RAMOGI INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.

DOCUMENT NAME : TRADE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE : PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN

MARKET AT RAMOGI INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (RIAT).

COURSE CODE : 2707

NAME OF PRESENTER : JOYCE ACHIENG ONONO

INDEX NUMBER : 7371010472

PRESENTED TO : THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

SUPERVISED BY : MR.TOM ONDIEK

DATE OF PRESENTATION : JULY SERIES 2024

CENTER NAME : RAMOGI INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED

TECHNOLOGY

CENTER CODE : 737101

1
DECLARATION

I JOYCE ACHIENG ONONO hereby declare that this project is my own piece of work and to
the best of my knowledge, I confirm that it has never been presented anywhere, neither in this
institution nor in any other college for academic purposes.

Name…………………………………….Sign………………………………Date……………

JOYCE ACHIENG ONONO

Supervisor.........................................Sign....................................................Date…………….

MR.TOM ONDIEK

2
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to my family members' together with any other person, individual, or a team
who have made my studies possible through their financial, moral and spiritual support.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Sincerely, am so much grateful to the almighty God, I may lack enough words to express my
feelings. In fact, had it not been for God's mercy and love, I would have not been able to be who I
am. God has given me good health, knowledge and strength to complete this project successfully.
On the other hand, I would not forget to appreciate the efforts of my able lecturers who have
instilled educational support during the development of this project.

4
 RATIONALE

Modern markets are meant to offer a conducive environment for farmers to aggregate their crop
for marketing purposes.

The farmers at RIAT market currently sell their produce in open air markets, exposing it to harsh
weather conditions that may lead to some of it getting spoilt, hence depreciating in value.

These markets have come at a time when the county government, the market will be supporting
farmer’s groups to increase agricultural production with the aim of improving their livelihoods.

Currently the government is supporting farmers to undertake various projects in poultry,

avocado, tomato and dairy value chains, hence the market have become an integral part of the
entire agricultural value chain.

Having a modern market in RIAT Centre, would therefore avail better good and services at the
proximity of the students and community at large. The research design being primarily
exploratory in nature compresses mainly extensive literature review coupled with in depth
qualitative data collection from selected industry practitioners. The literature clearly illustrates
the significant value of power and sustainable service design.

The work to be done in the proposal will include; soil testing, survey work, measurements of
building works, structural and architectural design, estimating and costing among others.

5
Table of Contents
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 2

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. 4

RATIONALE .............................................................................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 8

1.1 LOCATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 TOPOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.0 CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.1 TEMPERATURE ....................................................................................................................................... 8

1.4 RAINFALL........................................................................................................................................................ 9

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

2.0 SURVEYING .................................................................................................................................................. 10

2.1 Reconnaissance ............................................................................................................................................ 10

2.2 Chain survey ................................................................................................................................................. 10

2.3 Levelling ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

2.4 CONTOURING ............................................................................................................................................... 14

2.4.1 Interpolation of contours ...................................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................................................... 19

3.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION .................................................................................................................................... 19

3.1 EXCAVATION ................................................................................................................................................ 19

SOIL PROFILE ..................................................................................................................................................... 19

3.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................ 20

3.2.1 WET SIEVING ........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.3.0 ATTERBERG LIMITS ............................................................................................................................... 22
3.3.1 LINEAR SHRINKAGE............................................................................................................................... 24

The table below extracted from soil mechanisms, by Burnishes was used. ...................................................... 24

Table 3.1 standard plasticity classification........................................................................................................ 24

3.4 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST .................................................................................................................... 25

6
 3.5 PROCTOR TEST ............................................................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.1 STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.0 MEASUREMENTS AND COSTING ........................................................................................................... 32

4.3 ROOFING DETAILS ........................................................................................................................................ 54

4.4 ROOFING DESIGN ......................................................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................................ 57

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................... 57

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................ 57

5.2 FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................................... 57

5.3 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 59

5.4 RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................................................................... 60

CHAPTER SIX .......................................................................................................................................................... 61

6.0 SITE STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................................... 61

7
 CHAPTER I

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The proposed project is to be located within RIAT police station, the main objective of this
project is to come up with a modern structure with technological advances with well-structured
facilities for goods stocked in the market.

1.1 LOCATION
The proposed market is to be located within RIAT town opposite ramogi institute of technology
along kisumu-kakamega highway

1.2 TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the area is fairly flat

1.3.0 CLIMATE
1.3.1 TEMPERATURE
The RIAT location has temperature ranging from 24-29during the day time and 6-11
during night
.
Year 2020 2021 2022 2023

Month Min Ma x Min Max Min Max Min Max

January 8 28 7 28 7 28 7 28
February 11 28 7 29 1 29 6 27
March 10 28 12 26 12 26 6 28
April 11 29 12 25 12 25 6 27
May 8 26 11 24 11 24 6 26

8
 June 6 25 9 26 9 26 5 25
July 9 27 8 27 8 27 6 24
August 6 25 8 28 8 28 5 25
September 8 28 12 27 12 28 6 28
October 8 27 13 27 7 26 5 27
November 10 25 11 25 8 26 6 27
December 7 28 12 25 7 28 7 27

1.4 RAINFALL
YEAR 2023 2022 2021 2020
January 12.5 168.0 115.5 9.5
February 108.0 2214.0 12.0 102.5
March 224.0 198.0 22.0 330.5
April 77.5 300.0 200.5 193.5
May 227.0 332.0 494.5 94.5
June 195.5 332.5 67.0 94.5
July 152.5 270.0 164.0 130.5
August 300.5 249.5 1212.0 265.5
September 209.5 477.0 182.0 167.0
October 253.5 473.5 257.0 171.5
November 289.5 107.0 89.5 188.0
December 40.0 156.0 170.5 4.0

9
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 SURVEYING
The main purpose of the activity was to;
 Establish boundaries before is embarked to
 Know the topography of site of interest
 A certain the shape, type and size of the site
 To prepare a map so that it may be able to represent an area in the
horizontal scale.
Activities carried out were;
 Reconnaissance survey
 Chain surveying
 Leveling
 Contouring

2.1 Reconnaissance
This is the preliminary inspection of the field before the actual field
work. The activities were carried out by survey team I walked all round
the site, four station were established and marked with pegs.

2.2 Chain survey

Chain age survey was done marking out the station with pegs and
ranging was done so as to provide sketch of triangles. Ranging rod were
a line, chain line measured and well condition, acute angle triangles
were form using pairs undefined effect.
The chin age work started from baseline which run was diagonally the
site. This was done by chaining as well as taking offset, pegs were
driven into the ground to mark the stations and details were recorded in
the field book.

10
2.3 Levelling
Levelling is the process of measuring the different in elevation between
two or more points. The process start with established point with respect
to the given data and also finding elevation of given points with respect
to the given data.
Grid methods was adopted to determine interval of ten meters with
following instrument.
1. Theodolite
2. Leveling staff
3. Ranging rod

11
12
13
2.4 CONTOURING
2.4.1 Interpolation of contours
The process of drawing contours between plotted ground points or in
between plotted contours. Interpolation of contours between points is
done assuming the slope of the ground between any two points is
uniform. This is done by
I. Estimation
II. Arithmetic calculation
III. Graphical method
The contour interpolation is as follows
14
Spot height were taken at the point of intersection and the reduce levels.
The reduce level was then used to calculate the rush of contours in the
site.

15
16
17
18
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SOIL INVESTIGATION

Trial pits three in number was dug at average depth of 1.2meters and observation made upon.
Observation of the pits indication was that there was stratification as the sites lies on the natural
ground.

3.1 EXCAVATION
Pits excavation was done manually using the following tools;
- Spade
- Jembe
- Polythene bags
- 1-meter ruler
SOIL PROFILE
The sample which was obtained from the trial pits was as shown below;

TRIAL PIT 1 TRIAL PIT 2 TRIAL PIT 3

19
SOIL ANALYSIS

a] Equipment used.

 Sieve 0.5 for alignment

 Scoop
 Riff box for mixing

The soil so far obtain after mixing were used for

 Sieve analysis
 Proctor test
 Plasticity index

3.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS

3.2.1 WET SIEVING
i. The sample was washed in a trough of water to remove any organic matter
ii. The sample was then taken and kept in an often with a uniform temperature of 105 0c
for 24 hours and its weight were measured after drying.
iii. The dry soil then passed through a series of sieve ranging from size 2mm to 7mm and
the retained weight in each sieve were recorded
iv. The practical size distribution of soil was then represented as a curve on a sea
logarithmic graph coordinates as a percentage by weigh of particles and size.

OBSERVATION
The curve appears to be steeper implying that the size range showing the particles is smaller.
Distribution curve also appears to be smooth. Therefore, we can say the soil is well graded.

20
21
3.3.0 ATTERBERG LIMITS
This test was carried out in determining the liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit of the
soil sample.

Plastic limit refers to the ability of soil to undergo recovered deformation at content volume
without cracking or crumbling. Consistency depends on the interaction between particles of clay
materials and is greatly affected by changes in water content.

a. Wash bottle d. Mortar and rustle

b. Pallet knives. e. Acasagrande apparatus
c. Grooving tools. f. Shrinkage mould
Procedure

i. The soil sample was crushed and passed through a 425mm sieve.
ii. 200 grams of soil passing was mixed with water on a glass plate to form a uniform
paste.
iii. The paste was then placed in a metal cup of 55mm diameter and 44mm depth. The
top surface of the paste in a cup was struck level. The cone was the lowered to touch
the soil surface
iv. The cone was then released for 5 seconds and its penetration up to the paste was
recorded.
v. Procedure is then repeated with successive addition of distilled water to the sample
and the relative moisture content and penetration plotted in a graph.
vi. The best like of fit between the points was drawn and the moisture corresponding to
20mm penetration was taken as a liquid limit

22
23
3.3.1 LINEAR SHRINKAGE
This is the moisture content at each further loss in soil will not cause reduction in the volume of
soil

Procedure

i. A soil mass passing through 425mm sieve was mixed with distilled water to form a uniform
paste

ii. The paste was then put in a trough and struck to level for a smooth surface and put in an oven
for drying

iii.Reduction of the length of the dried sample is measured and shrinkage limit was calculated

i.
a. High plasticity indicates that the soil is cohesive

b. Lower plasticity the soil is not cohesive

ii. Plastic index (PI) =liquid limit (LL) - plastic limit (PL)

Plasticity index and corresponding state of plasticity is to analyze the result obtained
from the test

The table below extracted from soil mechanisms, by Burnishes was used.

Table 3.1 standard plasticity classification

Sample number Plasticity index State of plasticity
1 0 Non plastic
2 1–5 Slightly
3 5 – 10 Low
4 10 – 20 Medium
5 20 – 40 High
6 40 Very plastic

24
 iii. Relative consistency (RC) = LL-WPI

Where;

RC = Relative consistency

LL = liquid limit

W = natural moisture content

PI = plasticity index

Trial PH I RC =

Table 3.2; classification of 0.5 – 1 Settlement under foundation

clay in terms of consistency
Medium
Stiff 1–2 Settlement for foundation

Very stiff 2–4 Settlement for foundation

Extremely >4 Settlement for foundation

Reference soil mechanism engineering practices by Kim Terzaptz

In terms of relative consistency type soil is classified stiff are suitable for foundation since its
relative value is average is 1-2

3.4 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST

This is the process of increasing the dry density of the soil by packing together of its particles
with reduction of volume of air.

It is being carried out by optimum dry density of the soil which is achieved at optimum moisture
content, the following methods may be used;

a. vibrating hammer
b. protector test
c. modified AASHTO

25
3.5 PROCTOR TEST
Procedure
i. mix 250g of dry soil with 200mm of water and place it in 0.001m3 cylindrical
mold in three years
ii. each layer rammed 25 times using 2.5kg hammer. The rammer is allowed to fall
at height of 300mm to the surface of the soil being compacted
iii. use the mold collar when compacting the last layer
iv. the mold with compacted soils is then weighed giving the bulk density of the soil
v. repeat the above steps for the sample increasing the amount of water by 50ml
vi. add water for the next four points
vii. the moisture content was then determined and hence the dry density of the sample
was determined

26
27
28
29
Elevations

30
31
4.2.0 MEASUREMENTS AND COSTING
1.8.2.1 MEASUREMENT SHEET

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO. 1-
SUBSTRUCTURES

(ALL PROVISIONAL)

A Excavate over site average

200mm deep to remove top
vegetable soil and wheel and 340 SM 100
34,000.00
deposit on site when directed.

B Excavate to remove black cotton

soil to a depth not exceeding 272 CM 400
108,800.00
1200mm

C Excavate to reduce levels.

95 CM 400
38,000.00

D Excavate foundation trenches

not exceeding 450mm deep form 21 CM 400
8,400.00
reduced level.

E Ditto but for column bases 0 CM 400 -

F Extra over ditto for excavating

74 CM 1200
in rock. 88,800.00

G Return fill in ram well excavated

material around excavations. 391 CM 100
39,100.00

H Load and cart away excess

excavated material from site. 533 CM 400
213,200.00

32
J 300mm thick hardcore filling
284 SM 450
well compacted. 127,800.00

K 40mm thick murram blinding on

284 SM 100
ditto. 28,400.00

Approved insecticide treatment.

284 SM 350
99,400.00

L 500 gauge polythene sheeting as

damp proof membrane under 284 SM 150
42,600.00
floor bed.

Concrete work

M 50mm thick concrete 1:4:8

blinding under foundations. 69 SM 400
27,600.00

N Ditto under columns 0 SM 400 -

P 150mm thick concrete 1:3:6 in

284 SM 1200
surface bed 340,800.00

Q Vibrated reinforced concrete

(1:2:4) class 20/20 aggregate in 21 CM 13000
273,000.00
foundation

R Column bases 0 CM 13000 -

S Ditto in columns 0 CM 13000 -

Reinforcement -

T 12mm diameter high tensile

square twisted bars to B.S 4461 338 KG 150
50,700.00

U 10mm ditto 0 KG 150 -

V 8mm ditto
163 KG 150
24,450.00

W 16mm ditto 0 KG 150 -

X 20mm ditto 0 KG -

33
Y 25mm ditto 0 KG -

Carried to collection
1,545,050.00

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

Steel fabric mesh reinforcement

A BRC mesh reinforcement reflag

142 with 150mm minimum side 284 SM 350
99,400.00
and end laps.

Sawn formwork -

B Edge of slab 75-150mm high

84 LM 100
8,400.00

C Sides of column bases 0 SM 600 -

0 -

D Ditto to sides of columns. 0 SM 600 -

E Sides of foundations
69 SM 600
41,400.00

Walling -

F 200mm thick dressed natural

stone walling in cement sand 254 SM 1200
304,800.00
(1:4) mortar.

34
 -

Plinths -

G 12mm thick render 1:2:9

finished with wood float to plinth 25 SM 350
8,750.00
walls externally.

H Prepare and apply three coats of

block bituminous paint on ditto. -

25 SM 350
8,750.00

Paving’s -

J 600x600x50 thick precast

concrete paving slabs laid to fall
on and including 100mm
50 SM 1200
consolidated bed on sand and 60,000.00
jointed in cement sand (1:3)
mortar in neat V-joints.

Carried to collection below

531,500.00

COLLECTION

Brought forward from page 01

1,545,050.00

Brought forward from above

531,500.00

35
 TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 2,076,550.00

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO.2-
SUPERSTURUCTURE
CONCRETE

Vibrated reinforced concrete

(1:2:4)class 20/20 aggregate

A Beams
9 CM 13000
117,000.00

B Columns 0 CM 13000 -

C 100mm slab SM 0 -

D 150mm thick floor slab. 0 SM 1800 -

Sawn formwork to: -

E Side of beams.
104 SM 600
62,400.00

F Sides of columns. 0 SM 600 -

G Soffits of suspended slab. 0 SM 600 -

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 306,150.00

36
ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO.3-WALLING

Approved dressed natural stone

walling in cements and (1:4)
mortar.

A 200mm thick walling

350 SM 1200
420,000.00

B Vent blocks to walls externally SM 2500 -

C 100mm thick internal walling

8 SM 1200
9,600.00

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 429,600.00

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

37
 ELEMENT NO.4-ROOFING

Construction

The following in 24 No. timber

roof trusses well spiked and
raised 3000mm above ground
level and spanning 18800mm

(All timber in sawn cultured

cypress)

A 150x75mm rafters
513 LM 400
205,200.00

B 150x50mm tie beam

475 LM 400
190,000.00

C 100x50mm struts
531 LM 350
185,850.00

D 150x50mm wall plate

142 LM 400
56,800.00

E 100x50mm valley rafters

43 LM 350
15,050.00

F 75x50mm purlins
267 LM 250
66,750.00

Roof cypress -

G 275x25mm fascia board

92 LM 500
46,000.00

38
 -

Covering -

H IT4 Gauge 28 Preprinted

642 SM 1200
galvanized iron sheet 770,400.00

J Gauge 32 plain sheets 0 SM 1200 -

K Half round ridge cover

28 LM 400
11,200.00

L 500mm plain sheet at valleys

43 LM 400
17,200.00

Painting -

N Knot, prepare and apply three

coats of gloss oil paint to surfaces 92 LM 100
9,200.00
of timber 200-300mm girth

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 1,573,650.00

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO. 5-WOODEN

DOORS SPECIAL FOR
DISABLE FRIENDLY

A 125x50mm wrote cedar door

frame with one labor. 43 LM 1,500
64,500.00

39
 -

B 45mm (finished) semi solid core

flush door size 850 x 2100mm
high faced with 4mm internal
4 NO. 7,500
quality plywood framing and 30,000.00
10mm hardwood lipping on all
edges.

Ditto 900 x 2400mm High

1 NO. 15000
15,000.00

C Paneled door size 1500x2700mm 15,00

8 NO.
high 0 120,000.00

D Burglar proof Roller shutter

doors size 900x2400mm High 0 NO. -

E Metal grill double door size 1500 16,00

1 NO.
× 2400mm high 0 16,000.00

Iron monger -

Supply and fix the following iron

monger complete with matching
-
screws, handles and furniture

F 100mm pressed steel butt hinges.

24 PRS 200
4,800.00

F 2-lever mortise lock

9 NO. 2500
22,500.00

G 150mm tower bolt.

4 NO. 150
600.00

40
H Rubber door stop with raw bolt
13 NO. 100
plugged to floor. 1,300.00

Painting -

Knot, prime and apply three

coats of gloss oil paint to: -

J General surfaces of timber

66 SM 350
23,100.00

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 302,100.00

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO.6-WINDOWS

A 200x25mm precast concrete

window call bedded and jointed 54 LM 500
27,000.00
in cement and sand (1:3)mortar

Supply, assemble and fix the

following purpose made steel
casement windows of approved
pattern, fabricated from
standard sections complete with
frames, mullions and transoms 0 -
including all necessary baking
and window stays, screws and
nuts, once shop primed before
delivery to site

B Steel casement window size

18 NO. 25000
2400x2100mm high 450,000.00

41
C Steel casement window size
4 NO. 2200
600x600mm 8,800.00

D Steel casement window size

0 NO. 0 -
21000x1200mm

E Steel casement window size

4 NO. 8100
900x1500mm 32,400.00

Glazing -

F 4mm thick clear sheets glass and

glazing with putty in panes
exceeding 0.10m2 but not 98 SM 1200
117,600.00
exceeding 0.50m2

Painting -

Prepare and apply three coats of

oil paint to surfaces of metal -

M General surfaces
196 SM 350
68,600.00

Pelmet boxes -

N Pelmet boxes comprising of

wrote cypress 90x25mm top
piece, 100x10mm fascia screwed
47 LM 2000
complete with 100x100x10mm 94,000.00
end piece neatly mitered fascia
and curtain track (in 14 No.)

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 798,400.00

42
ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO.7 –FINISHES

WALLS

A Extra over walling for smooth

dressing with flush pointed
vertical joints and recessed
226 SM 250
horizontal joints with 10mm 56,500.00
thick rod in cement sand (1:3)
mortar externally

Cement and sand (1:3) plaster -

B Ditto to wall surfaces internally

350 SM 350
122,500.00

Floor -

C 20mm thick cement sand (1:4)

screed finished smooth to receive 284 SM 350
99,400.00
Terrazzo

D 20mm thick Terrazzo

284 SM 1800
511,200.00

Ceiling -

E 12mm thick cement sand (1:3) to

soffits of suspended slab 0 SM 350 -

F 50x50mm cypress brandering

796 LM 150
119,400.00

43
 -

G 75x50mm ditto
796 LM 200
159,200.00

H 12mm thick celotex ceiling nailed

to brandering (M.S) or any other 284 SM 1200
340,800.00
approved material

J 100x25mm moulded wrot

182 LM 100
cypress cornice 18,200.00

K Prepare and apply three coats of

washable distemper to surfaces 284 SM 350
99,400.00
of ceiling

PAINTING -

Prepare and apply three coats of

vinyl met point to: -

L Surfaces of plastered walls

350 SM 350
122,500.00

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 1,649,100.00

ITEM
RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

ELEMENT NO. 8 –
PLUMBING AND

44
 INTERNAL DRAINAGE

A Allow a provisional sum of

Kenya Shillings Two Hundred
Thousand for supply and fixing ITEM
200,000.00
of pipes and internal drainage

Sanitary fittings

Supply and fix the following

sanitary fittings

B Shower unit complete with rose 0 NO 15000 -

C Water closet complete with

4 NO 25000
cistern 100,000.00

D Double bowl double drainer

0 NO 15000 -
kitchen sink

E 100 gallons plastic water tank

including 150x50mm sawn
cypress bearers hoisted 2 NO 10000
20,000.00
10,000mm at the roof top

F Wash hand basin complete

6 NO. 10000
60,000.00

G Urinal bowls complete 0 NO 25500 -

45
 -

TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS 380,000.00

ITEM DESCRIPTION RAT

QTY UNIT KSHS
E

NO.

SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS
PAGE

1 SUBSTRUCTURES
PM/2 2,076,550.00

SUPERSTRUCTURES

2 CONCRETE FRAME
PM/4 306,150.00

3 WALLING
PM/5 429,600.00

46
4 ROOFING
PM/7 1,573,650.00

5 DOORS
PM/8 302,100.00

6 WINDOWS
PM/9 798,400.00

7 FINISHES
PM/11 1,649,100.00

8 PLUMBING
PM/12 380,000.00

TOTAL CARRIED TO GRAND

SUMMARY 7,515,550.00

ITEM
DESCRIPTION UNIT KSHS CTS
NO.

47
 PROVISIONAL SUMS

Allow a prime cost sum of Kenya

Shillings One Hundred
A ITEM 100,000.00
Thousand only for Electrical
works.

Allow a provisional sum of

Kenya Shillings Five Hundred
B ITEM 500,000.00
Thousand only for mechanical
works and external drainage.

Allow a provisional sum of

C Kenya Shillings Fifty Thousand ITEM 50,000.00
only for Contingencies

TOTAL CARRIED TO GRAND

680,000.00
SUMMARY

ITEM RAT
QTY UNIT KSHS
NO. DESCRIPTION E

GRAND SUMMARY

ITEM

A Measured Works 7,515,550

48
B Provisional Sums 680,000

SUB-TOTAL
8,195,550.00

Add 16% V.A.T

1,311,288.00

TOTAL
9,506,838.00

49
50
51
52
53
4.3 ROOFING DETAILS

When the basic design and construction plans for the foundation, floor, and walls are
complete, the field worker and community member(s) should consider what kind of
roof the building should have and how it will be constructed.

54
There are several kinds of roofs. Each can be made of different materials, and each
has advantages and disadvantages, depending on the climate, the builders' budget, the
availability of materials, and the ease of construction. To make a good decision about
the kind of roof to be used, the builder needs to know:

 the basic roof styles; their advantages and disadvantages for the local climate
and environment;
 the kinds of materials suitable for each roof style;
 how to design and build each roof style.

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4.4 ROOFING DESIGN
1. Cross Tie: Abeam placed horizontally across the width of the building and
tied to the walls on each end. The cross tie is the bottom part of a
truss-triangle.
2. Eave: The part of a roof that overhangs the wall.
3. Purlin: Horizontal beams that tie the trusses together. (Not shown)
4. Rafter: Either of the angled parts of the truss.
5. Rafter A short beam that joins the top of the rafters in a truss.
Batten:
6. Rafter A short beam that supports the rafter when there is a large overhang.
Bracket:
7. Ridge: The top point of the truss (also called the apex).
8. Splice: A section in a rafter where two long pieces of wood are joined
together with nails and a short piece of wood.
9. Strut: Any short beam attached to the cross tie and rafters of the truss and
used to provide strength.
10. Truss: One of several triangular support-structures used to hold up a gabled
roof.
11. Wall The part of the wall to which the roof frame is attached.
Plate:

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis Project: • Brainstorm a question of interest (it can be silly – the idea is to have fun
practicing statistics). If you have a project/data from some previous/current research you’ve
done, that could be used. • Design your own study based on that question of interest. • Collect
data • Summarize your data with appropriate numerical and graphical methods • Use appropriate
inference procedures to make statements about the population of interest (choices below) •
Communicate your work effectively to others in a short class presentation • Prepare a report of
your project that conveys your data analysis process, results, and conclusions.

5.2 FINDINGS
The finding I encounter during my project proposals are as follows. The importance of
developing a constraint-free and reliable work plan has long been recognized by the industry.
However, numerous construction projects are still plagued by delays and cost over runs, which
can frequently be traced to ineffective identification and treatment of constraints. First, when a
constraint is not properly identified during scheduling, subsequent conflicts in the field are
inevitable. Today’s projects are becoming more and more technically complex and logistically
challenging, which exposes construction operations to even more complex constraints. Second,

57
the traditional scheduling methods, bar charts and Critical Path Method (CPM) which are widely
used as a basis for constraint analysis, greatly limit our capability in modeling and resolving
constraints.

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5.3 CONCLUSIONS
A final appraisal was done of the whole project with a view of judging the degree of success and
where possible to improve on any short falls. This was done with the invitation of the client, whose
helpful comments were taken positively and acted on accordingly. The client’s consulting architect
was also satisfied with the job done and recommended a final payment to be made so that the
contract would be discharged. This was affected accordingly and the key to the administration
block handed over to the clients by the contractor as a symbol of project conclusion.

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5.4 RECOMMENDATION
I thereby do recommend the proposed project to be implemented in the location described. The
project is sufficient and will bring more fortune and employments to the people around directly
or indirectly and livelihood of the people will change drastically.

For the finance of the project I would wish to request the county government of the Nandi to
fund the project via any source

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 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 SITE STRUCTURE

CHIEF ENGINEER

RESIDENT ENGINEER

ASS. RESIDENT ASS. RESIDENT QUANTITY

ENGINEER ENGINEER (ROADS) SURVEYOR
STRUCTURES

CLERK OF WORKS CLERK OF WORKS ASS. QUANTITY

SURVEYOR

SECTION
SECTION MEASUREMENT
ENGINEER
ENGINEER ENGINEER

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