- Virginia Evans4 CONTENTS Present Simple - Present Continuous Past Simple - Present Perfect Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons Wi Be Going To Revision Exercises I Present Perfect Continuous Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To Reflective - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous Revision Exercises I Functions of Modal Verbs Questions - Question Words - Question Tags Infinitive (to + verb) - Gerund (verb + -ing) The Passive Conditionals Revision Exercises III Relatives Reported Speech Prepositions of Place - Movement - Time Articles Wishes Revision Exercises IV Summary of Tenses Irregular Verbs Pre-Tests Progress Tests Wordlist 49 56 63 67 77 84 88 96 103 107 113 122 128 132 137 142 144 145 167 187Introduction Round-up Grammar Practice 4 combines games and fun with serious, systematic grammar practice. It is ideal for intermediate students of English. Students see grammar points clearly presented in colourful boxes and tables. They practise grammar through lively, highly illustrated games and activities. Round-up is especially designed for different students studying English in different ways. It can be used: @ inclass with a coursebook. Students do both oral work — in pairs and in groups — and written work in Round-up. © after class. The ‘write-in’ activities are ideal for homework. Students can practise what they have learned in the classroom. @ in the holidays for revision, Round-up has clear instructions and simple grammar boxes, so students can study at home without a teacher. The Round-up Teacher's Guide includes a full answer key and four tests plus answer keys. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Assocaited Companies throughout the world www longman.com © Virginia Pagoulatou-Viachou 1993, All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, ‘stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. First published in 1993 by E. Viachou - “Express Publications”. First published by Longman Group Limited 1995 This edition published by Pearson Education Limited 2008.FF Fourth impression 2005 Printed in Spain by Mateu Cromo Illustrated by Chris Zmertis and Terry Wilson ISBN 978-0-562-82343-31. Present Simple - Present Continuous c Present Simple - Present Continuous People don't usually stand in the rain They can catch cold. Present Simple is used : 1. for permanent situations. ‘She works in an office. 2. for repeated actions in the present, especially with adverbs of frequency. He often buys her flowers. 3. for facts which are permanently true. The sun sets in the west. 4. for timetables or programmes. The lesson starts at 10 o'clock. Time expressions used with Present S. usually, always, never, often, sometimes, every day/week/month/year etc. (says It’s raining cats gr) and dogs today and Present Continuous is used : for temporary situations. He’s staying with some friends at the moment. » for actions happening at or around the time of speaking. He’s looking for a new job at the moment. 2 with always to express annoyance or criticism. He's always telling lies! S for fixed arrangements in the near future. I'm flying to London tomorrow. ({t's all arranged. I've already bought the tickets. The time of the action is always stated or understood.) Time expressions used with Present Cont. now, at the moment, at present, always, tonight etc. Adverbs of frequency (often, always, usually, sometimes etc.) are placed before main verbs but after auxiliary / modal verbs (be, have, can, will, must, shall etc.). He often goes to the theatre. He is never late.tinuous Non-Continuous verbs Some verbs appear rarely in the continuous tenses. These verbs express a permanent state and they are: appear (= seem), be, believe, belong, cost, feel, forget, hate, have (= possess), know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realise, remember, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want etc. | understand it now. NOT | agSwmdgfstanding it now. @ Write the verbs in the third person singular. 1.1 miss. He 4. | fix. He 7.1go. He 2. | buy. She 5. | watch. She 8. I dry. She 3. I carry. He 6. I call. He 9. | play. He ® Put the verbs in the correct column in the 3rd person singular, then say them. match, try, bake, dance, ring, keep, hit, work, teach, rise, hate, leave, moke. arrive, smile, kiss, begin, ery, lose, dress, choose, rob, like, sleep mat tries © Choose a verb from the list and complete the text. You may use the negative. make, get up, wake up. hurry, get. finish, do. let, shout, go, have, be Sandra always 1) ge? up early in the morning, She 2) breakfast for her husband and children. Then she 3) the children ready for school. The children 4) usually easily and sometimes she 5) at them. They 6) to school with their father who 7) a teacher. He 8) never late for school, and when the children 9) he 10) very angry. The children 11) lessons every day and they always 12) homework from their teachers, but sometimes they 13) it. When they 14) their homework, Sandra 15) them play with their friends. 41. Present Simple - Present Continuous ® Now ask and answer questions about the text. eg. Does Sandra always get up early in the morning? ete. © Look at the table, then ask and answer questions as in the example : Does... Sally listen to records? Yes, she does. Sally read magazines? Sally eat vegetables? Sally watch TV? Henry & Ann listen to records? Henry & Ann read magazines? you eat vegetables? you watch TV? PNOMR ONS ® Now write what Sally and Henry & Ann do and don’t do. Sally Henry & Ann @ ‘Add -ing to the following verbs and put them into the correct column. run, swim, drive. play, lie, die, read, travel, cycle, put, ride,drink, write, fly, take, cut, sleep playing1. Present Simple - Present Continuous ® Choose a verb from the list and complete the text. read, sleep, eat, sail, cry, drink, run, sing, play, fish, sit Laura 1) is sitting . under a sunshade. Two boys 2) round a sandcastle while their father 3) a newspaper. Tom = = 4) Coke. Two girls 5) ice-cream while their mother 6) along with the radio. Some boys 7) football near a man who 8) Jim 9) On his right a baby 10) . Some people 11) past the beach. ® Ask and answer questions about the text above. eg. Is Laura running? No she isn’t. She's sitting under a sunshade. etc @® Choose a time expression from the list to complete each sentence. at the moment, tonight, every day, never, always, now 1. She ...never .... eats meat. She's a vegetarian. 4. She goes to the gym on Saturdays. 2. Mother is reading the newspaper . 5. He drives to work 3. They are going to a party 6. She is playing the piano @ Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous. 1. She. studies... (study) every evening. 5. Her husband never 2.He (dance) with Mary now. (remember) her birthday. 3. They (get) married next week. 6. We (watch) a film on 4, She usually (take) the bus to school. television at the moment. @® Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous. Chris is asking Kim about her holiday arrangements. 1. Where .. are... you... going? .... (go) 2. How you there? (get) 3. What time the plane ? (leave) 4. When it in Cairo? (arrive) 5. Where you when you get there? (stay) 6. Why you to go there? (want) 7. you ‘camera with you? (take)1. Present Simple - Present Continuous ® Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous. Caller: Good morning, 1) ig (be) Mr Green there? Man: No, he 2) (not/be) here. He 3) (work) at the moment. He usually 4) (work) until 4 p.m. Caller: What about Mrs Green? Where 5) (be) she? Man: She 6) (do) the shopping. She always 7) (do) the shopping on Thursday afternoons Caller: Where 8) (be) the children? Man: They 9) (play) football. They always 10) (play) football atter school. Caller: How 11) (you/know) all this? Who are you? Man: | 12) (be) the burglar! )) Complete the dialogue using the verbs in brackets in the correct form. A: Why 1). don't you finish (you/not/tinish) your homework and come and watch TV? B : Because | 2) (not/understand) it. It is too difficult. A: Why 3) (you/not/ ask) your teacher to explain it? B: Because | 4) (notlike) him, A: And why 5) (yournotlike) him? B: Well, he 6) (always/shout) at me. A: Why 7) (he/shout) at you? B: Well, 18) (notwork) in class and 19) (novdo) my homework. A: Well, no wonder he 10) (shout) at you. Give me your book now. We'll try and do it together. the correct place in the sentences. ® Put the words in brackets 1.1(A) always — keep (B) my room tidy. (always) 2. Do you (A) go (B) on holiday in winter? (sometimes) 3.(A) he (B) helps with the housework. (never) 4, She (A) plays (B) cards. (rarely) 5. Does he (A) visit (B) his friends? (often) 6. They (A) don't (B) eat sweets. (often) 7. We (A) eat (B) allot of vegetables. (usually) 8. You (A) must (B) tell lies. (never) 9. She (A) can (B) answer the teacher's questions. (always) 7Continuous ut the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous. Itt) = (be) winter and the snow 2) (fall). It usually 3) (snow) in January here. Betty and James 4) (play) in the garden. They 5) (build) Ea snowman and they 6) (throw) snowballs. They 7) (like) a the snow very much! Their mother and father 8) (not/like) it. They always 9) (stay) in the house when it o i-cold. Mother usually 10) Mtn aang a, (watch) TV and Father 11) (listen) to the radio or 12) (read) a book. At the moment they 13) (sit) in the living- room. Mother 14) (write) a letter and Father 15) (read) a book. The teacher divides the class into two teams. Then students look at Ex. 16. Team A asks questions while Team B, with books closed, tries to answer them. After five questions change the roles of the teams. Each correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. Team AS1: Isitsummer? Team AS2: Does it snow in July? Team B $1: No, it isn’t. It's winter. Team B S2: No, it doesn't. It snows in January etc. The teacher divides the class into two teams and chooses a leader. He / She then gives the leader a piece of paper with a key sentence on it. The leader looks at the key sentence and gives the class some hints about it. The teams ask questions in turn until they find the key sentence. The team that finds it first is the winner. Key sentences : She is cleaning the tloor. / He is reading in the living-room, etc. (Key sentence : She is cleaning the floor.) Team BS1 Is she washing the dishes? Leader : It's a woman. She is in the kitchen. Leader: No, she isn't. TeamAS1: — Isshe cooking? Team AS2: _ Is she cleaning the floor? Leader : No, she isn't. Leader: Yes, she is. Team A is the winner. The teacher chooses another leader and you can play the game again. Find a picture from a magazine and write what the people in it are doing at the moment.J, Past Simple - Present Perfect When did you start writing novels? | started writing novels two years ago. Have you sold anything $0 far? Past Simple : verb + ed Present Perfect : have + past participle Past Simple is used : Present Perfect is used : 1. for actions which happened at a stated 1. for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. time In the past. He sold his car two weeks ago. He has sold his car. (When? We don’t know.) (When? Two weeks ago.) 2. to express a past state or habit. 2. to express actions which have finished so When she was young she lived in a small flat. recently that there's evidence in the present. He has just painted the room.(The paint is wet.) 3. for past actions which happened one after 3. for actions which started in the past and the other. continue up to the present. ‘She put on her coat, took her bag and left the ‘She has lived in this house for two years. house, (She stil ives in this house.) BUT : He lived in Australia for one year. (He doesn't live in Australia now.) 4. for a past action whose time is not mentioned 4. for a past action whose time is not mentioned and it is not connected with the present. but it is connected with the present. | saw Elvis Presley. (| won't see him again; he's I've met Madonna. (| may meet her again; she's dead. - period of time now finished) still alive. ~ period of time not finished yet)2. Past Simple - Present Perfect Time adverbs and expressions Time adverbs and expressions used with Past Simple : used with Present Perfect : yesterday, last week/month/year/ Monday etc, —_ just, ever, never, always, already, yet, for, ago, how long ago, just now, then, when, since, so far, how long, recently, today, this in 1980 etc. week/month/year, once, several times etc. @ Add -(e)d to the verbs and put them in the correct column, then read them out. cry, stay, stop, hate, taste, prefer, fry, dance, like, type, plan, annoy, destroy, pray, phone, beg, try, tip, play, study, travel, enjoy, empty, tidy stopped cried stayed @® Add -(e)d to the verbs and put them in the correct column, then read them out. add, wash, rain, need, help, want, count, rob, open, work, marry, close, love, end, invite, laugh, hope, kiss after /t/,/d/ after /k/,/s/,/tf/,/f/,/p/,/f/ after other sounds added worked opened. Special points @ Since is used to express a starting point. I've known Ann since October. @ For is used to express a period of time. I've known Ann for two months. @ Yet is used in questions and negations. Have you met him yet? | haven't met him yet. @ Already is used in statements and questions. __|'ve already posted the letters. Just + Present Perfect ''ve just called the doctor. @ Just now + Past Simple He left just now. ice”, “for”, “already”, “just” or “yet”. 1.Johnhas . just finished his homework, so his books are still on the table. 2. | haven't seen Sarah 1990. 3. Have you finished eating? | haven't even started 4, We've lived here ten years. 5. He's. come back from jogging and he's a bit tired.2. Past Simple - Present Perfect have gone to / have been to / have been in Where is your mum, Sue?) (She's gone to the I've been to the hairdresser’s. Do you hairdresser’s, | like my new hairatyle? a oe He’s gone to London. (He hasn't come back yet. He is still in London.) He’s been to Paris once. (He's visited Paris. He's back now.)(Present Perfect of the verb “to go”) I've been in Athens for a month. (I am in Athens.) (Present Perfect of the verb ‘to be”) in : has - have been in/to, has - have gone t Gina : Hello Paul. Are you enjoying yourself in Rome? Paul : Oh, yes. Gina : Which places 1)... have. you... been to. since you arrived? Paul : Well, 1 2) Rome for two weeks now so | 3) alot of places, like the Colosseum, some museums and the Vatican Gina : Where are your friends today? Paul : Mark and Jim 4) a travel agent's to buy tickets for the plane and they haven't come back yet. Mark says he 5) Rome too long. He 6) Capri before but Jim and Sean 7) (not) any islands, so | think we will go to Sardinia. Sean 8) the hotel to sleep. Gina : Well, I'm leaving now. My parents 9) the hospital to see my uncle. He 10) hospital for a week. See you later! ill in the blanks with time adverbs or expressions from the list belo so far, how long, just, for, since, how long ago, yet, this week, ago, just now, already 1. They got married a month. ago a ¥ have you been in Rome? 2. He hasn't called us . 8, The boss came 3. I've had this car ayear. 9. Carol has been to the cinema twice 4, He has left. 10. did he move house? 5. She's typed three letters 11. I've studied Maths 1991. 6. She's cooked dinner. 12. Peter has been here 5 o'clock. 112. Past Simple - Present Perfect @ Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple. 1.A: Howlong1) have youhad — (you/have) your car? B: 12) (have) it since Christmas. | 3) (buy) it from my uncle. 2A; 4) (you /see) that film before? B: Yes, 15) (see) it when | 6) (be) in London. 3A: How long 7) (you /be) ill? B: 18) (be) ill since | 9) (eat) that meal. 4. A: When 10) (Ann / move) into her new house? B: She 11) (move) in a month ago. | 12) (not / visit) her yet, but | 13) (arrange) to meet her this week. @ Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple. Many years ago people 1) believed (believe) that some women 2) (be) witches. These women 3) (notilive) in big cities. They 4) (live) in small villages. People 5) (think) they 6) (behave) strangely because they 7) (make) unusual medicines from plants and they 8) (not/act) like other people. They 9) (say) that they 10) (notwalk) but that they 11) (fly) on brooms. Do you believe in witches? @ Ask and answer about Anna and yourself as in the example: never several times recently many times Has Anna ever met a famous person? No, she has never met a famous person. 1 2. 3 4 5. 6. Have you 7 8 9 0.P @ rin Present simple or Present Patt Present Sim onbre sent Perfect V1). have knows he 4) (Play) rete Tea for a long time. . Timmy 3) . We al br a) rown hair since he we (never/be) to sch (novean) ua 2) years. My parents 7) fas born. He 6) jool. He 5) or write because (be) at schoo! (lve (have) lo 10) ny 9) (take) care of him yn roe fr ae ause Timm rmave) a job. Thi {notwor Ms y 12) is 11) rk); actually he (be) my di (notibe) log. ) @) Fill in Pai ist Simple or Present Perte erfect. My best friend (be) five years ee ‘Atson. Wa 1)... ha hours laughi We a ws ) ... have _ (know) each oth isi anger ene fist a (live) next door to each rend om new house but | 10) (visit her wey tines a Alon 7 (not / see) it et @ Use Present it S., Preset . tC ont, and Préeorit Bel fect to com lete the let tter. Dear Madar, — My name!) 9 (ve) Carol Albert and 2) (write) to you about the advertigemen” in rg newspaper for thé ost oF hotel receptio iat. | e) gchool and presen 14) re (etud) notel catering at night gchool y typing (be) good a | also © ak) two language lish and 9P nigh. |'7) (take) courses in Computer unt and Office Managem ana |& (feel) that th ourse’ ) (give) me a lot of pe for th oat you 10) (aavertio#) one day: | hope 10 come a hotel manage” \1) ( e) that you will consider m application 112) (enclose) 4 acywith my eons details and other informati a which | 13) (chink) may inte’ gt you. | (look) forward tO o hearing from you very aon 9 sarntul i Abert 132. Past Simple - Present Perfect @) Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple. Mr Briggs is away on business and he is phoning his wife to see how she is. Mr Briggs: Hello, darling. How are you? Is everything okay? Mrs Briggs: 'm fine.11) ‘ve been (be) very busy since you 2) (leave). Mr Briggs: What 3) (you/do) so far? Mrs Briggs: | 4) (do) the painting, | 5) (mend) the bookshelf and | 6) (build) a cupboard. | 7) (have) my hair cut and 18) (g0) to the dentist's. Oh, and yesterday | 9) (speak) to a builder about the garage. Mr Briggs: A builder? The garage? What 10) (happen) to the garage? Mrs Briggs: Well, the garage wall 11) (fall down) two days ago. Mr Briggs: WHAT2222? Mrs Briggs: I.. 1 12) (notffinish) yet. We, well, the neighbour 13) (have) alittle accident. He 14) (drive) into the garage wall. Mr Briggs: Oh no! He 15) (not / crash) into my new car, did he? Mrs Briggs: No! Your car 16) (be) fine, Don't worry! @ Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect. 4.A; Last night |. gaw..... (see) “The Bodyguard’ at the cinema. B: Oh, | (already / see) it twice. 2.A: Do you know that Mrs Jones (work) here for sixteen years? B: | thought she (start) working here ten years ago. 3A: (you / ever / meet) anyone famous? B: Well, | (see) Jane Fonda. A: Really? 1 (meet) her father, Henry Fonda, once. But he is dead now. 4A: Yesterday | (leave) the house and (catch) the train. Then | (realise) that my keys (be) in the house. B: Ohno! That (happen) to me before. What (you / do)? Al (call) the locksmith. 5.A: | (already / make) the beds and | (just / sweep) the floor, but | (not / start) the ironing yet. B: Don't worry. | (do) it yesterday. 6. A: How long ago (you / begin) painting? B: Ten years ago. | (recently / complete) a painting that the National Gallery (ask) me to do a year ago. 7.A: Why are you so happy? B: | (just / pass) my driving test! 8.A: (you / always / have) long hair, Julie? B: No, when | was young my hair (be) very short.2. Past Simple - Present Perfect 9. A: On Monday my father (give) me £20. B: That's wonderful! A: Noitisn't. | (already / spend) it. 10. A: What (happen)? Why is the room full of smoke? B | (just / cook) your dinner, dear. A: Well, I'm not that hungry. Look at the pictures and the list of verbs, then fill in the blanks with Past Simple. be, begin, become, stop, try, can, crash, fall, see, tell, rescue, take, give, make, arrive, thank Two men 1) .. were. at sea in a small motor boat. It 2) to rain and the sea 3) very rough. Suddenly the engine 4) The men 5) but they 6) (not) start it again. Then a huge wave 7) against the boat and the two men 8) into the cold sea. Luckily there 9) abig ship nearby and the captain 10) the two men. He immediately 11) some of his crew to get a lifeboat and save the men. The crew in the lifeboat 12) the two men and 13) them onto their ship. One of the crew 14) the men blankets and 15) them hot drinks. When they 16) at the harbour the two men 17) the captain of the ship and his crew for saving their lives. Oral Activity 3 The teacher divides the class into two teams and gives them a sentence. The teams in turn ask questions based on the teacher's sentence. Each correct question gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. Possible sentences : | bought her a present - | went on holiday last summer - The policeman caught the burglar - She moved house, etc. Teacher : | went on holiday last summer. Team B S1: Did you enjoy it? Team A S1: Where did you go? Team AS2: Where did you stay? etc. 152. Past Simple - Present Perfect The teacher divides the class into two teams and starts saying adverbs which take either Past Simple or Present Perfect. The teams in turn make sentences using the adverbs. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. Teacher: just Team A S2: | went on an excursion last week. Team A S1 : I've just seen a cat. Teacher: — how long ago Teacher: never Team B $2: How long ago have you been in Team B S1 : He's never travelled by Athens? plane. Teacher: No! How long ago did you go Teacher: last week to Athens? Team B doesn't get a point. The teacher divides the class into two teams and writes a list of irregular verbs on the board. The teams in turn make sentences using verbs from the list in Past Simple. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. List: meet, drive, break, go, eat, drink, leave, buy, give, take, write, read, lose, see, come, have, be, find, sing etc. Team A S1 : | met Tom yesterday. Team B St : He drove to work yesterday. Team A S2 : He broke an expensive vase last night, etc. The teacher divides the class into two teams and writes a list of verbs on the board. The teams in turn make up a story using verbs from the list in Past Simple. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. List: get up, eat, have, get dressed, leave, drive, arrive, be closed, not know, get into, turn on, listen, find out, be Team A S1 : Philip got up at 7 o'clock yesterday morning. Team B S1 : He ate his breakfast. Team A S2: Then he had a shower etc. Use the verbs from the list in Oral Activity 6 and write a story. Write 5 sentences saying what you have done or haven't done today. Write a paragraph about what you did yesterday. (60 - 80 words)3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons So Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons So what? Why are you 60 desperate? | can't play the piano but I'm not shouting et 4 desperately about it. Adjectives Adverbs Adjectives describe nouns ; they say “what Adverbs describe verbs; they explain how kind” a noun is. Adjectives have the same (adverbs of manner), where (adverbs of place), form in both singular and plural number and when (adverbs of time) or how often (adverbs normally come before nouns and after “be”. of frequency) something happens. That car is fast. (What kind of car? A fast one.) He drives carelessly. (How does he drive? She's got three lovely cats. Carelessly.) We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to an adjective. eg. slow - slowly. Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives: hard, fast, early, daily, late, monthly. eg. He runs fast. He is a fast runner. Some adverbs are irregular. eg. good - well @ Write the correct adverbs. wide widely possible busy dangerous simple heavy sad terrible happy @ Put the words from the list below into the correct column. bad, well, early, angrily, easily, noisy, quick, quietly, daily, tidy, carelessly, slowly, hard, late, large, monthly, careful, happily bad angrily well 173. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons below into the correct column. ® Put the adverbs from the always, yesterday, on Sunday, here, last year, easily, now, usually, often, there, away, everywhere, happily, carefully, seldom, badly easily, Order of Adjectives 1. “Opinion” adjectives (bad, good etc) go before “fact” adjectives (old, red etc). ‘She bought a beautiful red dress. 2. When there are two or more “fact” adjectives, they go in the following order: size age shape colour origin material noun Thisisa large old rectangular brown French wooden bed. 1. anew/woollen/red/smarthat ...a smart new red woollen hat 2. a(n) modern/luxurious/Italian car 3. two silk/long/blue/beautiful dresses 4. a pair of leather/old/brown shoes 5. a(n) stone/English/small/church 6. a green/fantastic/Japanese/large motorbike 7. a(n) old/English/heavy dictionary 8. a plastic/bluellttle spoon 9. a new/wooden/biack/huge/ armchair 10. a gold/tiny/round/Russian/coin Order of Adverbs 1. Adverbs of frequency (often, usually etc) go after au verbs. eg. She is never late. He never comes late. ut the adjectives in the right order. ry verbs but before main 2. When there are more than two adverbs, 3. When there is a verb of movement, then they go in the following order: the order is: manner place time place manner time She sat lazily by the pool all day. Hewalks home quickly —_ every afternoon.3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons @® Underline the correct word, adjective or adverb. 1. The children played quiet / quietly 5. Have you seen Rebecca recent / recently? 2. It was raining heavy / heavily yesterday. 6. He’s a slow / slowly runner. 3, She gave it a careful / carefully look. 7. She sings good / well. 4, She speaks periect / perfectly German. 8. She bought a nice / nicely dress. @ Rewrite the sentences in the correct order. 1. he wentin the morning/to school/by bicycle He went to school by bicycle in the morning. 2. at breakfast/I/drink coffee/always 3. goes to work/by bus/never/Sam 4. at school/yesterday/hard/| worked 5. his books/often/forgets/Tom 6. quietiy/someone knocked/at midnight/at the door 7. for an hour/in the queue/patiently/he waited 8. he goes/often/abroad/on business 9. rarely/see foxes/you/in these woods Comparisons Did you catch any big fish today? Fishing is not allowed here and I'm the warden, you know. —_—— Yes, they are bigger than the ones | caught yesterday. They are as big as baby elephants, And | am the biggest liar in the world. Adjectives of: Positive Comparative Superlative one syllable tall taller (than) the tallest (of/in) two syllables happy happier (than) the happiest (of/in) ending in-er,-ly,-y,-w _ friendly friendlier (than) the friendliest (off/in) two or more modern more modern (than) the most modern (of/in) syllables beautiful more beautiful (than) the most beautiful (of/in)3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons Spelling Adjectives ending in: e+r/st X ap ier /iest one streesed vowel between two consonants - double the consonant large-larger-largest heavy-heavier-heaviest big-bigger-biggest @ Fill in the blanks with the correct comparat id superlative form: 4. thin thinner thinnest 5. difficult 2. long 6. easy 3. wet 7. exciting 4, dangerous 8. hot Comparison of Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative adverbs with the same form as adjectives fast faster the fastest two-syllable adverbs ending in -ly early earlier the earliest ferey i het Seay often more offen the most often ‘Compound (schective ty clearly more clearly the most clearly adverbs (clear - clearly) @ Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms. 1. late later latest 6. carefully 2. loudly 7. clearly 3. offen 8. fast 4. politely 9. fluently 5. hard 10. noisily Irregular Forms a) further | farther (adv) = longer (in distance) Positive Comparative Superlative | have to walk further / farther than him. further (adj) = more good/well better best tiadbedy worse sah For further information, see the secretary. much more most b) very + positive degree many/a lot of more most much + comparative degree little less least Its very cold today. far further/farther furthest/farthest It's much colder here than in Athens.3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons @ Il in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms. 1. bad worse worst 6. good 2. gently 7. funny 3. many 8. useful 4. little 9. sad 5. clever 10. far @ Fill in the blanks as in the example : | went on holiday last year but it was a disaster! My hotel room was 1) sirialler than (small) the one in the photograph in the brochure. | think it was 2) (small) room the hotel. The weather was terrible too. It was 3) (cold) in England. The beach near the hotel was very dirty it was 4) (dirty) all the beaches on the island. The food was 5) (expensive) | expected and | didn’t have enough money. One day | went stiopping in a big department store and | broke a vase. It was 6) (expensive) vase the whole shop. But 7) (bad) thing all was that | lost my passport and | couldn't go back home. It was 8) (horrible) holiday my life. in the blanks as in the example: M: I'm happy I'm not a woman! They are 8) (sensible) W: Why? and 9) (practical) M:Menare 1) better than (good) women. men are — and men are W: But you are 2) a 10) (bad) (stupid) person | know! drivers than women because M: Don't be horrible. Men are women are 11) 3) (patient) (intelligent) women. M: But men are 12) They are 4) (logical) and 5) (athletic), (good) cooks W: Oh, please. Let’s women are! talk about W: Your ideas are 6) something else. This is 13) (old-fashioned) mine. | think women are 7) (clever). Es (ridiculous) conversation | have ever had!3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons ill in: very or much. London is becoming a 1) very . popular place for American tourists. All the big attractions are now 2) busy in the summer months. The crowds of tourists around places like Buckingham Palace are 3) bigger than they were a few years ago. Sales of postcards and other souvenirs are 4) higher now than in past years. This is 5) good news for the British tourist industry. ® Write sentences as in the example comparing the six cai fast cheap dangerous big expensive safe small attractive slow comfortable 1.BM.W.: | think a B.M.W. is more comfortable than a Volkewagen. | don’t think it’s the most attractive of all though. 2. Mercedes : 3. Rolls Royce ; 4, Fiat : 5. Jaguar : 6. Volkswagen : Types of Comparisons v The red bookis as oldas ‘The rings less expensive The more he eats, the blue book but it isn’t than the necklace. The earrings the fatter he gets. as thick as the blue one. are the least expensive of all. 1. as ...(positive)... as Paul is as heavy as Tom. not so /as ... (positive)... aS Jane is not as / so tall as Mary. 2. less ...(positive)... than Betty is less hard-working than Kate the least ...(positive)... of/in but Jean is the least hard-working of all. 3. the + comparative... the + comparative The harder you work, the more money you earn.3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons lin the blanks as in the exampl 1. (fast / slow) Peter is a 2. (long) The dog has got faster swimmer than ears Paul. Maryisn't as fast the cat. The cat's a6 Paul.Sheis the ears aren't slowest swimmer of all the dog's. The rabbit has got ears all 4. (big / small) A bird is a butterfly but a goat. 3. (cheap / expensive) The green hat is the red hat. The yellow hat is U BQ. the green hat but ae the red hat is ~ all. ® Use the adjectives and write comparisons a: A butterfly isn't a bird. A butterfly is all. Voc ies the example : 1. heavy, dangerous, fierce, fast Anelephant _ is heavier than a tiger. Anelephant is less dangerous than a tiger. Atigeris . fiercer than an elephant. An elephant isn't ag fast as a tiger. 2. expensive, cheap, slow, comfortable Acaris Abicycle is Acar isn't 3. dirty, friendly, intelligent, noisy Aratis Aratis oof Adog is wt Aratisn't3. Adjectives - Adverbs - Comparisons @ rite comparisons for the following as in the example : 1, Snakes are dangerous. ... Yes, but tigers are more dangerous. 2. Spain is a hot country. 3, Pearls are expensive. 4, Dogs are intelligent. 5. Greek is a difficult language. 6. Travelling by bus is sate. ‘The teacher divides the class into two teams and writes a list of adjectives on the board, Then he / she asks the students to look at the pictures and compare items from A with items from B using the adjectives on the board, Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner, List : expensive, intelligent, interesting, tasty, big, exciting, fierce, dangerous, beautiful, short, comfortable, healthy, etc. Team AS1: A chair is less comfortable than an armchair. Team B S1: Tigers are more dangerous than snakes. Team A S2: Jane has got shorter hair than Jill, etc. Writing Aetivity 6 =< Use the adjectives hard-working, funny, tall, polite, friendly, young, athletic and helpful and compare yourself to your friend. eg. I'm more athletic than my friend, etc.4. Will - Be Going To a CS Will - Be Going To Good idea, He will probably be worried if you don't phone him. There's going to be a terrible snowstorm. You'll have to stay the night with us. We use wil] and be going to to talk about the future. Will is used : Be Going To is used : 1. to talk about things we are not sure about or 1. to talk about things we are sure about or we we haven't decided yet. have already decided to do in the near future. I'll probably buy a new car. (I'm not sure yet.) I'm going to buy a new car. (I've decided it.) 2. to express hopes, fears, threats, on-the-spot 2. to express intention and plans. decisions, offers, promises, warnings, Now that I've got the money, I’m going to buy a predictions,comments ete. especially with: new dress. (intention) expect, hope, believe, I'm afraid, I'm sure, I'm going to get some more training so | can | know, | think, probably etc. get a better job. (plan) | think it will be sunny tomorrow. (prediction) 3. to express a prediction or a future action or — 3. when we can see (evidence) that something event which may or may not happen. is going to happen. | think you will pass the test. (prediction) Watch out! We're going to have an accident. He will be twenty next year. (future event) (We can see a car coming.) She will probably phone later. (prediction) It’s going to rain. (We can see dark clouds in the sky.) Time expressions used with will - be going to : tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, in two days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month etc.4. Will - Be Going To @ Fill in: 1... not yet sure 2 ill or be going to, then identify the speech situations (sure, not yet sure |...will move... (move) into He (play) They a better house if | get a job. tennis. (probably/buy) a new car. 4. 5. 6. I think he (be) They He angry when he sees the cat. (fight) (take) a picture. will : Shall is used to express predictions, warnings, offers, promises, _is used with | or We in questions, threats, requests, suggestions, on-the-spot decisions, ‘suggestions and offers. opinions, hopes and fears (especially with words such as: _Shall we go by train? (suggestion) think, expect, suppose, hope, believe, know and probably). Shall | help you with your bags? | expect she will come early. (prediction) (offer) I, won’t or shall. Larry: 1). Shall. we go for a picnic tomorrow? Sue: Yes. That's a good idea. | 2) make some sandwiches. Larry: OK. And 13) bring some lemonade. Sue: 4) | buy some cheese? Larry: | don't really like cheese. ‘Sue: | 5) buy any cheese then. | 6) bring some fruit instead. Larry: | think it 7) be sunny tomorrow so | 8) probably wear my shorts. 19) take a pullover. Sue: Well, | think | 10) take mine. It is still cold in the mornings. Larry: 11) | invite Bob and Linda? Sue: That's a good idea. It 12) be nice if they come.4. Will - Be Going To 1, We use Present Continuous rather than “be going to” for things which are definitely arranged to happen in the future. They're having a party next week. (It's all arranged. Invitations have already been sent.) They're going to have a party in two weeks. (They've decided it but it hasn’t been arranged yet.) 2. We use Present Simple for timetables, programmes etc. Our plane leaves at 10.30 a.m. 3. We do not use the Future tense after the words while, before, until, as soon as, if (conditional) and when (time conjunction). However, we can use when + will, if when is a question word. Call me when you arrive. BUT When will you be ready? ‘Study these points: 4, With the verbs go and come we often use Present Continuous rather than “be going to”. I'm going out tonight. RATHER THAN I'm going to go out tonight. 1... fixed arrangement. 2. . 6. i ll in Present Cont. or be going to, then identify the speech situations. fixed arrangement - something already decided She .. is getting married They They (have) (get/married). (get/married). 4 5. He's brushing his teeth. He She (have) an early night. (telephone) the dentist. (see) the dentist tomorrow. @) Put the verbs in bracket: lo Present Simple or Future Simple. 1. We will leave. (leave) as soonashe arrives (arrive). 2. He says he (telephone) us before he (leave) the airport. 3. She (stay) at home until she (feel) better. 4. “When (you/visit) them?” “Probably next week.” 274. Will - Be Going To 5. When he (finish) school he (go) to university. 61 (send) you a postcard as soon as | (get) there. 7. When (she/be) back? —_8. The plane (leave) at 7.00. @) Match the sentences with the pictures, then identify the speech situatior 1. I'll write to you every day! 6. Shall | do the washing-up? 2. Look at that tree! It’s going to fall down. 7. Put on your coat or you'll catch cold! 3. Love cooking. I'm going to be a chef. 8. Finish your homework or | won't take you to the zoo. 4, He's going to paint his house. 9. Robots will do the housework in the future. 5. I'll have two cheeseburgers for lunch. intention, promise, evidence, prediction, offer, threat, warning, on-the-spot decision 1... intention house.4. Will - Be Going To ® Write sentences using be to, Present Continuous or Present Perfect. (he / make speech) 1. He's going to make a 2. He's making a speech. 3. He has made a speech. speech. (he / clean car) 10. 1. 12.4. Will - Be Going To 3) Fin in: wit or be joing to. dulie is planning her summer holiday. 11) ’m going to spend my holiday in Crete because there is a lot to see. 12) travel there by ferry because | enjoy boat trips. I’m not going on my own; my best friend 3) come with me and | think my cousin 4) come too if | ask her. We 5) stay in Hania for two weeks, then we 6) go somewhere else. | hope we 7) find a hotel easily but if there’s any problem, we 8) stay at a campsite. We 9) ‘swim every day so | 10) take a lot of suntan oil with me — | think we 11) need it. | am looking forward to this holiday. I'm sure it 12) be the best holiday ever. @ ill in: be going to or will. | heard on TV last night that Portsmouth Council 1) is going to build a new swimming pool in the centre of town. They 2) start work in July and the pool 3) probably be finished by September. The Mayor said, “I'm sure the people of Portsmouth 4) welcome the new pool. | hope they 5) understand the temporary problems which 6) be caused in the centre of town.” The opposition leader does not seem to like the idea. He 7) organise a protest to stop the council wasting public money, and he believes that the majority of the people living in Portsmouth 8) ‘support him. @ tut the verbs in brackets into Present S., Present Cont. or be going to. 1. John is a student. He usually. studies . . (study) very hard. He (study) Ancient History now. He (study) Modern History next year. 2. Julie and Ted often (climb) mountains. They (climb) Snowdon at the moment. They (climb) the Eiger next summer. 3. Mother (work) in the garden now. She (work) in the garden every Saturday. Next Saturday she (plant) a beautiful new fruit tree. @) shall, or be going to. 4. A: What do you want for lunch? B: | think | 1) will ..... have chicken and some salad. 2. A: John has come back from England. B: | know. 12) see him tonight. 3. A: | haven't got any money. B:13) lend you some if you want me to,4. Will - Be Going To 4, A: Ben and | 4) get married in April. B: Really? Congratulations! 5. A:5) we meet on Sunday? B: Sorry, but | 6) visit my aunt. She is expecting me. 6. A: Is Dave coming to the party? B: Yes, but he 7) probably be late. 7. A: Laura is in hospital. B: Really? | 8) send her some flowers. 8. A: Have you decided where to go on holiday? B: Yes, | 9) travel round Europe. 9. A: The plants need watering. B: I know. | 10) water them later. 's plans are for next week. Then write about your plans. @ Write what Dai David Monday : do his shopping = 1. David is going to do his shopping on Monday. Tuesday: comrecttests. «= «2 Wednesday : buy a new shirt be 3. Thursday: gotothegym = 4. Friday : visit Helen a= 5. Saturday : have a party = 6. ‘Sunday : watch TV ~— 7. You Monday: tidy my room <= 1. .I'm going to tidy my room on Monday. Tuesday: a Wednesday: 75 8 Thursday: > 4 Friday: gent & Saturday: a 6. ‘Sunday: a 7. @) Put the verbs in brackets into Present Cont., Present e going to or will. ‘Sam: 1) Shall we go ..... (we/go) to the cinema? Claire: Sorry, | can’t. | 2) (go) out with Peter tonight. He 3) (pick) me up at 8 o'clock. Sam: | 4) (go) on my own then, or maybe 1 5) (ring) Sue to see if she 6) (want) to come. Claire: That's a good idea. 7) (you/go) to the cinema in Green Street? 18) (think) “Batman” is on there.4. Will - Be Going To ‘Sam: Yes, | 9) (probably/go) there. | 10) (phone) and see what time the film 11) (start). Gary:What 1)... are you planning (yourplan) to do after the exams? 2) (you/stay) in London? Angela: No, | 3) (leave) on Saturday. I've bought my ticket already. | 4) (visit) my brother in Wales. What 5) ut the verbs in brackets into Present S., Present Cont. or Future tense. (you/do)? Gary:! think | 6) (start) looking for a job. 17) (need) some extra money because my mum 8) (come) here in August. She 9) (stay) with me for a month. | 10) (plan) to show her London. Angela: When exactly 11) (she/arrive)? Gary: Her flight 12) (arrive) at Heathrow airport at 4:30 p.m. on August 3rd. | 13) (meet) her there. Angela: You've missed her a lot, haven't you? Gary: Yes. | 14) (look forward) to seeing her. Look at the following grid: Using Ex. 53 as a model, students work in pairs and plan their holiday including where, when, how they are going and what they are going to do/see. The teacher moves round the class and helps students plan their trips. After 4-5 minutes some students tell the class about their plans and their partner's plans. Write a letter to your uncle about a trip you are planning to take. (40 - 60 words)Revision Exercises | CG Revision Exercises | @ Choose the correct item. 1. What are you cooking? It. B. very nice! 6.1 Elvis Presley in 1965. A)is smelling B) smells C) smelt A)have seen B) saw C) am seeing 2. John very hard at the moment. 7. We always fish on Fridays. A) worked B)has worked C) is working ‘A) are going to eat B) eat C) eats 3 Ihelp you carry those bags?” 8. “Why have you got those flowers?” “Yes, please.” “Because | my aunt in hospital.” A) Shall B) Will C) Do A) will visit B) am going to visit C) visit 4.1 anew bike last week. 9. The children played in the garden. A) bought B) have bought C) will buy A) happy B) happier C) happily 5. They in England for twenty years. 10. The bigger the car, the itis. A)are living —B) live C)havelived A) fast B) fastest C) faster @ Find the mistake and correct it. 43 1, We art>gding swimming on Saturdays. go 2. | have written a book last year. 3. My bag is heaviest than yours. 4, Look out! The wall will fall down. 5. Will we go to the beach tomorrow? 6. He have seen that film three times. 7. | have been a teacher since three years. 8. Helen is not here. She's been to the cinema. 9. We drove slow through the heavy traffic. 10.The more you study, the best your results will be. ery or much, Itis (1) .... very ..... interesting to go on safari in Africa where it's 2) hotter than in other countries. There's also a3) greater variety of animals to see. Lions are 4) large animals but elephants are 5) bigger. Elephants don't often run 6) fast but they're 7) stronger than lions. Giraffes are 8) taller than lions or elephants and they can run 9) fast too. It's 10) better to see animals in the jungle than in the zoo!Revision Exercises | @ Put the adj Carol's car Tom's car gage oa John's car © ~ ives in brackets into the correct form. price: £16,000 price: £7,000 price: £19,000 speed: 110 mph speed: 90 mph speed: 130 mph size: medium size: small size: large petrol consumption : average —_petrol consumption : low petrol consumption : high made in 1990 made in 1987 made in 1992 Tom's car is 1) more expensive than John's (expensive) but Carol's car is 2) all (expensive). Tom's car isn't 3) Carol's car (big). Carol's car is 4) all (big). Caro’s car is 5) all (modern). John's car is 6) all (old). Tom's car is 7) Carol's (economical) but John’s is 8) all (economical). John's car isn't 9) Tom's (fast). Itis 10) Tom's (slow). Carol's car is 11) all (fast) but it is 12) all (economical) @ Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect. 1, A:How long 1) have you lived — (you/ live) in America? B:12) (ome) here in 1990. 2. A:13) (justffinish) my composition. B: Really? | 4) (write) mine yesterday evening. 3. A:15) (not/see) you for years! When 6) (you/leave) school? B: Last year. 17) (start) university last September. @ shall, will or be going to. Alan is going to New York on business tomorrow. ‘Alan: My plane leaves at 2 o'clock and | haven't got anything ready yet. What 1) am | going to do? | 2) never be ready on time. Helen: Well, | 3) take the children to school in 5 minutes. Then | 4) come back and help you. 5) | pack your clothes? Alan: Okay, thanks. | 6) get washed and shaved Helen: 7) you rive into town this morning? ‘Alan: Yes, | 8) collect my ticket in about an hour. Helen: 9) you get some milk? Alan 10) bake a. cake this afternoon.Revision Exercises | @ Fill in: has/have been in/to, has/have gone to. 1.A:1) | Have you ever been to France? London for the day. B: No, | haven't, but Id like to go. B: And you got stuck in a traffic jam, didn't you? 2. A: Do you know where Mum is? 4. A: I'm afraid Sue and Pam can't come with us. B: | think she 2) the post office They 4) visit their grandmother. to get some stamps. B: She 5) hospital for a long 3. A: Sorry we're late. We 3) time, hasn't she? @ Complete the text using since or for. Maria has lived in England 1) since 1988. She has been married to James 2) four years. She has known him 3) 1987 when they met in Paris. They have lived in central London 4) two years. They have lived at their present address 5) last summer. Maria has worked for the French Embassy 6) nine months. James and his family have run a small hotel in the heart of London 7) many years. James has been the manager 8) Christmas, when his father retired. Maria and James have saved a lat of money 9) last year, so they are planning to go on a trip to France. Put the verbs in brackets into Present S., Present Cont. or the Future tense. John: Hello, Gary. Where 1) are you going (you/go)? Gary: To the sports centre. I've got a football training session. Our team 2) (go) to France next week. We 3) (leave) on Wednesday. John: Oh, that 4) (be) great! How 5) (you/get) there? Gary: We 6) (travel) on the ferry. It 7) (leave) at 5 o'clock in the morning. John: How long 8) (you/stay) in France? Gary: About a week. We 9) (play) four matches. The first one 10) (start) at 3 o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, and the last one 11) (finish) at 5 o'clock on the following Tuesday. John: Do you think you 12) (win)? Gary: Yes, but | have to go now. The coach 13) (shout) at me if I'm late for training. | 14) (tell) you all about it when | 15) (get) back. @ ill in : yet, already, just, ago, since, for or how long. 1. Is itreallya year since we last had a holiday? 2. I'm afraid | haven't finished my work 3. Shakespeare was born over four hundred years 4, Paul has bought one car, but he’s going to buy another one next week.Revision Exercises | 5. Don't eat that cake! I've made it and it's still hot. 6. My sister has been at university six months, 7. have you known John and Susan? 8. Haven't you typed those letters ? | need them now. 9. She's Cleaned the house and it’s only 9 o'clock in the morning. 10. | haven't watched T.V. my set broke down. @ Fill in Present S., Present Cont., Past S., Present Perfect or will. Peter 1) ..i6....... (be) one of my best friends. At the moment he 2) (stay) with my family in London. | 3) (know) him since | 4) (be) a itl girl when we 5) (play) together after school. Now Peter 6) (look) for a job in London. He 7) (just/pass) his exams and 8) (want) to be a journalist. Tomorrow he 9) (have) an interview. | hope he 10) (get) the job! @ Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1. never / he / his wife's birthday / forgets... He never forgets his wife's birthday. 2. usually / she / wake up / early / doesn’t 8. always/ he / has / to travel abroad / wanted 4. rarely / he / at night / goes out 5. they / always / do / can / anything / they want @eri in Present S., Present Cont., Past S., Present Perfect, will or be going to. My cousin's name 1) ../6....... (be) Sylvie Dupont. She 2) (live) in Paris and 3) (work) in a café in the centre of the city. She (4) (work) there for three years. At the moment her best friend from England 5) (stay) with her. She 6) (enjoy) her holiday very much, They 7) (already/visit) many museums together and they 8) (be) to the theatre three times. Next week they 9) (see)a [i film and then they 10) (have) dinner at an expensive restaurant. Last Tuesday they 11) (go) to a disco with some friends of theirs. They 12) (not/come) home until very late. Sylvie J 13) (be) so tired at work the following day that she 14) (spill) coffee all over a customer. She doesn't think she 15) (see) him at the café again! In future she 16) (not/stay) out so late and she 17) (be) more careful while she is serving customers.5. Present Perfect Continuous S, Present Perfect Continuous Have you been fighting No, | haven't lost again? You've lost 7 them, Mum. They your front teeth. are in my pocket! Form: have / has been + verb -ing Affirmative Interrogative Negative | have been working Have | been working? | have not been working You have been working Have you been working? You have not been working He has been working Has he been working? He has not been working She has been working Has she been working? She has not been working Ithas been working Has it been working? It has not been working We have been working Have we been working? We have not been working You have been working Have you been working? You have not been working They have been working Have they been working? They have not been working Short form Negative-Interrogative Short form I've been working ... Haven't you been working?... | haven't been working ... @® Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect Continuous. Tim: Hello Joe. What 1) have you been doing Tim: Why haven't | met her? (you'do)? Joe: Because she 5) (leave) Joe: | 2) (play) tennis home early and she 6) with Helen. (come) back late every day for the Tim: Who is Helen? last six weeks. Joe: She's my new girlfriend. | 3) Tim: Why 7) (shefdo) that? (go) out with her for two weeks. Joe: Because she 8) Tim: Does she live here? (look for) a job. Joe: Yes, she 4) (live) Tim: | must meet her some time. here for two months, Joe: Well let's all go out together tomorrow then. 375. Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous is used: 1. for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present. I've been packing my case all morning. (I'm still packing.) 2. for past actions of certain duration which have visible results or effect They have been walking in the rain. (They are wet.) 3. to express irritation, anger, annoyance, explanation or criticism. [ Has the dog been chewing on my slippers? (showing anger) 4. to put emphasis on duration, usually with for, since or how long. I've been typing letters since 9 o'clock. With the verbs live, feel and work we can Cont. with no difference in meaning. I've been living in London for a year. or I've lived in London for a year. maoz 38 Present Perfect is used : 1. for actions recently completed. I've packed my case. (('ve just finished.) 2. for actions which happened at an unstated time. She has done a lot of shopping. 3. to express personal experiences or changes which have happened. ‘ ’ % I've put on a lot of weight. 4. to put emphasis on number. I've only typed three letters since 9 o'clock. Non-continuous verbs are not used in Present use either Present Perfect or Present Perf. Perfect Cont. (know, believe, see, like, love, taste, understand, want etc.) I've known her since 1985. (NOT : Fve-been-knowing-hersince-1985-)5. Present Perfect Continuous Time adverbs used with Present Perfect Time adverbs and expressions used with Continuous : Present Perfect : for, since, how long just, ever, never, always, already, yet, for, since, so far, how long, recently, today, this week/month/year, once, etc. dentify the speech situations, then complete the sentences. recently completed action, emphasis on number, unstated time, anger or annoyance, emphasis on duration, personal experience, visible results 1. visible results 2. 3. | have been painting They She (paint) my room She (have) He (be) to a haircut. 8. They (buy) He a pet dog. (write) three letters. (write) letters all morning5. Present Perfect Continuous @® Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. 1. A: I'm very tired. B: That's because you 1) have been working (work) too hard. ‘A: know. But at least I 2) (finish) my composition. 2. A: You look hot. What 3) (you/do)? B: 14) (play) tennis with Sarah. A: Oh yes. 15) (see) her play before. She's good, isn’t she? B: Yes, she is. She 6) (beat) me five times since the start of the summer. ito Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. @ rut the verbs in brackets ii Pam : What are you doing, Ben? Ben : 11) ‘ve been looking through (look through) my old toy box all morning, It brings back lots of memories. Look, 12) (find) my old train set! Pam : You 3) (play) with those trains for over an hour. 14) (watch) you. Ben : They're great! | 5) {novhave) so much fun for years. Look at this one! Pam : Yes, Ben - it's a very nice train. But 6) (you/see) what time itis? Ben : No... Why? Pam : It's 10.30. Your boss 7) (ustiphone) from the office, Ben : Why? Pam : He 8) (wait) for you all morning. You have an important meeting, Ben : Oh no! | thought it was Sunday! Fill in the blanks with for or since. Tom and Mary have been building a house 1) for _ two years. They have been dreaming of finishing it 2) last summer but they have been having problems 3) a few months because of the weather. In fact, it has been raining and snowing 4) October so they haven't been able to put the roof on yet. This weekend they are trying to put in the windows. They have only been working 5) 8 o'clock but they feel like they've been doing it 6) hours because itis very difficult. They have been saving up 7) along time but they haver’t been able to hire any workmen yet. Tom has been looking for an evening job 8) a week and Mary has been working overtime 9) Christmas, so they will have enough money soon. They haven't been going out 10) they started saving - but when the house is finished they are going to have a big party to celebrate.5. Present Perfect Continuous Oral Activity 9 The teacher divides the class into two teams. Students look at the picture and the teacher introduces Mr May. (Mr May is a strange old man. He doesn't like changes. He has been doing the same things for years.) Then, looking at the list of verbs and using the picture as a stimulus, students, in turn, suggest what Mr May has been doing. The team which cannot give a sentence or makes a mistake doesn't get a point. The team with the most points is the winner. List of verbs : read, wear, collect, drink, play, live, etc. The teacher gives an example and students start the game. Teacher: He has been collecting butterflies for ten years. Team A S1: He has been reading the same newspaper for thirty years. Team B S1: He has been living in the same house for fifty years. etc. Oral Activity 10 3 months ago Allan Kim Allan Beth Jack Kate Students compare both pictures, then comment on the first one. eg. Tom didn't have a beard three months ago. Jane was fat. etc. Then students look at the second picture and say what has happened since then. eg. Tom has grown a beard. Jane has lost weight etc. Write a letter to a friend telling himvher about the things that have changed in your life over the last year a16. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To (So Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To How did the thie? get away? Weren't you following ) (Well, | wae Following him when he ouddenly him while he was trying to get away?, ran into the cinema. i a | all SS Past Continuous: was / were + verb -ing Affirmative Interrogative Negative Long form Short form | was helping Was | helping? | was not helping | wasn’t helping You were helping Were you helping? ~~ You were not helping You weren't helping He was helping Was he helping? He was not helping He wasn't helping etc. She was helping Was she helping? She was not helping It was helping Was it helping? It was not helping Negative - Interrogative We were helping Were we helping? We were not helping You were helping Were you helping? You were not helping Wasn't | helping? They were helping Were they helping? They were nothelping Weren't you helping? etc. Time words used with the Past Continuous: while when as Past Continuous versus Past Simple Past Continuous is used: Past Simple is used: 1. for an action that was in the middle of 1. for an action completed at a stated time in happening at a stated time in the past. the past. ‘At 8 o'clock last night she was watching TV. He finished his homework at 7 o'clock.6. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To 2. for two or more actions which were happening at the same time in the past (simultaneous actions). They were dancing while he was playing the guitar. 3. for a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use Past Continuous for the interrupted action and Past Simple for the action which interrupts it. He was painting the bedroom when suddenly he fell off the ladder. 4.to describe the background to the events ina story. We were walking in the woods. It was raining hard. 2. for actions which happened one after another (sequence of actions). He slipped, fell over and broke his ankle. 3. with non-continuous verbs: appear (= seem), believe, belong, cost, feel, forget, hate, have (= possess), know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realise, remember, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want etc, an He wanted to buy a new sports car but he couldn't, afford one, 4. for past actions which won't happen again. ‘Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (Shakespeare is dead. He won't write any more.) @ Identify the speech situations, then write sentences as in the example: action in the middle, simultaneous actions, sequence of actions, completed action, interrupted action, non-continuous verb, action which won't happen again 1, action in the middle 2. (at 11 o'clock / sleep) They were sleeping at 11 o'clock. (wash up/feed the dog/an hour ago) (last nightknitwatch TV) 436. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To (have a party/last night) Was / Were Going To Was going to is used to express fixed arrangements in the past, unfulfilled plans or an action which someone intended to do in the past but didn’t do. He got up early. He was going to catch the 6 o'clock train. (fixed arrangement in the past) She was going to travel around Europe but she didn't because she fell ill. (unfulfilled plan) ‘She was going to buy a new car but in the end she repaired her old one. (She intended to buy a car but she didn't.) @® Write what was going to happen but di 1... She was going to buy a 2 3. dress _ buta thief stole her bag. but he was too late. but it blew up. 446. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To ing the notes first talk about the picture, then write a paragraph. Mary and George - dance - while music - play loud. Bob and Ben - drink Coke - while Kristi - eat sandwiches. Ted and Steve - sing. Alex - clean - while dog bark. James - sleep on the ‘sofa - while Sheila - try - wake him up. Edward and Lucy - laugh. Susan - bring coffee. Chris - leave the party - while Paula - cry - because not want - him to leave. They were having a party when the doorbell rang. Peter opened the door and an angry policeman entered the room. Mary and George were dancing while Used To Used to is used to talk about past habits. It has the same form in all persons, singular and plural. It forms its negative and interrogative form with did. lused to cry when! was a baby. I didn’t use to sleep late. Did you use to sleep late? ® Look at the pictures and write what Helen used or didn’t use to be or have. Then Then Then 1. Helen used to be fat. short hair. She didn't use to be thin. She Is thin now.6. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To First say and then write what you used or didn’t use to do when you were five. ® Put the verbs in brackets into Past Continuous or Past Simple. Last night 11) had (have) a wonderful dream. This is what | 2) (dream). We 3) (take) a trip to Hawaii, | 4) (be) with my family and two of my friends. We 5) (be) on a ship and we 6) (travel) to Honolulu. On the ship there 7) (be) a disco. We 8) (sit) on nice comfort able seats and we 9) (drink) exotic juices. Lots of people 10) (dance) and the music 11) (play) loudly. We = 12) (have) a lot of fun! When the ship 13) (arrive) in Honolulu a man 14) (wait) to take us to our hotel. The hotel where we 15) (stay) was by a beach lined with palm trees. Drums 16) (beat) and people on the beach 17) (sing) and 18) (dance) to the music. The music 19) (get) louder and louder. until | 20) (can) hear a ringing in my ears. It 21) (be) my alarm clock! It 22) (be) 7 o'clock and time to get up for school. ut the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous. elt) was visiting (visit) Dear Peter, about what happened tome last week - ' i for a walk by the Im writing FO ha 7s the sea. One afternoon | 2) pr a tree by the edge of the my aunt who lies by (notice) a gir who 4) ( (oreak) and the irl cliffe when | 3) there, the branch suddenly 6) though the gin cliff. As he 5) (hata) 3} (run) to the edge, but D (think) 2 (fall) over re "i o (notibe able to) ae (expan) 9)... (Ghost) for hel (came) aon the 7 pan (eat) 0 the 9 any Wha Oe and while he 14) (a0) for help! ed and her parents 17) what had Napem (end) happily. The girl was reecu (be) in the of flowers, The etary 18) rite and tell me yours 800%. Wish love, Lucy 1 Well, everything '6) , thank) me by giving me ° ae too! That’s all my news - W a large bunch6. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To @) Match the sentences, then join them using when, while or and. PART A PART B 1. John was listening to the radio A. they drove away. 1. B (when) 2. Peter was swimming B. the batteries ran out. 2 3. He fell over C. his sister was sunbathing. 3. 4, The robbers stole the car D. her pen broke. 4. 5. Helen was writing a letter E. he was crossing the road. 5. @ Choose a verb from the list and complete the text using Past S. or Past Cont. be, drive, shine, stop, look, seem, hear, fly, can, feel, wonder, go, think, get into, talk Itt) was 10 o'clock on a dark winter night. Mr Trindle 2) home alone on a small country road. The stars 3) and it 4) very quiet. Suddenly his car 5) . Mr Trindle 6) under the bonnet but everything 7) to be normal. Then, as he 8) at the engine, he 9) a strange noise. A UFO 10) above him! He 11) (not) believe his eyes. A bright light 12) on him and he 13) very strange. He 14) what to do when suddenly everything 15) quiet. Mr Trindle 16) he had imagined the UFO, but as he 17) the car, the newsreader on the radio 18) about a UFO that people had seen the previous night. ‘The previous night?” Mr Trindle 19) at his watch. It 20) 7 o'clock in the morning! @ Complete the dialogue with used to or didn't use to. Mrs Barnes : Do you want a cup of tea, Jenny? Jenny : No thanks, mum, Have you got any coffee instead? Mrs Barnes : But you 1) didn’t use to _like coffee. You 2) drink tea. Jenny : Yes, but | like it now. Could you put some sugar in it? Mrs Barnes : You 3) take sugar. You 4) Say it would make you put on weight. Do you want some cornflakes? 476. Past Continuous - Used To - Was Going To Jenny ; Haven't you got any croissants? | 5) like cornflakes but | don't now. Mrs Barnes : You 6) be so fussy before you went to Paris. Policeman : What 1) _ were you doing (you / do) at 9 o'clock last night? ut the verbs into Past Cont., Past S., was / were going to or used to form. Witness : | 2) (watch) TV while my wife 3) (make) dinner. We 4) (have) dinner at a restaurant but we 5) (not / have) enough money. We 6) (go) out a lot but we can't afford to now. Policeman : What 7) (happen) then? Witness : | 8) (think) | 9) (hear) a gunshot from outside. | 10) (go) outside but | 11) (not/see) anything unusual. Then | 12) (realise) what the noise was. Our neighbours 13) (have) a party and they 14) (set off) fireworks in their garden. It 15) (notibe) a gunshot after all, officer. In two teams students cover the text for Ex. 80 then by looking at the picture ask and answer questions. eg. Was Kristi sleeping on the sofa when the policeman came? etc. Look at the picture and the list of words to say what they were doing/did at the time of the earthquake. sleep - wake up - cry cook - drop the saucepan play - stand up - run carry - spill coffee wash - come out sit - fall off Write a letter to your penfriend in Germany to tell him/her what was happening or happened at the time of an earthquake. (60-80 words) eg. Dear Hans, two days ago there was a terrible earthquake here. It was such a nasty experience. At the time of the earthquake the baby was sleeping. He woke up and started crying...7. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives fa Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives Ouch! It bit mel See for yourself! | thought you said your dog didn’t bite. e Does your dog bite? por] fe Oh nol | trained it myself not to bite. Reflexive-Emphatic Personal pronouns Possessive Possessive pronouns adjectives pronouns before verbs after verbs —_ followed by nouns not followed as subjects as objects by nouns myself 1 me my mine yourself you you your yours himself he him his his herself she her her hers itself it it its ” ourselves we us our ours yourselves you you your yours themselves they them their theirs Reflexive Pronouns are used : Emphatic Pronouns are used : after certain verbs (kill, cut, behave, burn, at the end of the sentence or after the noun phrase enjoy, hurt, look at, teach etc) when the subject _ they refer to,to emphasize the noun or the fact that and the object of the verb are the same person. one person and not another performs an action. I've cut myself. He can fix the car (by) himself. Note these expressions : Enjoy yourself! = Have a good time! Behave yourself! = Be good! | like being by myself. = | like being alone. She lives by herselt. = She lives alone. Help yourself to tea! = Don't wait to be offered tea!7. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives Note the difference : - selves / each other Twat neiiiimait va7. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives @ Fill in ; myself, yourself, himself, ourselves or yourselves. Jim : Bye Mum, We're going to Simon's birthday party. Mum : O.K. Enjoy 1) yourselves boys. And Jim, don't eat too much cake or you'll make 2) sick. Have you got a card to take with you? Jim : Yes, we have. Mark and | made it 3) . What are you and Dad going to do this afternoon, Mum? Mum : I'm going to buy 4) some new clothes and Dad's going to study. He's trying to teach Italian. Have a good time at the party, but behave 6) ropriate reflexive or emphatic pronouns. 1, My dad cut himself shaving yesterday. 2, Julie cooked some dinner. 3. Please, help to more biscuits, John! 4. enjoyed at the party last night. 5. We don't need any help. We can do it 6. The children drew all these pictures @ Fill in the appropriate reflexive pronouns. Yesterday my sister and | went to the shop to buy 1) ourselves some chocolate. On the way home, Tonia fell down and hurt 2) and I cut 3) on some broken glass. When we got home, my brother and his friends were enjoying 4) playing in the garden. My brother shouted, “Look at 5) " and he began to laugh at us. When we looked at 6) in the mirror, there was nothing wrong except for some chocolate round our mouths. Possessive case with ’s/s’ Possessive case with “of” 1. singular nouns + ’s (person or animal) 1. of + name of a thing the boy’s bag, the cat's head the banks of the river iS) 2. regular plural nouns +* . Of + possessive case/possessive pronoun the boys’ bags That's a friend of Mary's (= one of Marys friends ). 3. irregular plural nouns not ending in s/-es +s Ive got a book of yours (= one of your books) the children’s toys Note: phrase of place+’s : atthechemist's = atthe chemist's shop phrase of time +’s/’ : today’s paper = the paper that has come out today two weeks’ holiday= a holiday that lasts for two weeks 517. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives @ Write as in the exampl Julie the girls ‘sE 2 women shoes 38 oe in the correct subject/object/possessive pronouns or adjectives. 1... This is Julie's car. It’s her car. It’s hers. Last year Francis and 1) his sister Caroline went ‘on holiday to Paris. Unfortunately, 2) was a disaster. First of all, 3) nearly missed 4) flight because 5) car broke down. Then Francis couldn't find 6) ticket, until Caroline realised that she had both 7) ticket and 8) in 9) handbag. When 10) got to Paris, 11) couldn't find 12) hotel. Caroline fell over and twisted 13) ankle when 14) es climbed out of the taxi. Francis tried to help 15) and strained 16) back, so 17) both had to spend the rest of the week in bed. This year are hoping to see some of the sights of Paris on 19) holiday. e the correct item. ® Under 1. She's got a pen of (you / yours). 2. These are (the boys’ shirts / shirts of the boys) 3. He is a friend of (my / mine). 4, We're having (two days’ holiday / a holiday of two days). 5, She went to the (baker shop / baker's). 6. That's the (house's kitchen / kitchen of the house).7. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives Positive Interrogative Negative some any no/not any someone anyone no one / not anyone people somebody anybody nobody / not anybody things something anything nothing / not anything place somewhere anywhere nowhere / not anywhere @ Fil ome, any, no or their derivatives. When the three bears came home, the mother bear said, “1) .. Some... of the soup has gone!” The little bear looked in his bowl and said, “There is 2) soup in my bowl! There isn't 3) left at all! 4) has eaten it!” Then the bears heard 5) in the bedroom. The father bear called, “Is there 6) there?” but 7) answered. The little girl in the bedroom woke up and looked for 8) ‘to hide, but she couldn't find 9) . The father bear called again, “Is there 10) there?” and the frightened girl said, “No, there's 11) here at all!” Both - Neither - None - All Both refers to two people or things. It has a Neither refers to two people or things. It has positive meaning and takes a verb in the a negative meaning and takes a verb either plural. in the singular or the plural. Tom is rich. Laura is rich too. Tom isn’t poor. Laura isn’t poor either. Both of them are rich. or They are both rich. Neither of them is / are poor. All refers to more than two people or things. None refers to more than two people or Ithas a positive meaning and takes a verb in __ things. It has a negative meaning and takes the plural. a verb either in the singular or the plural. John, Mary and Kevin are students. All of them John, Mary and Kevin haven't got a car. are students. or They are alll students. None of them has / have a car. @ Use both, neither, none or all and write sentences as in the example : 1, Kate can ride a bicycle. 2. John doesn't like fish. Sue can ride a bicycle too. Greg doesnt like fish Both of them can either. ride a bicycle. or They can both ride a f TT bicycle.7. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives 3. Mr Tibbs doesn't drive carefully, Mr Smith doesn't drive carefully either. 4. Lyn, Sally and Moira are swimming, 5. Ted has eaten a pizza. 6. Alan hasn't typed any Tony has eaten a pizza letters today. Nina too. hasn't typed any letters today either. 8. Helen, Jane and Sue like ice-cream. 7. Bob, Nick and Ted don't speak French. rite sentences using the correct pronouns. 1, John /first day at work / enjoy / boss / given / nice office. It’s John’s first day at work, He’s enjoying himself. The boss has given him a nice office. 2. Tracy / first day at school / enjoy / teacher / just given / jigsaw puzzle, 3. we / first day at university / enjoy / professor / just given / interesting talk 4, |// first day on holiday / enjoy / hotel clerk / just given / key to room. 5. the Smiths / first day in new house / enjoy / friends / just given / present. The teacher divides the class into two teams and says a subject pronoun. The teams in turn must say the possessive adjectives and possessive and reflexive pronouns which correspond to the subject pronoun. Each correct answer gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. Teacher : t Teacher: he Team AS1: — my, mine, myself Team AS2: his, tis, hiself Teacher : You (plural) Teacher: No. Not hiself, but himself. TeamBS1: your, yours, yourselves Team A doesn't get a point.7. Reflexive - Emphatic Pronouns / Both - Neither / Possessives @ Look at the family tree and talk about it. This is Moira’s family tree. yg Fred __ Pose ¢ Gordon & @2 Af& June Emma + George Susan Tm ———__+——_, Moira Jane Sandra Simon Ted @ Look at the above family tree and Fred is Joy's husband.1) He — is 2) husband. Joy is June and Emma's mother. 3) is 4) mother, Emma is George's wife. 5) is 6) wife. Moira is Emma and George's daughter. 7) is 8) daughter. Jane and Sandra are Moira’s sisters. 9) are 10) sisters. June is Moira, Jane and Sandra's aunt. 11) is 12) aunt. Simon is Moira’s cousin. 13) is 14) cousin. Susan and Tim are Simon and Ted’s parents. 15) are 16) parents. Susan’s parents are Rose and Gordon. 17) are 18) parents. All these people are Moira’s family. 19) are 20) family, ll in the correct pronouns and posses: Using both or all, say what the following groups of words have in common. 1, oranges, apples, pears 5. Italy, Germany 9. BMW, Golf 2. Prince, Michael Jackson 6. green, red, brown 10. baker's, butcher's, grocers 3. football, basketball 7. January, February 4, London, Paris, Athens 8. horses, cows, dogs eg. 1... They are all fruit. or All of them are fruit. ee Using Ex. 100 as a model, write about your family tree. Then introduce your family to your partner.8. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous Se Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous Well, I'm not sure, but when | made my bed, half my pillow had gone! Mum, last night | woke up and thought | Past Perfect: had + past participle Affirmative Negative Interrogative Longform Short form Long form Short form | had waited Id waited | had not waited | hadn't waited Had | waited? You had waited You'd waited + Youhadnotwaited You hadn’twaited Had you waited? He had waited He'd waited Hehadnotwaited Hehadn'twaited Had he waited? She had waited She'd waited She had not waited She hadn't waited Had she waited? etc Ithad waited Itd waited It had not waited Ithadn't waited Wehad waited Weldwaited We hadnotwaited Wehadn't waited Negativenterrogative You had waited You'd waited Youhadnot waited You hadn't waited Hadn't you waited? They had waited They'd waited They had not waited They hadn't waited Hadn't he waited? etc Past Perfect Continuous: had been + verb -ing Affirmative | had been waiting You had been waiting He had been waiting She had been waiting It had been waiting We had been waiting You had been waiting They had been waiting Short form I'd been waiting ... etc Negative I had not been waiting You had not been waiting He had not been waiting She had not been waiting Ithad not been waiting We had not been waiting You had not been waiting They had not been waiting Short form | hadn't been waiting .. ete Interrogative Had | been waiting? Had you been waiting? Had he been waiting? Had she been waiting? Had it been waiting? Had we been waiting? Had you been waiting? Had they been waiting? Negative-Interrogative Hadn't you been waiting? etc8. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous Time expressions used with Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous : before, after, just, yet, already, for, since, ever, never, till/until, when, by, by the time etc Past Perfect Simple is used: Past Perfect Continuous is used: for a past action which happened before for an action continuing up to a specific time another past action or before a stated past in the past. time. He had been waiting for an hour before she She had already left when | got home. arrived. She had arrived by 8 o'clock. for a complete action. for a continuous, past action which had visible results or effect in the past. ‘She had cleaned the house by 6 o'clock. He was tired. He had been cleaning the house all morning. as the past equivalent of Present Perfect. as the past equivalent of Present Perfect (see p. 38) Continuous. (see p. 38) She isn’t in her office. She has already left. He is tired. He has been working hard all (before a present time) Morning. (present time) She wasn’t in her office. She had already left. He was tired. He had been working hard all (before a past time) morning. (past time) @ Fill in the Present Perfect S. or Cont. or Past Perfect S. or Cont. ce ¢ Ly 5 1 wR OTE 1. Her feet ached last Monday. 2. Don is cold. He 3. He can't pay the bill. She ..had been walking (swim) He (walk) for six hours. in the lake. (lose) his wallet. 578. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous vi /, A a 7 4. The woman drowned in the 5. He bought a car after he 6. She signed the letter after she river. She (fish). (save) enough money. (write) it. 7. Her hair is wet. She 8. He felt sick because he 9. He was hot. He (wash) it. (eat) too much. (run) for an hour. Short answers Had \/you/he/she/itwe/ Yes, V/you/he/she/it/we/ No, l/you/he/she/itwe/ you/they eaten lunch? you/they had. yourthey hadn’t. ook at the picture, ask and answer questions as in the example: It's the day after Christmas. Last night the Dicksons , had a party at their house. What had they done and “” what hadn't they done before they went to bed? 1. (they / open /all presents) Had they opened all the presents? Yes, they had. 2. (they / drink / lemonade) 3. (they / eat / all the cake) 4, (they / let / cat in)8. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous @ Fill in Past Simple or Past Perfect, then state which action happened first. 1.Whenl arrived (arrive) at the station, the train had left (leave). first action: had left 2.We (light) the candles because the lights, (go off) first action : 3. When I got home | (discover) that somebody (break into) my fat. first action ; 4, The patient (die) before the ambulance (reach) the hospital. first action : 5. John (eat) all the cakes by the time the other children (arrive) at the party, first action @ Write what each person had been doing using verbs from the list below. sleep, write, walk, wash, play, cut, listen, work 1. Jane's clothes were wet. 5. Carol's ears hurt. She . had been washing her dog. She to the radio for two hours. 2. The boys were dirty 6. Kate had black ink on her hands. They football. . She for three hours. 3. John was not happy that the noise woke him. 7. Anne’s feet hurt. He She for two hours. 4, Dave had stains on his shoes, 8, Nina looked tired. He ‘the grass. She all morning. Note the difference : Past Perfect Past Simple ot When Tom phoned he had left. When she phoned he left. (He left before Tom phoned.) (She phoned and then he left.) Past Perfect Continuous When she arrived they were fighting. (She arrived after the fight) (When she arrived they were in the middle of the fight.) When she arrived they had been fighting.8. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous @ Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Simple. ivch Sods ba? 4.dohn lit. (light) the 2. George (light) 3. When she arrived at the theatre candles when she arrived. the candles when she arrived. he (buy) the tickets. PH et he 4. When she arrived at the 5. When she came home they 6. When he came home she theatre he (have) (buy) the tickets. dinner together. (already/have) dinner. Write the situations (action up to a past time or interrupted action), then put the verbs into Past Perfect Continuous or Past Continuous. 1....action up toa past time 2. & i Her eyes were red. She (cy) (type) had been crying .... (cry). he came in. a vate when the fire started. 4, 5, 6. Ca Bs &. < She looked tired. She He hit his head. He He (play) football (type) letters all morning. (play) football. when the ball hit his head.8. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous inuous. @ Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Perfect Col \ Mr Thomas was exhausted. He 1) . had had... (have) the worst morning of his life! Everything 2) (go) wrong. He 3) (drive) to work for half an hour when suddenly his car broke down. Not wanting to be late he decided to start walking and try to catch a bus. After he 4) (walk) for over an hour, it began to rain. However, just at that moment a taxi appeared and Mr Thomas jumped in. When he arrived at the office, he realised that he 5) (leave) his wallet in his own car and he had no money to pay the driver! He rushed into the office, followed by the angry taxi driver. However, an important business meeting 6) (just/start). Mr Thomas was wet and dirty because it7) (rain) and his boss was very angry because he 8) (wait) for him to arrive for over an hour. After explaining what 9) (happen) to his boss, Mr Thomas borrowed a car and went home to change. When he arrived home he realised to his horror that someone 10) (break into) his house. What a morning! @ Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Simple. After Jim and Terry 1) had finished (finish) their breakfast, they 2) (take) their bags and 3) (go) to the river to fish. They 4) (go) there before and 5) (catch) some big fish. By 5 0’ clock they 6) (novget) any fish, so they decided to go home. They 7) (promise) their mother to bring fish for dinner, so they 8) (look) for a shop where they could buy some but the shops 9) (already/close). When they 10) (arrive) home, they 11) (tell) their mother that they 12) (catch) the biggest fish they 13) (ever/see) but it 14) (escape). fo the correct tense. @ Put the verbs in bracket: 1. Tony bought (buy) a new shirt last Monday. 2. Annis a teacher. She (teach) for fifteen years. 3. She (cook) lunch before the children came home. 4. How long (you / have) a driving licence? 5, She (type) some letters when the boss asked her into his office. 6. He (drive) for an hour when he reached the village.8. Past Perfect - Past Perfect Continuous @9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ‘Alion 1) has escaped (escape) from London Zoo. The z0o-keeper 2) (clean) the lion’s cage when suddenly a lion 3) (bite) him and 4) (run) out of the cage. The z00-keeper 5) (recover) in hospital now. When he 6) (arrive) at the hospital he 7) (lose) a lot of blood, but the doctors 8) (think) he will be alright. Lots of people 9) (see) the lion already. The police 10) (stop) a summer carnival which London Zoo 11) (plan) and at present they 12) NG (hunt) for the lion. They 13) (advise) us to tell the public to stay indoors until they 14) (catch) the lion” The teacher divides the class into two teams and asks students in turn to give reasons why they were pleased the last time something nice happened. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. Team AS1: The last time | was pleased was because | had received a present. Team B S1: The last time | was pleased was because | had passed a test. Team A S2: The last time | was pleased was because | had won a prize. etc. The teacher divides the class into two teams and asks students to look at the following situations, giving reasons in turn for each situation. Each correct reason gets 1 point. The team with the most points is the winner. 1. Ben couldn't write the letter because he had lost his pen. 2. Jane missed the train because 3. He couldn't pay the electricity bill because 4. She failed her exam because 5. She was sad because 6. His hands were dirty because 7. He was wet because 8. They were hungry because since morning. 9. He had a stomach-ache because 10. They were tired because 11. He had a black eye because 12. Jennifer got sunburnt because for over five hours.Revision Exercises Il Last Monday you had an argument with your best friend. However, later you realised that the argument was all your fault. Write a letter of apology explaining why you behaved in such a way. (60-80 words). Dear Tony, I'm writing to say I'm sorry we argued last Monday, but | had had lots of problems that day. CG Revision Exercises Il @ Choose the correct item. 1. “Have you ever B Helsinki?” “Yes, once, 5. He live in London, but now in 1989” he lives in a village. A)goneto B)beento C) been in A) uses B)usedto C) was used to 2. She is the student in the class. 6. She in this house for 25 years. A) clever B) cleverest C) more clever A) has lived B) lives C)is living 3, While she was chopping onions she 7. John! wants you on the phone. accidentally cut # A) Some B) Something C) Someone A)herself B) himself C) her 8. She French before she became 4. your invitation to the wedding yet? a teacher. A) Hadn't you got B) Haven't you got A) had studied B) has studied C) Didn't you get C) has been studying @ Find the mistake and correct it. 1. You are out of breath. WessyeerTunning? Have you been 2. She is already in Istanbul for a week. 3. Jane runs fastest than Margaret 4. He helped herself to a piece of cake. 5. They live anywhere near the bus station 6. He looked angry. Has he been arguing? 7. Where have you been? | have waited for 45 minutes! 8. He cleans the house at the moment. 9. She has written three books before she became famous. 10. He speaks so quick that | can’t understand him @ Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple, Present Continuous or Future. Paul: Hello, David. How 1) aré you (you/be)? David: | 2) (be) fine. | 3) (watch) a programme on TV. It 4) (notibe) very good but there 5) (be) nothing else on.Revision Exercises II Paul: 6) (you/want) to come to the cinema this evening? | 7) (see) a film at the Rex. David: | really have to study, but 8) (Vask) Tom if he wants to go? I That's @ good idea. | 9) (wait). 1. She left/suddenly/ at 6 o'clock/ the room She left the room suddenly at 6 o'clock. 2. They've bought a /two-storey/lovely/in London/old-fashioned/house ut the words in the correct order to make sentences. 3. He walked/in the rain/up the hill/slowly 4, Every Monday/to the gym/by carithey go 5. He's built a/wooden/beautiful/bookcase 6, She was wearing a(n)/white/elegan¥/iongiwedding/dress @ Underline the correct item. Note that the verbs sound, look, taste, 1. That cake looks wonderful/wonderfully feet, seem are followed by an adjective. 2. This salad tastes terrible/terribly. What have you put in it? 3. He draws very good/well but he can't paint at all. 4, Have you got a cold? Your voice sounds unusual/unusuall. 5, She ran up the stairs as quick/quickly as she could. 6. When he woke up he stil felt sleepy/sleepily 7. She spoke very rude/rudely to me. 8. This game seems easy/easily, but it isn't really. 9. That music sounds very strange/strangely from here. 10. If you work hard/hardly, you will certainly succeed. 8 Put the verbs into Past S., Past Cont., Present Perfect or Present Perfect Cont. When John Mills 1) was. (be) eighteen he 2) (leave) his home in the country and 3) (go) to study in London. While he 4) (study) at the University there, someone 5) (offer) him a job as a salesperson. At that time he 6) (try) to finish his degree so he 7) (turn down) the job. Since then he 8) (do) many kinds of jobs, including teaching and farming. He 9) {also/run) a shop, which is the only job he 10) (novlike). Since last September he 11) (try) to find a job in an art gallery because he wants to learn about paintings, but so far he 12) (novhave) much luck.Revision Exercises I in the correct reflexive pronouns. When Jane wok up on Monda 4) ....herself y, She saw the note sh so ie had tein sa sod epabeo al er Wa Roopa rid fer and hurt 2) quite bad ie hospital. iron cul dress and feed 3) aly. She knew her essed and left immedi st censod and etnies Sh dove th ivajia oot i 7 jut the door. TI . inside. “Oh no, I've locked 4) hen she ey the keys out!” she said to5) . She knew it was the start of a terrible day. the blanks as in the example : — Dear Susan, Well, we've moved into the new house at last +! It was a lot oF work, but everything is 90 much s worth it. There are not many rooms but they are 1)... better (good) here that it was in a house of this size. The neighbourhood iga 2) (big) Ive ever see" it lot 3) (quiet) than our old one, and the people here are 4) (helpful) and much 5) (friendly). The garden is 6) (nice) Ive ever had -itoa real pleasure to work in! Allin all, | think this is 7) (good) house we've ever lived in. You must come andvisit us 900" aye Diana 9 Fill in: Present Perfect, Present Perfect Cont., Past Perfect or Past Perfect Cont. H Dear Jerry, (work) I'm sorry | 1) haven't written (notiwrite) for a long time but | 2) very hard lately 20 13) (not/have) much time for other things. | 4) (plan) to come up to Scotland for a visit next month, but what | 5) (1 notirealise) was that my partner 6) (already/plan) to goon holiday at the same time, 50 mine will have to wait. What 7) (Mary/find) a new job? | was surprised to hear (youldo) lately? 8) that she 9) (lose) her job after she 10) (do) 90 well there. Write 00" and tell me your news. Yours, BobRevision Exercises II Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1.1..have already seen __.. (already/see) that film twice, but I'd like to see it again. 2. How long ago (you / move) to this house? 3. Yesterday afternoon it (stil / rain) when I got home. 4. Tony {act) for many years before he became famous. 5, The students (write) for two hours when the teacher told them to stop. 6.1 (wait) for more than two hours. Where (you /be)? 7.1 (probably / snow) tomorrow. 8.He (lock) all the windows before he left home. 9. She (do) the cleaning by 6 o’clock yesterday. 10. He (clean) the car when the phone rang, so he didn’t answer it. 11.“How long (you / work) for this company?” “For ten years and | like it here.” @ Look at the table and answer the questions. Ea © Livesin London Birmingham Sheffield | Studies Maths Law Medicine | Sports cricket football tennis | Enjoys chess, walking cinema playing guitar, walking | Family 1 sister 2 brothers, 1 sister 1 sister Ambitions become a teacher become a lawyer become a doctor 1. Who lives in Newcastle? None of them live(s) in Newcastle. 2, Who studies English? 3. Who enjoys walking, Tom or Harry? 4. Who wants to be an artist? 5. Who has straight hair, Tom or Dick? 6. Who is over thirty? 7. Who plays a sport? 8. Who has a sister? 9. Who is wearing glasses, Tom or Harry? 10. Who has a brother, Tom or Harry? 11, Who has got curly hair, Dick or Tom?9. Functions of Modal Verbs Sy, Functions of Modal Verbs The modal verbs are: can, could, must, need, will, would, shall, should, may, might etc. They have the same form in all persons. They come before the subject in questions and take not after them in negations. They take an infinitive without to after them. Can she play tennis? No, she can’t play tennis but she can play golf. Tknow, but if I've got it, he won't be able to play it either. Perhaps | could borrow But you can't play my neighbour's trumpet. \J the trumpet. We express ability with : can (ability in the present or future) Can you swim? No, | can’t. | can run fast though. could / was able to (ability in the past for She could/was able to dance for hours when repeated actions) she was young. (repeated action) was able to (= managed to) (ability in the He was able to win the race. (single action) past for repeated actions or a single action) couldn't / wasn’t able to (for repeated or | couldn’t/wasn’t able to find my keys. single actions) (single action) He couldn’t/wasn’t able to ski when he was young. (repeated action) Can is the Present Simple form and could is the Past Simple. Can borrows the rest of its tenses from the verb phrase be able to. eg. She hasn't been able to finish it yet. John: 1) Can... you ski? : can, could or be able to in the correct tense. Dave : Yes, | 2) | went skiing last year and | 3) go down the learner's slope easily. John : 14) ski when | was younger, but since | hurt my leg | 5) : Dave : Actually, | think ice-skating is much easier. | 6) ice-skate when | was five years old. John : Really? | tried ice-skating once, but | 7) stand up at all! 679. Functions of Modal Verbs @u in: can, could, was able to, can’t, couldn't or wasn’t/haven’t been able to. talk to , I 12 eat you!) can ..come to stay at the al ) get tickets I C6 oT the F vc ae oe ae but 13) ae a. Mum saye that when she was YOU"2 you on the phoney wait to go. woul irday - 15) it for the theatre on are a might out for £21 You cata ie sayowe 9) you) fix the car yet Pu ree new words! See you on Friday ony Love, Anna It might be because you're such a naughty girl. We 8) porrow hers By the way, te bal 10) me Why's that Mummy? ZN Hl ‘Oh, that can’t be true. If it is, then you must be really awful to Grandma! We express possibility / probability with : may (= perhaps, very possible) —_ He may be back before noon. (It's possible.) might erhaps, very possible) There might be some cheese in the fridge. (I's possible.) could (= possible) He could still be at home. (\t's possible.) must (itis almost certain; | think) They look alike. They must be twins. (| think they are twins.) can't (it does not seem possible; You have been sleeping all day. You can’t be tired. | don't think) (| don't think it's possible that you are tired.) can he be? (Is it possible?) Can he stil be at work? (Is it possible?) Although might is the past form of may it can be used for present situations too. May borrows the rest of its tenses from the verb phrase be allowed to. eg. He has not been allowed to enter the building. Fi may, might, could, must or can't. your family, but 6 bles with be some prot fave Dear “Unhappy”, out leaving homel There 2) 4 4 lative. You 5) You 1) can't... be serious avout ' try talking to a friend or a rel iat jution. Yous) try talking iI together i better. there 3)... be A ea hap You6) ‘fd tha cscussng he pn ee) some aunts or cousin A vals toy) y ngry as you think; surprised. Your parents 7)...» realy be oat gi sry talking to them again ~ you 10) om realige why youre 60 unhappy. | 64999. Functions of Modal Verbs ill in : can’t, could, may or might. Sue : How old do you think Steve is? Mary : He 1) .. may ... be a bit older than we are, but he certainly 2) be more than 25. Sue : | don't know . He 3) be older than you think, He takes very good care of himself, you know. He 4) be as old as thirty. Mary : No, he 5) be. I know because he left school just before | did. Sue : You 6) be right, but I'm stil not really convinced. We express permission with : May | see Mr Parson? (asking for permission) Z can (informal) Can | borrow your pen? could (more polite) Could | borrow your car? may (formal) May | use your phone? might (more formal) Might | see your driving licence, please? (giving / refusing permission) you can't see him. He is busy at the in i it 4 can (informal, giving permission) You can have one more if you want. moment. may (formal, giving permission) You may stay a little longer. mustn't (refusing permission) You mustn't park here. can't (refusing permission) You can’t enter this room. Jim : Mum, 1) ... can/may ... | go to the library? ill in: can, may, could, mustn’t or can’t. Mother : Of course you 2) . Jim, but you 3) stay very long. dim : 4) | stay until 8 o'clock? Mother : No, you 5) , because the concert starts at 8:30. (At the library) Jim : 6) look at the latest “Musician” magazine, please? Librarian : Yes, you 7) , but remember that you 8) take it out of the library. Well, if it’s like the one | had last week, can you bring me its own or ped you like something with it?,9. Functions of Modal Verbs We make requests, offers or suggestions with : can (request) Can you help me tidy my room? could (polite request/suggestion) Could | have a little more cake please? would you like (polite offer) Would you like some more lemonade? Shall I/we (suggestion/offer) Shall | post this letter for you? (offer) Shall we buy him a present? (suggestion) will (offer/request) * for the other uses of ‘will’ _|'ll make you some coffee if you want. (friendly offer) (promises, threats etc.) see p. 26 Will you do me a favour? (friendly request) John : 1) ...Would.. you like some more coffee, darling? in : can, could, would, shall or will. dane : No, | don’t think so. 2) we get the bill? John : OK. Waiter - excuse me, 3) you bring us the bill please? Waiter : Here you are sir. 4) | take these plates away? John ; Thank you. 5) | have a pen to sign this cheque please? Jane, 6) you give me my glasses? Waiter : 7) you like me to get a taxi for you sir? John : Yes, please. Waiter : And 8) bring your coats for you in just a minute @ri in: can, would, could, shall or will. ‘Shop Asst :1) ..Can... | help you? Customer : Yes, I'm looking for a jumper. 2) you show me some? Shop Asst :Yes, of course. What size 3) you like? Customer : Medium, please. Shop Asst :| 4) get some to show you. Is there anything else you 5) like to see? Customer : 6) | try on some skirts as well? ‘Shop Asst :Certainly ... Do you like them? Customer :Yes, | do. 7) | take them all ‘Shop Asst :8) | wrap them for you? Customer : Yes, please. @ Fill Mum : 1) .... Will...... you be late home tonight, Sally? Sally : Yes, 12) . im going to a party. But | 3) be too late, | have to work tomorrow. Mum : 4) | keep some dinner hot for you? ill, shall or won't. 709. Functions of Modal Verbs Sally : No, thanks Mum. There 5) be lots to eat at the party. Mum : 6) | come and collect you in the car? Sally : No, there's no need. | 7) come home with Niki. Mum : Well, 8) | wait up until you get back? Sally :No Mum. Please don't. Oh no! Look at the time! What 9) | wear, Mum? (Doctor! You have to help me. (Oh yes, you willl The baby has (eught to ask them for help. | don’t think I'll be able to help you. We express advice with : should / ought to You should walk more. (general advice; | advise you.) had better You'd better see your dentist. (advice for a specific situation; it is a good idea.) @ ill in: should, ought to or had better. Jill: You 1)... should/ought to ask someone to paint the house this year. Laura : Yes. It's beginning to look a bit dirty. | can’t really afford it, though. Do you think | 2) try to get a loan? Laura :No, you 3) not. You might have a problem paying it back. Jill 314) do something about the roof as well. It leaks when it rains hard. Laura : Really? You 5) take care of it now or the ceiling will fall in! dill : Yes, you're right. | 6) ring someone today and ask them to look at it. We express obligation or necessity with : must (strong obligation or personal We must follow the school rules. (obligation; I'm obliged to.) feelings of necessity) | must see a doctor soon. (I decide itis necessary.) have to (external necessity) I have to do my homework every day. (others decide it is necessary) I've got to (informal; it's necessary) I've got to leave early today. Must is the Present Simple form. It borrows the rest of its tenses from the verb have to. To form questions and negations of have to we use do/does (Pres. S.) and did (Past S.). He didn’t have to do the shopping yesterday. You don’t have to go to school today. Does he have to be at work on time? 719. Functions of Modal Verbs Fill in: must or have to. 1.1 muse: water the plants.) (2 | water the plants. J(s. | go to bed. oO Co = I'm still washing the floor. clean. It’s just my shoes that are dirty. We express or with : (prohibition) You mustn’t park here. (Its forbidden.) (prohibition) You can’t enter the club without a card. (You are not allowed.) {itis not necessary) You needn't take an umbrella. It isn't raining. {itis not You don’t need/have to do it now. You can do it later. necessary in the present/future) (Itisn't necessary.) (it was He didn’t need/have to go to work yesterday because it was not necessary in the past) ‘Sunday. (It was not necessary.) ®@ Fill in: mustn’t, needn’t, don’t need/have to, didn’t need/have to, have to or can’t. Mum : You 1) .. can’t ... watch TV now. You have to do your homework. 79. Functions of Modal Verbs Bobby : 1 2) do it. Doing homework is stupid, anyway. Dad : Bobby, you 3) ‘speak to your mother like that! Bobby : I'm sorry. Well, at least | 4) write a composition today. Dad : When | was a boy we 5) do much homework, but now I'm sorry because | didn't learn much. Bobby : If you 6) do homework, then why 7) I do mine? ®& Fill in: mustn’t, needn’t or can’ John, | want you to look after your brother this evening. He 1) can’t .. go out and he 2) forget to do all his homework. You 3) let him watch TV until he's finished it. He 4) watch the film either — it starts very late. He 5) have a bath; he had one in the morning. There's a cake in the cupboard but you 6) eat it all leave some for your sister. You 7) do the washing-up: I'm going to do it tomorrow. You 8) make too much noise. We might be quite late home because we 9) leave the party tonight until most of the guests have left. And you 10) go to bed without having a wash and brushing your teeth. But you 11) wait up for us. @& Make sentences as in the example : touch the washing-up. | did it myself. ae buy the cat’ tal e take those wires. You mustn't ad pace pull your medicine or you won't get better. do me the truth or I'll punish you. tell any apples. | bought some yesterday. You mustn't touch those wires. 1 2, 3, 4, 5. 6. ®& First identify the meaning of the modal verbs, then write a synonym. (im)possibility - offer - advice - necessity - giving/refusing permission - ability in the past - absence of necessity - obligation - request - polite request - (im)probability - prohibition 1. This must be Jack’s house. probability (I think) 2. It can’t be 7 o'clock already! 3, Shall | open the door for you? 739. Functions of Modal Verbs 4. You should buy a new car. 5. You can’t leave before 12 o'clock. 6. You'd better wash that immediately. 7. You may come in now. 8. Could | ask you a question? 9, He ought to be more careful. 10. There might be some apple pie left. 11. We've got to run to catch the bus. 12. Would you like me to give you a lift? 13. Can you pass me the salt, please? 14. | must go to the dentist's. 15. You can leave your coat here. 16. You mustn’t tell anyone what happened. 17. I'll answer the phone for you. 18. He could play the piano when he was young, 19. She needn't wait for us. 20. Do I have to come with you? 21. Neil may not remember my phone number. 22. | didn’t need to go to the bank yesterday. 23. You must listen to your parents! 24, He may know something about it. @ Rewrite the sentences using the words given in bold type. . Itisn’t necessary to buy a ticket. NEED . | advise him to be more careful. OUGHT . | think that’s John's car. MusT . (don't think he is her brother. CANT He couldn't swim when he was five. ABLE It's possible that he will win the race. MIGHT You are not allowed to play in their garden. MUSTN'T. It wasn't necessary for them to repair the car. NEED Shall | pour you another drink? WOULD 2 s 2 2 ~ 2 © You don’t need to buy a ticket. 10. It’s not possible for you to eat so much. CAN'T Do you want me to open the window? ‘SHALL It's just possible she's still at work. COULD 13. Do you want me to help you with that? WOULD 14. I don't think she is the woman who spoke to me. CANT 15. We don't have to go shopping with Mum. NEEDN'T . Is it really possible that she’s 50 years old? CAN . It would be a good idea to tell him the truth. BETTER | advise you to study harder. SHOULD 1 8 s 1 a S 49. Functions of Modal Verbs @ Put a tick according to register. friendly more polite formal more formal 1. Can you help me please? vY 2. Could you help me please? 3. May | use your phone? 4. Might | use your phone? 5. Can | use your phone? 6. You can sit with us. 7. You may sit with us. 8. You can't stay up late. 9. You may not sit with us. 10. Would you like me to help you? 11. Shall | help you? 12. Can | have some more tea? 13, Could | have some more tea? @ Fill in the correct modal verb and the speech situations as in the example : = 1. You... shouldn't ... eat so | /2. I'm an astronaut; | much. (... advice wear a uniform. ( 4.1 get up early on} |5. You play football Sundays. ( )]| inthe street. ( 759. Functions of Modal Verbs | come in?) | 8. 0. that noise? ( The teacher divides the class into two teams, then he/she says a modal verb and its function. The teams in turn make sentences using the verbs given. Each correct sentence gets 1 point. Teacher: — mustn't - prohibition Teacher : Team AS1: You mustn't park your car here. Teacher: can - ability Team B S1: I can ride a bicycle. can't - prohibition Team A S2: | can't swim. Teacher: No! You can’t enter that room. Team A doesn't get a point. Write the instructions the scout leader gives to the boy-scouts who are going camping. Do Don't put name tags on their clothes bring tobacco bring their own sleeping bags leave the camp alone bring some pocket money leave valuables in tents bring first aid kit If they want If they don’t want bring cassette player/walkman join in all activities bring own sports equipment attend daily exercise class invite family to visit Well boys, before we go off to camp, there are a few things | have to tell you. First of all, you must put name tags on your clothes and ... 7610. Questions - Question Words - Question Tags |O7 Questions - Question Words - Question Tags How long have you been married? You never argue, do you? 7 = a

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