1.Critically damped oscillator -Critically damped oscillation is a type of damped oscillation where the system loses no energy.

In this type of oscillation, the

damping is exactly in proportion to the displacement so that there is no overshoot or undershoot. The system returns to equilibrium in the shortest possible
time without oscillating. This is in contrast to an underdamped system, which does not return to equilibrium as quickly and still oscillates around the equilibrium
point. Critically damped systems are used in many engineering applications where it is important to minimise vibrations and return to equilibrium quickly.
condition in which the damping of an oscillator causes it to return as quickly as possible to its equilibrium position without oscillating back and forth about this
position

2. Satellites maneuver-it is frequently requiring the ability to detect unknown maneuvers for target satellites and quickly recover an accurate orbit. This study
uses angles only ground based optical tracking to detect maneuvers and recover orbits for geosynchronous satellites. This simulation simulates satellites
being effected by the Earth's gravitational field. This simulation assumes that: Each satellite is treated as a particle and has no mass or dimensions. Total
energy is not lost when moving in space. Satellites can pass through each other. The interface in this simulation consist of two sides, the left hand side shows
the simulation and the right hand side shows the control panel. The status bar on the browser displays the frame rate the simulation is performing, a frame
rate of 60 is considered satisfactory.

3.focault pendulum-The Foucault pendulum is a simple device named after French physicist Léon Foucault, conceived as an experiment to demonstrate
the Earth's rotation. A long and heavy pendulum suspended from the high roof above a circular area was monitored over an extended time period, showing
that the plane of oscillation rotated. The pendulum was introduced in 1851 and was the first experiment to give simple, direct evidence of the Earth's rotation.
Foucault pendulums today are popular displays in science museums and universities. Foucault pendulum, relatively large mass suspended from a long line
mounted so that its perpendicular plane of swing is not confined to a particular direction and, in fact, rotates in relation to the Earth's surface. While a
Foucault pendulum swings back and forth in a plane, the Earth rotates beneath it, so that relative motion exists between them.

4.angular velocity and its state of change -in physics, angular velocity or rotational velocity (ω or Ω), also known as angular frequency vector it is
a pseudovector representation of how fast the angular position or orientation of an object changes with time (i.e. how quickly an object rotates or revolves
relative to a point or axis). The magnitude of the pseudovector represents the angular speed, the rate at which the object rotates or revolves, and its direction
is normal to the instantaneous plane of rotation or angular displacement. The orientation of angular velocity is conventionally specified by the right-hand rule.
There are two types of angular velocity.1 Orbital angular velocity refers to how fast a point object revolves about a fixed origin, i.e. the time rate of change of
its angular position relative to the origin.2Spin angular velocity refers to how fast a rigid body rotates with respect to its center of rotation and is independent of
the choice of origin, in contrast to orbital angular velocity. Angular velocity is the vector measure of the rotation rate, which refers to how fast an object rotates
or revolves relative to another point.
5.moment of inertia tensor -The moment of inertia tensor is a symmetric matrix and it can therefore be diagonalised by an orthogonal
transformation of the Cartesian axes. This is a transformation that preserves the lengths of the unit vectors along each axis and their mutual
orthogonality. It is essentially a reorientation of the orthogonal axis system. The moment of inertia of a single particle rotating about a centre
was introduced in the tutorial on circular motion I = Moment of inertia is defined as the quantity expressed by the body resisting angular
acceleration which is the sum of the product of the mass of every particle with its square of a distance from the axis of rotation.

6.harmonic oscillator - When a body oscillates about its location along a linear straight line under the influence of a force that is pointed towards the mean location,
and is proportional to the displacement at any moment from this location, the motion of the body is considered to be simple harmonic, and the swinging body is known
as a linear harmonic oscillator or simple harmonic oscillator. This form of oscillation is the best example of periodic motion
Harmonic oscillator- At the molecular level, above 0K temperature, the atoms in a crystal are temporarily displaced from their normal locations due to thermal energy
intake. Interatomic forces act on the displaced atoms. Under the influence of such restoring forces, individual atoms vibrate about their normal location, which is the
correct location in the ideal structure. Therefore, vibrations of the individual atoms are similar to a simple harmonic oscillator.A harmonic oscillator in classical physics
is a body that is being exerted by a restoring force proportional to its displacement from its equilibrium location.
7. Rotations of rigid bodies- are described with respect to their center of mass (CM) located at O or with respect to any other point O0 , in particular, a support
point or a point on the so-called “instantaneous axis of rotation”. In the latter case, the point O0 is not connected to the body and moves with respect to body’s
particles.

8.conservative and non conservative force - A conservative force is a force done in moving a particle from one point to another, such that the force is
independent of the path taken by the particle. It depends only on the initial and final position of the particle. Gravitational force and elastic spring forces are
two examples of conservative forces. Properties of Conservative ForcesIf a force has the following properties, then it is said to be a conservative force1.When
the force depends only on the initial and final position irrespective of the path taken.2In any closed path, the work done by a conservative force is zero.3The
work done by a conservative is reversible. Gravitational Force, Spring Force, and Electrostatic force between two electric charges are examples of
conservative force
Non-conservative - A non-conservative force is a force for which the work done depends on the path taken. Friction is an example of a non-conservative force. A force is said
to be a non-conservative force if it results in the change of mechanical energy, which is nothing but the sum of potential and kinetic energy. The work done by a non-
conservative force adds or removes mechanical energy. For example, when work is done by friction, thermal energy is dissipated. The energy lost cannot be fully
recovered.Properties of Non-Conservative Forces It has the opposite properties of conservative forces. The properties are given below 1 It is path-dependent therefore it also
depends on the initial and final position.In any closed path, 2 the total work done by a non-conservative force is not zero.3The work done by a non-conservative is
irreversible.example Friction, Air resistance, and Tension in the cord
9.foucault pendulum and its earth rotation-foucaut pendulum is an easy experiment device which demonstrating the earth rotation how its work whenever we put it,it swings
from a motionless point while the earth rotates beneath it.at any of the poles of earth the plane of oscillation of a pendulum remains fixed relative to the distance masses of
the universe while earth rotates underneath it taking one sidereal day to complete rotation so relative to earth the plan of oscillation of a pendulum at the north pole viewed
from above undergoes a full clockwise rotation during a day a pendulum at the south pole rotates counterclockwise when pendulum is suspended at the equator the plane of
oscillation remains fixed relative to earthat other latitutes the plane of oscillation process relative to earth but more slowly than a pole the angular speed clockwise is
proportional to the sine of the latitude
10.euler equation of motion for a rigid body-rigid-body rotation can be confusing in that two coordinate frames are involved and, in general the angular velocity and angular
momentum are not aligned. The motion of the rigid body is observed in the space-fixed inertial fram whereas it is simpler to calculate the equations of motion in the body-fixed
principal axis frame, for which the inertia tensor is known and is constant. The rigid body is rotating with angular velocity vector w, which is not aligned with the angular
momentum L. For torque-free angular momentum,L is conserved and has a fixed orientation in the space-fixed axis system. Euler’s equations of motion, presented below,
are given in the body-fixed frame for which the inertial tensor is known since this simplifies solution of the equations of motion. However, this solution has to be rotated back
into the space-fixed frame to describe the rotational motion as seen by an observer in the inertial frame These are the Euler equations for rigid body in a force field expressed
in the body-fixed coordinate frame. They are applicable for any applied external torque N The motion of a rigid body depends on the structure of the body only via the three
principal moments of inertia . Thus all bodies having the same principal moments of inertia will behave exactly the same even though the bodies may have very different
shapes. As discussed earlier, the simplest geometrical shape of a body having three different principal moments is a homogeneous ellipsoid. Thus, the rigid-body motion
often is described in terms of the equivalent ellipsoid that has the same principal moments. A deficiency of Euler’s equations is that the solutions yield the time variation
of ω as seen from the body-fixed reference frame axes, and not in the observers fixed inertial coordinate frame. Similarly the components of the external torques in the Euler
equations are given with respect to the body-fixed axis system which implies that the orientation of the body is already known. Thus for non-zero external torques the problem
.