SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMETICS

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING,

UITM KAMPUS ARAU, PERLIS

DIPLOMA OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS -RCFAP120

GSS 160: FIELD ASTRONOMY

PREPARED BY:
NUM NAME NO.MATRIC
1. AKMAL HAZIQ BIN MOHD 2022487064
2. MUHAMMAD ADAM
HAKIMI BIN MOHD RASIDI 2022825766
3. NUR ALYAFIRZANAH
ADELINE BINTI BADARUL
HISSAM 2022897476

PREPARED FOR:
MADAM NURSYAHANI BINTI NASRON

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF FIELD ASTRONOMY

1.1) Definition of field astronomy:
- means of determining the absolute location of any point of or the location and direction of
any line on the earth’s surface by making astronomical observations of celestial body

1.2) Aims and objective:

-Actually, the objective or aim of solar observation is to determine the azimuth, so have a two
method for determine the azimuth which is observing the sun for have an altitude method and
hour angle method. The basic difference between these two is that altitude method and hour
angle require an accurate vertical angle and approximate time, whereas the hour angle
requires a very accurate time but no vertical
-Next, it is common operation in cadastral work because in order we want to start survey job
in cadastre we need to start with datum. Datum that needs solar observation is two survey
marks that distance not less than 40 meters where the original position of these marks has
been proved by direct measurement or traverse and calculation with solar observations for
azimuth.
-Moreover, it also widely used in determination of location of a point on earth surface. Earth
moves around the sun followed the course of the year, the sun appears to move with respect
to the fixed stars on the celestial sphere, along a path. The earth’s rotation about its axis
causes the fixed stars to move in the sky in a way that depends on the observer’s geographic
latitude. The time when a given time, one may therefore proceed in three steps. We also can
get the location by proved in calculation in astronomy.

1.3) Site location:

Site: Academic High, UITM Arau Cawangan Perlis
1.4) Instrument used:

TOTAL STATION
-measure angles and distances electronically and proceed trigonometrically to give
us, at a minimum, position coordinates in space

TRIPOD
-to support, stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other videographic or
observational or measuring equipment

SUNGLASSESS
-filter from sun for observer to observe through theodolite.

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1) Flow of work:
2.1.1) Methodology explanation

i. Choose a side where the sun may be seen clearly, much like we do at academic high
when we see the sun. after that, by calibrating the instruments, it became clear which
 one was appropriate for solar observation. Theodolite, tripod, and sunglasses with UV
protection were the tools used to perform our observations.

ii. As soon as we arrive at the site, we can start the observation when the sun can be seen
clearly. Before calibrating the theodolite, properly assemble the instruments to
minimize the error.

iii. To obtain the data presented, we first set the theodolite to the reference object and
assume the bearing and then observe the sun by face left. Before moving the crosshair
to the left position of the sun, the crosshair must be in the right position of the sun to
take the reading. After that, we flip it to face right and continue precisely reading the
data starting with the crosshair at the sun's left position and turn it to the right position
of the sun. Following the data reading, point the theodolite's crosshair to the reference
object, with a time limit of 10 seconds from the early assumed bearing that we
established.

iv. We begin filling up the field book's horizontal and vertical bearing during the
observation. Also, we need to record the time that we observed the sun.

v. Use the provided formula to calculate the data accurately, and for high precision data,
additionally refer to the star almanac, as well as the parallax and refraction table. For
the data to be considered valid, it must not last more than 30 seconds.

vi. Formula for solar observation for azimuth

1) Mean hour and minute
( t 1 +t 2+ t 3 +t 3 )
4
2) Mean to sun
(s ¿¿ 4−180 °)
s1 + s2 +(s ¿¿ 3−180 ° )+ ¿¿
4
3) Mean altitude
(v ¿¿ 4−270 ° )
(90 °−v ¿¿ 1)+(90 °−v ¿¿ 2)+(v ¿¿ 3−270 °)+ ¿¿¿¿
4
4) Mean to R.O
R .O CL+( R .O CR+¿−180 °)
2
5) Polar distance
90 °−declination at time
6) Computation azimuth
cos p sin ∅ × sin α
cos ∅ ×cos α
7) Mean grid bearing
Grid Brg R . OObs 1+Grid Brg R .O Obs 2
2

CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS AND RESULT

 OBSERVED AND COMPUTED BY: AKMAL HAZIQ BIN MOHD

NO DATE OF GRID BEARING GRID BEARING DIFFRENCE MEAN TOLERENCE

OBSERVATION RO RO BEARING
(OBS 1) (OBS 2) RO
(AZIMUTH)

1. 7-6-2023 26º42’59” 26º42’54” 0º00’05” 26º42’56” ACCEPTABLE

2. 7-6-2023 26º43’04” 26º42’57” 0º00’07” 26º43’00” ACCEPTABLE

3. 7-6-2023 25º54’28” 25º54’29” 0º00’01” 25º54’29” ACCEPTABLE

4. 14-6-2023 26º39’43” 26º39’39” 0º00’04” 26º39’41” ACCEPTABLE

5. 14-6-2023 26º42’23” 26º42’25” 0º00’02” 26º42’24” ACCEPTABLE

6. 12-7-2023 26º57’28” 26º57’24” 0º00’04” 26º57’26” ACCEPTABLE

7. 12-7-2023 26º57’42” 26º57’37” 0º00’05” 26º57’40” ACCEPTABLE

8. 21-7-2023 28º27’01” 28º26’51” 0º00’10” 28º26’56” ACCEPTABLE

9. 21-7-2023 28º14’39” 28º14’09” 0º00’30” 28º14’54” ACCEPTABLE

10. 21-7-2023 31º54’58.38” 31º54’59.72” 0º00’2.69” 31º54’58.39” ACCEPTABLE

 OBSERVED AND COMPUTED BY: MUHAMMAD ADAM HAKIMI BIN MOHD RASIDI

NO DATE OF GRID BEARING GRID BEARING DIFFRENCE MEAN TOLERENCE

OBSERVATION RO RO BEARING RO
(OBS 1) (OBS 2) (AZIMUTH)

1. 3-5-2023 26º46’54” 26º46’56” 0º00’02” 26º46’55” ACCEPTABLE

2. 3-5-2023 34º39’33” 34º40’35” 0º01’02” 34º40’04” NOT

ACCEPTABLE

3. 24-5-2023 26º47’02” 26º46’53” 0º00’09” 26º46’58” ACCEPTABLE

4. 14-6-2023 26º47’27” 26º47’22” 0º00’05” 26º47’24.5” ACCEPTABLE

5. 14-6-2023 26º47’21” 26º47’05” 0º00’16” 26º47’13” ACCEPTABLE

6. 5-7-2023 26º48’28” 26º48’23” 0º00’05” 26º48’25.5” ACCEPTABLE

7. 5-7-2023 26º46’36” 26º46’49” 0º00’12” 26º46’43” ACCEPTABLE

8. 12-7-2023 26º46’45” 26º46’25” 0º00’20” 26º46’35” ACCEPTABLE

9. 12-7-2023 26º50’26” 26º49’57” 0º00’28” 26º50’12” ACCEPTABLE

10. 21-7-2023 28º31’18” 28º31’46” 0º00’28” 28º31’32” ACCEPTABLE

 OBSERVED AND COMPUTED BY: NUR ALYAFIRZANAH ADELINE BINTI BADARUL HISSAM

NO DATE OF GRID GRID BEARING DIFFRENCE MEAN TOLERENCE

OBSERVATION BEARING RO RO BEARING RO
(OBS 1) (OBS 2) (AZIMUTH)

1. 3-5-2023 23º41’58” 22º41’48” 0º00’9” 23º41’53” ACCEPTABLE

2. 17-5-2023 19º08’14” 19º08’31” 0º00’16” 19º08’23” ACCEPTABLE

3. 17-5-2023 19º20’35” 19º20’26” 0º00’17” 19º20’35” ACCEPTABLE

4. 24-6-2023 23º17’03” 23º16’50” 0º00’13” 23º16’57” ACCEPTABLE

5. 14-6-2023 23º17’45” 23º17’23” 0º00’22” 23º17’34” ACCEPTABLE

6. 5-7-2023 23º18’15” 23º18’01” 0º00’14” 23º18’08” ACCEPTABLE

7. 5-7-2023 23º17’58” 23º18’00” 0º00’02” 23º17’59” ACCEPTABLE

8. 5-7-2023 23º14’26” 23º14’41” 0º00’15” 23º14’33” ACCEPTABLE

9. 12-7-2023 23º17’47” 23º18’06” 0º00’19” 23º17’56” ACCEPTABLE

10. 12-7-2023 23º15’59” 23º16’05” 0º00’06” 23º16’02” ACCEPTABLE

 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

4.1) Conclusion
We gained a lot of knowledge about how to determine the true azimuth
by making solar observations from this practical. Although carrying it out could
be difficult at times, we are grateful to Madam Nursyahani for all the
knowledge she taught to us over this semester.