PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF STOREY MODERN MALE

HOSTEL AT RAMOGI INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED

TECHNOLOGY

ALBERT ONYANGO OWINO

7371010458

PRESENTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

1
Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... 3
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 5
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 9
SURVEYING AND SOIL INVESTIGATION ......................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 15
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 15
Task 3: Schedules .................................................................................................................................... 20
Door schedule And Window schedule ................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 21
STRUCTURES ............................................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 24
MEASUREMENT ESTIMATION AND COSTING ............................................................................................. 24
ESTIMATION AND COSTING.............................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 44
MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................................ 44

2
DECLARATION
STUDENT

I Albert onyango, I declare that this project is the work of my own hand
and hasn't been presented to the Kenya National Examination Council
for any award.

ALBERT ONYANGO OWINO

7371010458

Sign....................................

Date....................................

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR

I declare that the work done by the candidate was done under my
supervision.

DESIGNITION........................................................

Sign........................

Date...........................

3
DEDICATION
My dedication goes to the Almighty God for giving me the gift of life
and wisdom to do my own work with much confidence. Second
dedication goes to my supervisor who took his time to help me succeed
this far.

4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give my sincere gratitude's to my project supervisor Mr. Tom Ondiek for his tireless efforts and
guidance during the preparation of this project. I would also like to acknowledge my friends, relatives
who supported me and eventually,it's a pleasure to thank the entire Ramogi Institute of Advanced
Technology fraternity for offering a cool environment for this work to reach at the end and also financial
institutions none other than National Bank of Kenya for more support.

5
ABSTRACT
It was proposed that at Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology,a modern men’s hostel should be
constructed, this is due to the rising number of trainees being admitted yearly in the facility. The
completion and execution of the entire project will depend on how all the finance team members of
Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology administration in collaboration with with the county
government of Kisumu and how issues will be managed during the process of construction.
The project comprises of one framed structure a two-storey building that will follow the American
standard is aimed to create more rooms for students. The project construction will be based on the
knowledge from chapters like structures, survey, measurements, estimation and costing, management
and building drawing.

SURVEY AND SITE INVESTIGATION

A survey was conducted by a group of surveyors to determine the ground topography so that to get
suitable position for the building foundation from the existing ones. Area topography especially the
slope and gradient were studied using appropriate survey tools.

SOIL SAMPLE
Soil samples were taken from the chosen marked place for the site and taken to the lab to determine
the soil moisture content and its ability to hold the structure. Soil sample was done through proctor test
for soil and also a CBR test was done, these tests were done at ministry of transport and infrastructure
in Kisumu public works.

ARCHITECTURAL PLAN AND SHEET PLAN

All architectural plans were done in drawings, architectural and structural, in reference to building
codes. Contract related documents include the final building contract, detailed specification sheets and
drawing work for the construction. These sheets of paper work become part of the legal foundation for
the project. Each document is vital to the building process, many people prefer to set for working
drawing plan and blue prints. Most common plan sheets include: - floor plan, foundation plan and roof
plans. The order of plan sheet generally follows the building order. Elevation views are usually before

6
building plan to give the builder project owners and trade works a sense of how the entire project will
look like on completion.

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
This shows the plan and details for how a building or structure will be built. After all the drawings are
done, structural calculations of members are done to ensure safety.
Economical and efficiency are considered hence structural drawings are presented. From here is where
various laboratory tests of the building materials are confirmed before the work
Commences, soil test, concrete test and slump test among other tests structural drawing helps to check
whether the structure is safe for construction.
SPREED SHEET
A strict structural calculations, analysis and assumptions for columns, beam, slab, and staircase were
conducted to establish if the ground and the building will be able to with stand live load, dead load and
natural calamities.

7
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
Estimation, costs and measurements were carried out to establish suitable capital that the project will
require. The estimates are done lined with the market rate to avoid the project inconvenience.
Measurement involves the transformation of drawn information into description and quantities to be
undertake.

MANAGEMENT
Project management helps every part of the business to run smoothly and efficiently.
Since it’s a big project different peroneal i.e. Architecture, surveyors (land and quantity), contractors,
foreman, casual labourers prepared an organization chart identify the site personnel and cutting their
daily responsibilities and weekly duties and also the activities of the project to identify the critical path.
This helps in time managing and ensuring projects succeed through proper planning, monitoring and
controlling.

OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the project to build a modern hostel that will fit and meet the needs of the
students. Since its modern some few features were including such as gym, assembly hall, and study area.
Also is to provide more space and rooms for future trainees to enable them feel comfortable due to the
building conducive environment also to create a good learning environment.

CONCLUSION
I decided to choose this field of building construction to be part of my area of study in order to be able
to meet the needs of clients in the society, economically and efficiently in order to do away with the
frequent cases of disasters for example by eliminating all problems that have been affecting the
construction industry, like the collapse of already build structures due to improper management and
Negligence.

8
CHAPTER ONE

SURVEYING AND SOIL INVESTIGATION

In this project a survey was conducted by a group of surveyors to determine the ground
topography so as get suitable position for the building foundation from the existing ones. Area
topography especially the slope and gradient were studied using appropriate survey tools. This
was a general measurement of relative position of the ground for the site and existing
features.
SURVEY.
This was carried out to determine site condition and challenges that may occur during the
construction process and ways to minimize a rising problems. Investigation was done by
following and taking levels by using chains, tapes and fixing pegs
Offsets were taken by measuring instruments like ranging rods, hammers, nails, pegs, field
books, calculators, chains.

LEVELING AND CONTOURING.

in levelling the rise and fall method was used, where the difference of levels between
consecutive points was found comparing ach pint after the first and the one immediately
precedes it. This was archived by adding the rise and subtracting the fall to the preceding level.
By doing this we will be determining the height of one relative to the other.
The plot was divided evenly and recordings were recorded at each inter sides
site. Interpolation was carried out and contour map drawing using a scale of 1:100

it saw found that the nature of the site comprises of vegetation of small trees, shrubs, grass and
rocks.
TOOLS USED
Ranging rod -Alignment points on the same line on the straight line
Field book -Data was recorded obtained from the readings on site
Tripod stand- Used for entering the instrument of correct and convenient height
Theodolite- Readings were taken at different levels on site

The instrument to be used will be a dumpy level, since adjustments can be made as per the
required type of ground, it’s easy to use, has a high optical power and the level readings are
accurate.

9
LEVEL TRANSFER FROM TEMPORARY BENCHMARK TO PERMANENT
RISE AND FALL METHOD
B. S I.S F. S RISE FALL RL
2.220 18.60

1.340 0.880 19.480

1.375 0.035 19.344
1200 1.470 0.095 19.35
1.070 0.130 19.48

0.985 0.850 19.565

1.670 0.195 19.76
0.790 0.880 20.64

0.510 0.280 20.92

1.030 0.375 0.140 21.06
1.150 0.120 20.94

1.400 0.250 20.69

1.130 1.250 0.150 20.84
1.050 0.080 20.92
0.900 0.150 21.07
1.200 0.700 0.200 21.27
1.550 0.350 20.92
1.490 0.060 20.98

0.920 1.700 0.210 20.77

1.260 0.340 20.43

1.650 0.390 20.04

0.840 1.760 0.110 19.93

1.250 0.482 19.52
1.450 0.`190 19.25

10
SOIL MATERIAL

Soil is the layer of the land/ground that is unconsolidated which consists of organic matter, water,
air, materials, and red rocks. Soil material are tested to determine their nature, this include
shrinkage test, plastic limit test, sieve analysis

Sieve analysis is done to

 To know the grading size

 Initial and final weight after sieve
 Soil particle

For foundation; shear test, oedometer, particle cell and USC (for rocks) strength was carried out.

SOIL TEST

. This is done by digging out a simple within the marked are for construction work. The taken to
the lab for testing. It was archive through proctor test for soil. And also, The C.B.R test.

This method is used to determine soil moisture and weight

The soil was sampled through a sieve of 20mm, the sampled soil was then divided I to four parts
to get the finer contest of the soil. The remain sample on the sieve was not to pass 5% of the total
sample.

The collected sample was done by 2.5kg o the weighing machine. After weighing soil sampling
was done by use of cube of 950mm (American unit). While the soil is mixed water is added until
wet then added in the mould in 3layes while compacting each layer with 25strikes by use of steel
hammer of 4.5kg

11
Soil sample analysis

MOULD 1 MOULD 2 MOULD 3

Weight of empty mould When 200mm of water was When 300mm of water was
39grams added=5809grams added =5785grams
When 100mm of water was P.m.c Tin13=270g p.m.c Tin7=362g
added=5521g Tin 80=33g Tin 46 =437g
P.m.c -Tin 802=237g
Tin Z1=218g
Tin 69=168g
With moisture Tin69=195g
Tin 119=200g
To get moisture=wet sand
+tin weight

12
13
14
CHAPTER 2

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Architectural drawings and designs

This are the most important aspect for the project, the drawings are done through computers

installed with drawing softwires (AutoCAD and ArchiCAD) using a suitable scale that will fit

the project. 3D drawings will be produced to show how the proposed building project will look

like upon finishing. Sets off paper work are produced that establishes the legal information for

the foundation of the project. The paper work entails the building contract, detail specification

sheets, working drawings for construction and the order of building process according to each

plan and the elevation views of the whole project which gives a sense on the look of the project

after completion to the Clients, Engineers and Community.

Paper work; working drawings, Schedules, Plot plans, Title and Legend sheets, Foundation

plans, Floor plans, Roof plans, Details and Section views.

15
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

16
FRONT ELEVATION

REAR ELEVATION

17
SECTION

18
RIGHT ELEVATION

LEFT ELEVATION

19
 Task 3: Schedules
Door schedule And Window schedule

DOOR SCHEDULE
S NO SIZE (B X H) QTY TYPE

D1 1000 x 2100 16 FLUSH

D2 900 x 2100 12 STEEL

WINDOW SCHED
ULE
S NO SIZE (B X H) QTY TYPE

W1 1500 x 2000 12 STEEL

W2 1500 x 1500 28 STEEL

W3 900 x 1500 36 STEEL

20
CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURES
Structural drawings and designs
Before the commence of the project analysations were made for the architectural drawings and a
keen structural calculation of the building done. The main purpose for the structural drawing is to
ensure safety of load bearing (both dead load and live load) capacity, efficiency and flexibility of
the building when in use. Also, some laboratory tests were carried out to ensure standard
complied; soil tests, concrete test (cube test and slump test), steel test, rock test
assumptions for the design of foundation, Columns, beams, Staircase, slab and Suspended floor
were made.

Structural drawings

21
22
23
CHAPTER FOUR

MEASUREMENT ESTIMATION AND COSTING

Estimation, costs and measurements were carried out to establish suitable capital that the project will
require. The estimates are done lined with the market rate to avoid the project inconvenience.

Measurement involves the transformation of drawn information into description and quantities to be
undertake.

MEASUREMENT: TAKING OFF OF SUB STRUCTURE WORKS FOR THE GRUND FLOOR/LEVEL

DROWING NO;1

24
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26
27
28
29
30
MEASUREMENT; TAKING OFF OF SUB STRUCTURE WORKS FOR THE STAIRCASE

31
DROWING NO:2

32
33
34
35
36
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
This is the best way of determining the cost of the project to know the estimated value of the
building.

Steps followed to come up with the estimate cost of the project:

Obtaining suppliers bids.

Calculating taxes, insurance bonds and overheads.

Adding contingencies.
Adding profit.
Obtaining the grand total of the projects.
Reviewing the scope of the project.
Determining the price of materials and pricing them.ie
 Price of materials =quantity x unit rate.
Determining the labour cost and prices it.
 Labour cost=quantity÷ labour production rate.

Determining the equipment cost:

 Equipment cost=quantity÷ equipment production rate.
Obtaining sub-contractors bids.

37
 AMOUNT
M DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE
(Kshs)
ELEMENT NO. 1
PROPOSSED
MORDER MENS
HOSTEL AT RIAT
COLLEGE
SUBSTRUCTURES
(ALL PROVISIONAL)
Excavations
Clear site of all
vegetation and
bushes, grub their
A SM 2196 30 65,880.00
roots
and burn all the
arising.
Excavate oversite
to reduce levels
average 150mm
B CM 330 250 82,500.00
deep
and cart the soil
away from site
Excavate for strip
foundation
commencing from
C CM 146 250 36,500.00
reduced
level not exceeding
1.50m deep
Excavate for
columns pits
commencing from
D CM 150 250 37,500.00
reduced level
and not exceeding
1.50m deep
Extra over for
excavation in rock.
E Disposal of CM 35 1,000 35,000.00
excavated
materials
Return fill and ram
selected excavated
F CM 61 250 15,250.00
materials around
foundations.
Remove excavated
materials from site
G as directed. CM 75 250 18,750.00

Collection 291380

38
 AMOUNT
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE
(Kshs)
Planking
and water
exclusion
Allow for planking and
strutting to uphold sides
A Item 3,000 3,000.00 90,000
of
excavation
Ditto but keeping all
excavations free from
running or
B Item 3,000 3,000.00 90,000
underground water by
pumping or bailing
Approved Hardcore
Approved hardcore
compacted and watered
C CM 275 1,200 330,000.00
in Layers of
150mm
50mm thick stone dust
D or murram blinding SM 275 100 27,500.00
Anti-termite Treatment
Chemical anti-termite
treatment as "Thermidor
EC 25" to
E build surfaces SM 350 120 42,000.00
THERMAL AND
MOISTURE
PROTECTION
100-gauge polythene
damp proof membrane
F under floor SM 1500 100 150,000.00
bed with 150mm side
and ends laps
Damp- proof course B.S
743, Type A, Bitumen
hessian
base Horizontal 200mm
G wide LM 250 100 25,000.00
Concrete works
Mass concrete class
10 (1:4:8) mix as
described in;
50mm thick building
H SM 162 500 81,000.00
under strip footing
Ditto column bases 500
I SM 162 81,000.00

Carried to Collection KSHS 916,500.0

39
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT (Kshs)

In-situ vibrated
reinforced concrete
(class 25/20mm
(mix 1:2: 4) as
before described
in;

A Column bases CM 113 13,000 1,469,000.00

B Columns CM 113 13,000 1,469,000.00

C Strip foundation CM 113 13,000 1,469,000.00

100mm floor bed

ALL PROVISIONAL
Supply and fix steel
reinforcement
including cutting,
D bending, SM 475 1,500 712,500.00
hooking, tying and
supporting as required
High yield tensile
square twisted bars to
B.S 4461

Assorted Reinforcement
bars of various sizes
Mesh fabric
F reinforcement to B.S KG 100 150 15,000.00
4483 set in concrete
with 300mm
side end slabs

High yield tensile square

G twisted bars B.S 4461 SM 104 385 40,040.00
Sawn formwork to;

H sides of strip foundation. SM 218 300 65,400.00

I Sides of column bases. SM 58 300 17,400.00

J Sides of columns SM 79 300 23,700.00

Edges of floor bed 75 -

K 150mm girth. LM 90.2 90 8,118.00
Carried to Collection

COLLACTION KSH 5,289,158

40
41
ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT (Kshs)

Foundation Walling
Load bearing natural
stone walling bedded
and jointed in cement
sand (1:4) mortar
including 25mm × 20-
gauge hoop iron
reinforcement
at every alternate course

A 200mm thick walling SM 123 1,100 135,300.00

Carried to Collection 135,300.00

COLLECTION PAGE
B Brought forward from 291,380.00
page 1

Brought forward from

C page 2
742,500.00

Brought forward from

D page 3
5,289,158.00

Brought forward from

E page 4 above 135,300.00

TOTAL FOR
SUBSTRUCTURE
6,458,338.0
CARRIED TO
SUMMARY

42
 ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT RATE SH CTS

FITTINGS
WINDOWS AND DOORS
Supply and fix the following ex-shop
purpose mad casement windows made
from 25mm Z and I section, complete
with all necessary iron monger.

A. Metal casement Window overall size

2000mmx1500mm high with burglar 52
proofing. NO. 9000 468,000 00

B. Ditto 2000 x 1500mm 25 No. 8500 212,500 00

C. Ditto 1200 x 1500mm 02 No. 8000 16,000 00

D. Ditto 800x800mm 55 No. 3500 192,500 00

E. Pre-cast Concrete Window Cell.

300mm x 55mm thick once sunk 145 LM 550 797,500 00
weathered, throated, reinforced as
necessary for handling, bedded, jointed
including pointing in cement sand (1:3)
mortar.
F. Steel double Doors overall size 04 No. 20,000 80,000 00
3500mm x 2400mm high with burglar
proofing.
G. Steel double Doors overall size 03 No. 15,000 45,000 00
1800mm x 2400mm high with burglar
proofing.
Steel single Doors overall size 900mm x 04 No. 12000 48,000 00
2400mm high with burglar proofing.
H. Timber double doors overall size 25 No. 15,000 375,000 00
1200mm x 2400mm high with burglar
proofing.
I. Timber panel single leaf doors overall 40 No. 13,000 520,000 00
size 900mm x 2400mm high with
burglar proofing.
J. Timber single leaf doors overall size 25 No. 12,000 300,000 00
900mm x 2400mm high with burglar
proofing.
GLAZING
K. 4mm thick clear glass to metal with 40 SM 600 24,000 00
putty in panes.
ELEMENT 5 TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY 2,100,000 00

43
CHAPTER FIVE

MANAGEMENT
In a Project, management helps every part of the business to run smoothly and efficiently.
Since it’s a big project different peroneal i.e. Architecture, surveyors (land and quantity), contractors,
foreman, casual labourers prepared an organization chart identify the site personnel and cutting their
daily responsibilities and weekly duties and also the activities of the project to identify the critical path.
This helps in time managing and ensuring projects succeed through proper planning, monitoring and
controlling.
It will also assist to know when the project is to be completed. Planning is done to ensure that the
payments of specialist, the skilled and the unskilled is met plus for the entire project

Monitoring will be done by the engineer, contractor with the help of the supervisor and the foreman

44
ORGANIZATION CHART

SHOWIG THE ACTIVITIES AND THEIR DURATIONS

ACTIVITY AVENT DURATION DESCRIPTION

A 1-2
B 1-3
C 1-4
D 2-6
E 3-5
F 4-5
G 5-6
H 5-7
I 4-7
J 6-7
K 6-8
L 7-8
M 8-9
N 9-10
5 Site clearance
2 Excavation
3 Substructure works
4 Superstructure
4 Formwork to column
12 Walling
7 Roof elevation
3 Stone work
6 Painting and steel work
4 Plastering
4 Floor/ceiling finishing
2 Fittings and finishing
3 Finish -water disposal
6 Painting including internal finish

Critical Path

Critical Path is the sequence of activities with the longest duration, a delay in any of these
activities will result in a delay for the whole project.

Latest Finish Time

This is the latest time when an activity may be finished without delaying the completion of the
project.

Latest Start Time

It is defined as the latest time when an activity may be started without delaying the completion
time of the project.

Float in activities

The float indicates the range within which the start and finish time of an activity may vary
without affecting the completion time of the project.

Total float

This is the maximum time by which an activity can be delayed without delaying the completion
time of the project.

45
Free Float

This is the difference between Early Starting Time of the succeeding activity and Earliest Finish
Time of the activity under consideration. It is the float available for a activity without affecting
the total float of the succeeding activity. It mostly based on the assumptions that all events occur
at their earliest event times

Forward pass-----------highest number

Backward pass-----------least

c.p =A>C>E>F>H>Y>O>Q

46
SITE PERSONELS

CLIENT

 Finances the project

 Approve stages of construction in any scope of work
 Controls the project resources
 Arrange the maintenance of the complete building

LOCAL AUT HORITIES

 National construction authority (NCA)

 Architectural association of Kenya (AAK)
 Kenya bureau of standard (KEBS)

NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION AUTHORITY (NCA)

47
  Assist in the exploitation construction services
 Prescribe the qualification for registration under the government act
 Promote and stimulate, improve and expansion of construction industry

ARCHITECTUAL ASSOCIATION OF KENYA(AAK)

 Create revenue generating construction services

 Publish document and publication for the benefit of member of the association
 Create public awareness by marketing the services of members profession

KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARD(KEBS)

 Promote standardization in industries and commerce

 Test goods destined for export for the purpose of certification
 Prepare frame or armed specification and codes of practice

ARCHITECT

 Access the client

 Prepare a plan sketch
 Prepare final working drawing
 Acquire construction team

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

 Concern with the strength and stability and economy of the project
 Prepare structural working drawing for the project

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

 Check tender for accuracy

 Prepare bill of quantity from the working drawing
 Prepare payment certificate
 Caries out monthly evaluation of the project progress

CLERK OF WORKS

 Represents the client on the site

48
CONRACTOR/BUILDER

 Interprets plan and ensure the construction project is done as architect requirements
 Ensure all payments is done to the operatives
 Handed over the key to the client upon completion of the construction project

SUPPLIER

 Vendors who contract to supply the material for the project within the projectspecification and
schedule.

SUB-CONTRACTOR

 Specialty contractor who contracts with the prime contractor to conduct specific portionof the
project with the overall project schedule

TECHNICIAN

 Operate and help in repair of the machine/plants i.e. mixer plant

OPERATIVES

 Skilled and unskilled labor that carry out different duties on site i.e. plumbers,electricians,
masons, carpenters and helpers.

HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) OFFICER:

The HSE officer pilots and implements the company’s health, safety, and security policy on the

construction site.

BUILDER:

Builders bring the vision of the structural (civil) engineer to reality. They are in charge of physical

activities.

49
 ACTIVITY
NO.

JUNE
MAR

MAR
2024

2025
MAY

MAY
SEPT
JULY

NOV
AUG

OCT
APR

APR
JUN

DEC
JAN

JAN
FEB

FEB
Electrical Engineer:

Electrical engineers create electrical designs of structures, consisting of the layout of both the electrical

piping (internal) and fittings (external).

PROCUREMENT OFFICER:

They are in charge of the purchase of all materials needed on site. Their priority is to effectively control

the cost of purchase of needed materials, and the timely delivery to the site so as to not slow down the

project thereby increasing project duration.

MECHANICAL ENGINEER:

They create mechanical designs of structures, consisting of the layout of the plumbing piping and fittings.

MACHINE OPERATOR:

The machine operator like the name implies operates various machinery used in construction such as

cement mixers, cranes, trucks, excavators,

ACCOUNTANT:

They work with the management arm of the operation to oversee and monitor the remuneration of all

personnel.

STORE KEEPER:

work with the Quantity Surveyors/Auditors and oversee the use of materials, quantities which they are

used, and the safekeeping of all materials and tools.

50
1. Site
preparation/fencing
and signs
2. Foundations excavation
3. Footings
4. Temporary electric
installation
5. Water and sewer tap
6. Blinding and column
bases
7. Foundation walling
8. Hardcore placing
9. Murram filing mesh,
dpm placing, anti pest
and slab sides
formwork
10. Ground floor slab
casting
11. Slab curing
12. Preparing
reinforcement and
casting of ground floor
columns
13. Ground floor walling
14. Preparing
reinforcement bars and
formwork for beams
15. Formwork for first floor
slab
16. First floor slab casting
17. Curing
18. First floor columns
(reinforcement,
formwork and casting
of columns)
19. First floor walling and
beam casting
20. Roofing

21. Fittings
22. Finishes (plastering,
rendering and painting)
construction schedule bar chart.

51
APPENDIX
ac_dimension of cross section column. g- grams
Ab average lateral area of the punching pyramid. B.S – Back Site
Af_ area of footing. BS Code – British standard code
DITTO – Above
As area of steel.
Dmin – Minimum depth
ho_-effective depth of footing EXC – Excavation
Lx_-longer length FWK – Formwork
SSW – Sown softwood
Ly-_shorter length.
SMM – Standard method of measurement
N1=mf_load transmitted by the column to the I.S – Inter site
foundation R.L – Reduced Level
F.S – Fore site
g- grams
Lx – Longer length
H.O.I – Height of instrument Ly AsT – Area of stale
– Shorter length PL – Plastic Limit
PI – Plastic index

LIST OF REFERENCES
British standard code.
CP114
Standard method for measurements.
Bibliography=2.10÷0.228=9.21<14.3, short column_ from RCD1page 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BS: British Standard was published September 1st 1991 by Nelson Thornes Ltd. Author of the book is
British Standards Institutions.
Construction Technique was originally published in 1981 by Stephen J. Scaysbrook. Author of the
book is Roy Chudley.
SMN: Standard Method of Measurement for building works, GHANA LIBRARY AUTHORITY
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER (ISBN). Published by university press, KNUT kumati, ISBN
978 – 2 – 6826 – 8. Authors of the book Gabriel Nani Kwodzo Agebert.
Strength of Materials Published by Laxmi Publication Ltd 113, Golden House. BK. Bansal

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