
ectont heunheal thymasses.Mostheal
thproblemsdonot
stem fr
om alackofopportunit
ies,butfr
om al ackofmoti
vati
on.Forexample,
Cambr i
dgeUniversi
tyf
oundi nar ecentstudythat62%ofmenandwomenwhopai d
foranannualgym member shipfail
edtogoent i
rel
yaft
erj
ustonemont h.

Apubl i
cawar enesscampaignaboutt hedanger sasedent aryli
fest yl
ecanhav eon
one’sfi
tnesswoul daff
ectnotonlypeopl e’swell-
beingbutalsothei runderstanding
oftheissue.Thisisbecausemostmenandwomenar eunawar eoft heharmt hey
aredoingtot hemselv
esbynotexer ci
singr egularl
yandwar ningt hem aboutt herisk
fact
orswoul dhav eamotivat
ingeff
ect .Fori nst
ance,the‘
Gowal king’ campaignin
NorthernIr
elandin2006ledtoobesi t
y-relatedil
lnesses,l
i
kehear tdi seaseandst roke,
fal
li
ngbyal mostaquar t
er.

I
nconclusion,al
thoughanincr
easedavai
labil
i
tyofsport
scentr
escaninf
luencethe
well
nessoft hepubli
ctoacert
ainext
ent,
itisonl
ythrougheducat
iont
hatthereal
benefi
tscanber eal
ised.

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TINGNOTES

 TYPI
CALQUESTI
ONWORDSFORMAT

Therewill
nor mallybeast atementandtheywil
lthenaskyout
oanswert
osepar
ate
questi
ons.
 Introduct
ion
Sentence1-Paraphr aseQuest i
on
Sentence2-OutlineSent ence(menti
onbothquestions)
 Mai nBodyPar agraph1
Sentence1-Answerf i
rstquesti
ondirect
ly
Sentence2-Explainwhy
Sentence3-Furtherexplain
Sentence4-Exampl e
 Mai nBodyPar agraph2
Sentence1-Answersecondquest iondir
ectl
y
Sentence2-Explainwhy
Sentence3-Furtherexplain
Sentence4-Exampl e
 Concl usi
on
Sentence1-Summar y

ExampleQuesti
on:
Asmostpeoplespendamaj orpartoftheiradul
tli
featwor
k,jobsati
sfact
ioni
san
i
mportantel
ementofindivi
dual well
being.
Whatfact
orscontr
ibut
et ojobsatisfact
ion?
Howreali
sti
cistheexpectati
onofj obsatisf
acti
onforal
lworkers?

Ast hemaj orit

yofadul tsspendmostoft heirtimeatwor k, bei
ngcont ent
withy ourcar eeri sacr ucial partofaper son’sheal thandhappi ness.Thi sessaywi ll
fi
rstdi scusswhi chel ement sleadt ojobsat isfact i
onandi twi l
l thenaddr essthe
quest ionofhowl i
kelyi tisthatev eryonecanbehappywi tht heirjob.
Thet womosti mpor tantthingst hatl eadt osomeonebei ngsat i
sf i
edatwor kar e
beingt r eatedwi thr espectbymanager sandbei ngcompensat edf airly.Ifthosemor e
seniort hany our especty ouasaper sonandt hej oby ouar edoi ngt heny oufeelli
ke
youar ev alued.Af airsalaryandbenef itsareal soi mpor t
antconsi der ationsbecause
i
fy ouf eely ouar ebei ngunder paidy ouwi lleit
herr esenty ourbossesorl ookfor
anot herj ob.Ther etwof actorscamet opofar ecentj obsat isf
act ionsur vey
conduct edbyMonst er.com, t
hatfoundt hat72%ofpeopl ewer epl easedwi t
ht heir
currentr ol
ei ftheirsuper i
orsr egularl
yt oldthem t heywer eappr eci ated.
Withr egar dst ot hequest ionofhappi nessf oral lwor kers, Ithi
nkt hisi sandal way s
willbehi ghlyunl i
kely .Thev astmaj orit
yofpeopl ef ai
ltoreacht hei rgoal sandendup
wor kingi napostt heydon’ treall
ycar eabouti nr eturnforasal ar y.Thi smoneyi sjust
enought opayt heirlivi
ngexpenseswhi chof tenmeant heyar et rappedi nacy cleof
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TINGNOTES

di
senchantment.Forexampl e,
TheTi mesr ecentl
yrepor t
edt hat89%ofoffi
ce
worker
swouldleavetheirjobsiftheydidnotneedt hemoney .
I
nconclusi
on,beingsati
sfiedwithy ourtr
adeorpr ofessionisani mpor
tantpartof
one’
swell-
bei
ngandr espectf r
om one’ scol
leaguesandf ai
rpaycanimprov eyour
l
evelofhappi
ness;howev er,j
obsat i
sfacti
onofallwor kersisanunreal
isti
cprospect
.

 Usef ulvocabul ary/phrasest oopen/ st

arttheessay
:
Many /
somepeopl eclai
m/ opine/ believethat.
..
Thereisnodeny ingthat.
..
I
tisoftensaidt hat..
.
Thesedays...
/Nowaday s..
./Int hisdayandage. .
.
I
tgoeswi thoutsay i
ngthat...
I
tisuniver
sallyaccept edt hat..
.
Weliveinanagewhenmanyofusar e.
..
Peoplearedividedi ntheiropinionr egar di
ng..
.
.
..
.isoneoft hemosti mpor t
anti ssues...
Whether..
..or....isacont roversialissue...

 Usef ulv ocabular y

/ phrasest oendt heIntroduct i
onpar t
:
Letusexami nebot hv i
ewsbef orereachingaconcr etedecisi
on.
Thef ollowingpar agraphsdi scusswhet her...
..
.or....
..andreachar easonable
conclusi on.
Thef ollowingessayt akesal ookatbothsi desoft hear gument.
Myt wocent sgof or .
..
Howev er,Ist r
ongl ybelievet hat.
..
Iopposet hev iewandmyr easonswi l
lbeexpl ai
nedi nt hef
ollowingparagraphs.
Iwil
l suppor tt hisviewwi thar gument sint hefol
lowi ngparagraphs.
Ipersonal lybel i
evet hat..
.
Thust headv ant agesf arout weighthedi sadvantages. .
.
Iwhol ehear tedlybel i
evet hatt hi
strendshoul dbechanged.

 Vocabul aryfortheopinionpart
:
Accordingtotheessayt ypes(LearnwhataretheIELTSessayty pes)useoneofthe
fol
lowingconnectivewor ds/li
nki
ngphrasestowritedowny ouropinionHowever
remembert hatifthequestiondoesnotasky outogiveyouropinionbuttocompare
advantagesanddi sadvantages,t
henyoushouldnotstrongl
yexpr essyouropi
nion.
Opini
onshoul donlybewr i
tt
enforopi
nionessays.

Inmyopi ni
on..
.
Istr
onglyopi nethat.
..
Istr
onglyagr eewi t
htheideat
hat
..
.
Istr
onglydi sagr
eewi tht
hegiv
entopi
c..
.
Ithi
nk..
.
Myopi nionisthat..
.
Personallyspeaking..
.
Inmyv iew...
Ibeli
eve...
Apparent l
y.
..
Personallyspeaking..
.
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TINGNOTES

Accordi ngtome. .
.
From mypoi ntofview...(
Not'Inmypoi
ntofv
iew'
)
Asf arasIam concer ned..
.
From myper specti
ve...
Ireali
se. .
.
Tomywayoft hi
nking...
Itseemst omet hat..
.
Tome. ..
Tomymi nd...
Myownv i
ewont hemat t
eris.
..
Itappear sthat.
..
Ifeelthat .
..
Iunder stand..
.
Isuppose. ..

Exampl es:
1)Buti nmyopi ni
on, givingaccesst oamobi lephone&t hei nter nettoeachand
everyunempl oyedper soni samat terofgreatdispute.Ibeliev e,thisideacanhel p
thecount ri
eswhohav esuf fi
cientfundsforthewholef iscaly earandal readyadopted
technologiesli
kethei nternetforav eryl
ongperiod.Butt hismi ghtt urnouta
compl etelossforanundev elopedcountry.
2)Ibelieveparentsareal waysteachingusinmanyway sintent ional l
yand
unintenti
onall
y;howev er, t
hecont r
ibuti
onsteachershav einourl earningprocess
cannotbei gnored.
3)Ist r
onglyagreewit hthei deathatthegenderissuei sonlyadet ermi nanti
nthe
battl
eoft hesexes,nott hebat tl
esamongnat i
onsandpeopl es.I tistherefor
e
i
mper t
inent,i
fnotir
rational,toconcludethatwor l
dconf li
ctsr esul tfrom therul
eofa
parti
culargenderandt hef i
nersexwoul ddoabet terjobatpr ev ail
ingpeacei f
selecti
velyputatthehel m ofhumannat ions.

 Vocabul aryforthe2ndpar
agr
aphPar
t:
I
tist r
uet hat...
Fi
rst..
.
Fi
rstofal l
...
Fi
rstly..
.
Fi
rstandf oremost ..
.
I
niti
ally.
..
Tobegi nwi th...
Tost artwith...
Letust akeal ookat..
.
I
tiswor t
hconsi deri
ng..
.
I
nt hef i
rstplace. .
.
Thoughi tist ruethat.
..
Somepeopl ebel i
evethat..
.
Manypeopl et hinkthat.
..
Accor di
ngt omany ..
.
Somepeopl ebel i
evethat..
.
Manysuppor tthev i
ewt hat.
..
Ont heonehand. .
.
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Exampl es:
1)Iti
st ruethatanunempl oy ededucatedper sonwi thamobi l
ephoneandt he
i
nternetconnect i
oncangetmor eaccesst othelocal andforeignjobsect or
sandcan
usetheset echnologiestogetaj oborbecomesel f-employed.
2)Firstofall
,themaxi mum number sofcar sareownedbyt herichpeopleandf uel
pri
cewoul dnotr estrai
nthem from usingt hecars.Thepr i
ceoff uel
,infact,
increased
si
gnificantl
yov erthepast12y earsandt hathasdonenot hingt oreducethecar
usage.
3)Tobegi n,housest hatarebeingconst r
uctedbyt hosei nthel owerincomegr oups
dolookatt hemostcost -
effecti
veoption.Inthisprocess,theyi nvari
abl
yexpl or
e
cheaperopt i
onst hatincl
udeacompr omi seonmat er i
alandconst r
ucti
onqual i
ty.

 Vocabul aryf orthe3rd,

4th..
..
..par
agr
aphPar
t:
Second( ly)
..
.( Not' Secondofall'
)
Third(l
y)..
.
Then. .
.
Next .
..
Afterthat..
.
And. .
.
Again...
Also...
Besides...
Li
kewi se...
I
naddi t
ion..
.
Consequent l
y...
What ’smor e..
.
Furthermor e..
.
Mor eover..
.
Otherpeopl et hinkt hat.
..
Otherpeopl ebel ievet hat.
..
Ont heot herhand. ..
Apar tfr
om t hat...
Fi
nal l
y..
.
Lastbutnott hel east...

Exampl es:
1)Besides, unempl oyedper sonsli
vinginur banar eas; caneasi l
ygett heinformati
on
rel
atedt othej ob-off
eri
ngcompani eswi ththeset echnol ogies.Fur thermore,theuse
oftheset echnol ogi
esgivet hem advantagest hanot hers.
2)Besides, peopl ewouldlearnmor eaboutt heout erspaceast heexper i
mentand
sci
entif
icr esear chi
nout erspaceisgoi ngonmor est eadilythanev er.
3)Apartf rom that,comput erswouldbecomemor epower f
ul andt heywillhave
superi
orar ti
ficiali
ntel
li
gence.Wewi ll
hav er obotst odot hehazar douswor ksl i
ke
miningandout erspacer esearch.Surprisingly,e-commer cewoul dbei nmor e
convenientf orm andmostoft hepeopl ewi l
l purchaseonl iner atherthangoi ngto
shopsinper son.

 Vocabul
arytoshowt
hecompar
ison:
I
nthesameway..
.
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TINGNOTES

Li
kewise..
.
Simil
arl
y..
.
Li
kethepr ev
iouspoint
..
.
Simil
arto.
..
Also.
..
Atthesamet ime.
..
Justas..
.

Exampl es:
1)Si mi l
arly,allthecompani esandof f
icesarebecomi ngaut omatedandusing
comput er s,theinternetandot hertechnologiesv astl
ythananyot herti
mein
history .
..
....
2)Att hesamet imesof twarecouldbeusedf ormanypur posessuchasl earning
throughcomput ers,accounti
ngi ncomput er
s, dr
awi ng,
storageofi nf
ormati
on,
sendi ngi nformat ionfrom oneper sont ootherper sonsetc.
3)Al sor eadi ngbooksi sli
kepeekingi ntothemi ndsoft hegr eat
estpeopl
e-Abook
i
sl i
keaconv ersationwiththewr i
terandr eadingmanybooksgi vesusaninsightint
o
thet hinkingpr ocessofdi f
ferentwrit
er s.

 Vocabul arytoshowcont r
ast
:
Ontheot herhand. ..
Onthecont r
ary .
..
Howev er..
.
Nevertheless..
./Nonetheless..
.
But.
..
Nonetheless/Nev er
thel
ess...
Oppositely.
..
Alt
ernativel
y...
Unli
ke...
While.
..
Whilst
...
Alt
hough. ..
Though...
Eventhough. ..
Despit
e.../Inspi t
eof .
..
I
nspi t
eoft hef actthat.
..
Alt
ernativel
y...
I
ncont rasttot hi
s...
Thenagai n..
.
Ontheot herhand. ..
Despit
et hef actthat.
..
Evenso. .
.
Yet.
..
Meanwhi le..
.

Exampl es:
1)Ont hecont
rar
y,poorcount
ri
essufferf
rom thelackofsuff
ici
entbudgetsto
ensuresomev er
ybasicneedsofpeoplel
ikehealt
h,educat
ion,medici
nesetc.Then
again,
thosecountr
iesdon'
thaveachancetospendal otofmoneyt oini
ti
atea
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TINGNOTES

superf
icialproj
ect .
..
..
..
.
2)Unli
keaTV, ar adiocannotdisplayanimageorav ideo,andthecommuni cat
ioni
s
l
imitedtov oiceonly.Ty pi
call
y,aradioisusedforaccessinf or
mationsuchasnews
andliv
et raff
icupdat es..
..
..
..
.
3)Incont r
asttot hi
s, t
heconsumpt ionoffuelstorunt hecariscontr
ibut
ingtot
he
ri
seifglobalwar mingandaf f
ecti
ngt heozonelayer.So,usingbicy
clesinci
ti
es
wouldbeabet teralternat
ive.
..
..
..
..

 Vocabul arytoshowanexampl e:
Asanexampl e.
..
Forinstance. ..
Forexampl e...
Li
ke...
As..
.
Amongot hers..
.
Suchas. ..
Part
icularly..
.
Regarding. ..
I
npar ti
cul ar..
.
Namel y..
.
Withrespectt o..
.
Asfar. .
..isconcer ned..
.
Toshowanexampl e..
.
Togiveanexampl e..
.
Tociteanexampl e...
Asanev idence...
Toill
ustrat e..
.
Topar aphr ase..
.
Anexampl eis..
.
.
..
couldbeagood/ idealexampl
eher
e
Acase. .
.
Wheni tcomest o..
.
Exampl
es:
1)Fori nst
ance,ther
eisnoguar antyt
hatallunemploy edpersonwil
l usethe
technologyposit
ivel
y..
..
..
..
2)Asanexampl e,manygov er
nment softhefirstworldcountri
eshav ei
niti
atedot
her
projectsli
ke:
..
..
..
..
.
3)Forexampl e,i
fapubl i
cbusget sbust
edint hemi ddleofaroad,thepassengercan
easilyl
eaveitalookforanotherone.
Alway suseacomma( ,)aft
er'
Forexample','
forinst
ance' et
c.

 Vocabul
aryt
opr esentani
dea:
Resear
chshowsthat
...
Resear
chhasfoundthat.
..
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Whenitcomesto...
Wit
hrespectto.
..
Notonl
y..
.butal
so...
I
ntermsof..
.
Exampl
es:
1)Resear chshowst hatempl oymentoppor
tuni
tyandcrimeratioinaci
tyhasadeep
underl
yingr el
ati
onshipandt hatiswhy.
..
2)Wheni tcomestodeci di
ngwhoshoul dberesponsi
bletoteachchil
drenthe
di
scipl
ine...
3)Withr especttomix-school cl
assr
ooms,i
tisquit
eevidentthat.
..

 Phr asestointr
oducemor ei
deas/exampl
es:
Furthermor e..
.
I
naddi t
ion..
.
Ont opoft hat..
.
Besides...
Whati smor e.
..
Anot herpointworthnoti
ngis.
..
Anot herfactortoconsi
deri
s..
.
Furthermor e..
.
Notonl y...
.butalso.
..
Also...

Examples:
1)Ontopofthat,
richcountr
iesemitmoreCO2thanr
estofthewor
lddoesandthi
s
i
swhyt heyhavegreat
erresponsi
bil
it
ies.
2)Anot
herpointworthnoti
ngisthenumberofTVchannel
swehavethesedays.
3)Whatismore,l
eadersarebornnotmade.

 Vocabul arytoshowconsequence,
eff
ect
sorr
esul
t:
Asar esul t
..
.
Consequent ly.
..
Asaconsequent ..
.
Asanef f
ect..
.
Thus...
So..
.
Thereasonwhy .
..
Therefore..
.
Onaccountof ..
.
Becauseof .
..
Hence. .
.
Eventuall
y .
..
Forthis/thatreason.
..
Thereby...
Duet o..
.
Owingt o...

Examples:
1)Ther
efore,
weshoul
dav
oidusi
ngourbudgeti
nanuncer
tai
npr
oject
..
..
..
..
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2)Asar esul
t,peoplearestr
uggli
ngmucht oleadaheal thyandsecurel
ife.
..
..
..
..
3)Consequently,
localr
esidentswil
lbeabl
et ofindmor ejobopport
unit
iesinthi
s
fact
oryandhav eabettersocio-
economicstatus..
..
..
..
.

 Vocabul arytoshowr esul

t&r
eason:
Asar esult.
..
Asar esultof.
..
Duet o.
..
Oner easonbehindthisis.
..
.
..hasledt o/..
.hasresult
edin.
..
Consequent l
y..
.
Therefore.
..

Examples:
1)Theoveruseofnaturalr
esour ceshasalreadyresul
tedinthescar
cityofsuch
val
uabl
er esour
cesthatwecannotdowi t
hout..
.
2)Thi
shasl edtoamor aldegradationandwear eatatoughti
met olookbackmuch
behi
nd.
3)Onereasonbehindthisisthenegl i
genceofindivi
dualswhoarealr
eadysuffer
ing
fr
om minorhealt
h-r
elat
edi ssues.

 Vocabularytosum upatt
heendofapar
agr
aph:
Tosum up..
.
I
nshort.
..
I
nawor d..
.
Toputitsi
mpl y.
..
Thati
stosay ..
.
Torepeati
nshor t.
..
.
Tosummar ise.
..

Examples:
1)Inaword,Ithink, theideacanbev er
yuseful
forthedevel
opi
ngcountr
iesbutf
or
us,i
tmightbesi nister..
.
2)Thatistosay, wemustensur et
hesaf et
yofourchil
drenf
ir
st.
..
..
..
..
3)Inshort
,overallinfrastr
uct
ureoftheareawil
ldevel
op.
N.B.Theabovevocabular
yisspecif
ical
l
yusefulwhi
lef
ini
shingaparagr
aph.Youcan
usethesewords/phrasestor
e-stat
eyourtopi
coftheparagraph.

 Vocabul arytomakeapoi
ntst
ronger
/Addi
ngemphasi
s:
I
tgoeswi thoutsayingthat
..
.
Obviously.
..
Needlesstosay .
..
Thereislit
tl
edoubtt hat
..
.
Alt
hough...
Thought..
.
Nonetheless..
.
Neverthel
ess..
.
Sti
ll
..
.
Yet.
..
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Must .
..
.After
Afterall
..
.
Evenif..
.
Therefore.
..
Thus...
..

Exampl es:
1)Al though, Parent
sar eimportantt
eachersinourl i
vesandnonecandenyt heir
i
nv al
uabl eroletomakeuswhatwear e,buttheyaren'talwaysthebestteachers.
..
..
..
2)Thusai randwat erpoll
uti
oncausedbyt hisfact
or ywillr
uinthel
ocalenvironment
andwi ldli
fefundament all
y..
..
..
..
.
3)Althoughi ndustri
ali
sati
oni snecessar
yforthegr owthofacount r
yitmustbe
regulated.Thepr opermeasur esmustbei nplacetor educethenegati
veimpact sof
byproduct sont heenvir
onment .

 Vocabularyf
orclar
if
yingorr
ephr
asi
ng:
Toputitsi
mply..
.
Toputinanotherway.
..
Thati
stosay...
I
notherwords..
.

Exampl es:
1)Toputi nanot herway ,nucl
earpowerhasagr eatpot
entialt
oprovi
depower
requi
rementoft hei ndustri
esall
aroundtheworld.
2)Inotherwor ds,fathershaveagreatrol
etoplaywheni tcomestoupbri
ngi
ng
chil
dreninapr operway .
3)Toputi tsimply,co-educati
oncanbringadv
ant agesthatfarout
weight
he
demer i
tsithas.

 Ot hertr
ansi
ti
onal
wor
ds/
connect
ivewor
ds:
Then...
El
se...
Otherwise.
..
Besides..
.
Assoonas. ..
Asmuchas. .
..
.

Examples:
1)Theytakecareofthechil
drenasmuchaspar ent
sdo. .
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
.
2)Assoonaswer eal
isetheprobl
em .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
3)Other
wise,t
heunempl oyedgraduat
es'numberwi l
lkeeponi ncreasi
ng.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

 Somecor rectandincor
rectexpr
essi
ons:
Correct Incor
rect
I
nmyopi ni
on… From myopini
on…
From mypoi ntofview.
.. Inmypointofvi
ew…
Second/Secondly … Secondofall
…
Ontheot herhand… Onotherhand…
Lastbutnott hel
east… Lastbutnotl
east
…
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I
nconcl
usi
on/Toconcl
ude I
nanut
shel
l
…

 Vocabul aryfortheconclusionpar
t:
I
nconcl usion..
.
I
nsummar y.
..
Toconcl ude..
.
Toconcl udewi th.
..
Tosum up. ..
I
ngener al..
.
Tosummar i
se..
.
I
nshor t.
..
All
inal l.
..
Overal l
..
.
Onthewhol e.
..
Todr awt heconclusion..
.
Toel ucidate..
.(
'Toelucidate'means-'makesomet
hingcl
ear
'or'
toexpl
ain'
.
)
All
thi ngsconsi dered..
.
Byandl arge..
.
Takingev eryt
hingintoconsi der
ati
on..
.
Takingev eryt
hingintoaccount .
..
Weighi ngupbot hsidesoft heargument.
..

Exampl es:
1)Ingener al,event houghi ti spr eferablet ostudyEnglishinanEngl ish-speaking
count r
y,ar easonabl elevel ofEngl ishcanbeachi evedinone' sowncount r
y ,
ifa
studentisgi ft
edanddedi catedt ost udying.
2)Tosum up, i
fthepopul ationexpl osioncont i
nues, manymor epeopl ewilldieof
starvati
oni npoorcount ri
es, andl i
fei ntheciti
es, eveninaffluentnations,will
becomei ncreasinglydi f
fi
cul t.
3)Toconcl ude,Irecommendt hattheonl ysensiblewayt osol vet
hispr oblem isto
educat eyoungpeopl eaboutt hedanger sofdr uguseandt ot akestepst oreducet he
pressureofcompet it
ionpl acedupont hem.
4)Inconcl usion,nucl eartechnol ogycer tainl
yhasposi ti
veusesbuti snonet heless
danger ous.Howev er ,i
twoul dhav ebeenbet t
erifithadnev erbeenusedt ocr eate
nuclearweapons.I flifeonEar thi stocont i
nue,allthenuclearnationsoft hewor ld
shouldagr eet odisarm assoonaspossi ble.

 Vocabul
aryf
orexpr
essi
ngcondi
ti
on:

Somear gumentsandstat
ementsinyouressaywoul
drequireyoutoshowthati
tis
dependentonsomeconditi
on.Fol
lowi
ngistheli
stofvocabular
iesyoucanuset
o
presentcondi
ti
oninyourwri
ti
ng.

I
f.
...
.
Provi
dedthat.
..
..
Becauseofthat.
..
..
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Fort hi
sr eason..
..
.
Unless...
..
Prov i
dingt hat
..
..
.
Sot hat..
..
.
I
ncase. .
...
Whet her...
.
Exampl
es:
1)Ift
hepr opermeasurementsandi nit
iati
vesar enottaken,thepoll
utionwil
lkeepon
i
ncreasingandt hatwoul
dsomedayt hreat
ent heexistenceofourlif
e.
2)Unlesswechangeourdi etandgeti nvolvedinsomesor tofoutdooracti
vi
ti
esand
sport
s,theav er
ageweightwouldkeeponi ncreasi
ng.
3)Forthisreasons,weshoul
dpr eserveacer tai
nper centageofhi
gh-level
jobsfor
quali
fi
edwomen.

 Vocabul
aryf
orexpr
essi
ngAgr
eement
:

Inagreement /di sagreementessayy ouwi l

loft
enneedtoexpresswhetheryou
agree/di sagreeorpar ti
all
yagreewi t
hagi venstat
ementoropini
on.Fol
lowi
ng
vocabular i
eswoul dbehel pfultoexpressyouragreementwi
thsomet hi
ng.
Iquiteagr eet hat..
..
Istronglyagr ee....
.
Icompl etelyagr eet hat.
..
..
Itotal
lyagr eewi tht hegivenideathat..
..
.
Iagreewi t
ht heopi nionthat.
..
..
Iam quitei nclinedt otheopinionthat.
..
..
Icouldnotagr eemor e..
..
.
Iconcurwi t
ht hegr oupwhobel i
evethat..
..
.
Iacceptt hat...
..
Iacceptt hef actt hat.
..
..
Iapprov ethei dea. .
..
.
Iam inagr eement ..
...
Iconsentt hat ..
..
.

Examples:
1)Iqui
teagreethatowningacarhav efarmoreadvant
agesthandi
sadvantages.
2)Iam i
nagreementwi tht
hegr oupofpeoplewhobeli
evethatt
hegovernment
shoul
dbuil
dmor espor t
sfacil
i
tatestopromotepubl
icheal
th.
3)Iagr
eewi t
htheopi ni
onthatmoretaxesshouldbeimposedonfastf
oodi t
ems.
 Vocabularyforexpr
essingDisagreement:

Followingaresomeusef ulvocabul
arytousewhenev
ery
ouwantt oexpr
essyour
disagreementwi t
hani dea,opini
onorstatement
.Youwi
llusual
l
yusethosei
n
agreement /disagreementt ypeIELTSessay .
Idisagreewi t
ht heopi nionthat..
..
Istronglydisagree...
..
Icompl etel
ydisagr eewi t
h..
..
.
Itotal
lydisagreewi tht hegivenideathat.
..
..
Idisagreewi t
ht hest atement .
..
..
Iquiteopposet heopi nionthat.
..
..
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Idisapprovet
hat..
..
.
Itotal
lydonotacceptt hefactthat.
..
..
Myownopi ni
oncont r
adict
s...
..
Idisagreewit
hthegr oupofpeopl e.
..
..
Howev er,myopini
oni sdif
ferent.
..
..
Exampl
es:
1)Iquitedisagreet hatbuil
dingmoreroadsonl
ycansol v
etheever-i
ncreasi
ngtraff
ic
problem i
nmostci ties.
2)Iopposet heopi nionthatgover
nmenthasnor esponsi
bil
i
tiesforsupport
ingt
he
seniorcit
izens.
3)Myopi nioncont radict
swiththegroupofpeopl
ewhobel i
ev et
hatspaceresearch
hasnov aluef orus.

 Vocabul
aryf
orexpr
essi
ngpar
ti
alagr
eement
:

Insomecases, y ouwi l
lhaveopini
onorpointofviewthatwouldnotcompletel
y
agreeordi sagr eewi thagi v
enopini
onorstatement.I
nt hi
scase,youshouldcl
earl
y
ment i
ont haty oupar t
ial
lyagreewit
htheopinionbutt
osomeext ent,youal
so
disagr
eet ot his.Int hesecases,usi
ngthefoll
owingvocabular
ywil
l bever
yhelpful
.
Tosomeext ent …..
Inaway …. .
Iagreewi ththegi venstatementtosomeext ent
…..
Upt oapoi nt,Iagr ee…. .
Mor eorless…. .
Sot ospeak…. .
Exampl
es:
1)Inaway ,
Iagr eethati ti
sgov ernment ’
sresponsibil
i
t ytokeept heenvi
ronment
cl
ean,butwithoutindividualeff ort
,itcannotbeachi eved.
2)Tosomeext ent
,Iagr eewi tht heopinionthatspacer esearchisawast eofmoney
butthei
nvaluableef f
ect stheser esearchcanhav ecoul dnotbedeni ed.
3)Sotospeak, mot hersplayt hemosti mportantroleinupbringingthechil
dren,
however,
thecont ri
butionaf athercanhav etot hechil
dr encan'tbeignor
ed.

 Vocabul
aryf
orexpr
essi
ngcer
tai
nty
:

Tomakeapoi ntorar
gumentstr
onger
,youoft
enneedt oshowt
hecer
tai
ntyofy
our
expression.Todosousethef ol
l
owingli
stofvocabul
ari
es:
Certai
nly…..
Defini
tely….
.
Nodoubt ….
.
Ofcour se…..
Doubtlessly…..
Withoutanydoubt …..
Undoubt edl
y ….
.

Examples:
1)Ofcourse,
lear
ningf
rom booksi
naf
ormal
educat
ional
inst
it
uti
onandl
ear
ning
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136026
 WRI
TINGNOTES

from booksf orsomeone'sowni nt

erestarebothhighlyi
mport
ant.
2)Def i
nit
ely,practi
call
essonshelpustohav emor edeepl
yunderstandi
ng,
whil
e
theor
yl earnedf r
om bookswill
bef or
gottenfareasier
.
3)Undoubt edlyulti
mateexhaustofnaturalr
esourceswouldcreateachaosand
manywi l
dl i
veswoul dbeendangeredaswell.

 Vocabul
aryf
orAddi
ngf
urt
heri
nfor
mat
ion:

Iny ouressay ,y
ouneedt opr
esentreasonsandargumentstomakey ourpoi
ntof
viewst ronger.Forthi
s,y
ouoftenneedtoaddmul ti
pleexamplesorcasesandthose
exampl esorcasesshoul dbeconnectedusingsomel i
nki
ngwor ds.Suchli
nki
ng
wor dsar egivenbelowsothatyoucanusethem inyourIELTSessay .
Inaddi t
ion…..
And…. .
Mor eov er ….
.
Simi larl
y …..
Fur t
her mor e…..
Also…. .
Aswel las…..
Besi des…. .
Ev en…. .
Too…. .
What ’smor e…..
Agai n…. .
Inasi mi l
arfashion….
.
Likewi se…. .

Exampl es:
1)What 'smor e,univer
sit
yeducati
onshouldbebasedont alentandperformance, not
basedonequal genderoppor
tunit
y.
2)Likewise, i
fthepopularmediaprovi
desgoodnewssuchaseducat i
onal,sci
enti
f i
c
andsoon, thi
scanmot iv
atet
hey ounggener
ationtoachi
ev emor eknowledge.
3)Ev en,secondort hir
dchangestothoseheinouscri
minalsareoftenfoundf r
uit
less
andt heycommi tt
edcrimesagain.

 Vocabul
aryf
orpr
esent
ingt
imeorsequence:

Expr essi
ngthetimeorsequencei
simport
antt
oshowanatural
flowi
nyour
argument sandpar agr
aphs.I
mpor
tantv
ocabul
ari
est
hatcanbeusedtoshowt
imeor
sequencear egivenbelow.
First/Fir
stl
y…..
Second/Secondl y…..
Third/Thirdl
y…..
Last /Lastl
y….
.
Then…. .
Att hesamet i
me…. .
Meanwhi l
e…..
Since…. .
Assoonas…. .
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 WRI
TINGNOTES

Aft
ert his/that…..
Before…..
Aft
er …..
Aft
er wards…. .
During…..
While…..
Si
mul taneously…..
Fol
lowi ngthis…..
When…. .

Exampl es:
1)Att hesamet ime,thetechnol
ogical
rev
olut
ionaff
ectsal
lcount
ri
esaroundthe
wor l
dinmanyway ssi
gnif
icant
ly.
2)Meanwhi le,weshoul dtr
yourbesttoputever
yeffor
ttomakeourenvir
onment
clean.
3)Af t
erwards,thesestepscouldhelpmasspeoplet
obeawar eofthedangeroft
hei
r
fastfoodintakes.

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