Week 1 Assignment

Karine Mirakyan
Advanced Chemistry
CHM2021E3
Dr. Ozair
Everglades University
 Week 1 Assignment

Chapter 14

1. Drinking seawater results in dehydration because of the amount of NaCl that is contained
within the water needs to be neutralized, and for that to occur the body needs to take from
its natural water source in order to neutralize the amount of solute (NaCl) with H2O.
When this happens, the body’s water source is depleted and thus causes dehydration.
2. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two elements or compounds which eliminates
the natural state of the compound to form a new product that has a new identity
molecularly. A solution contains a solvent which is typically liquid, but not always, and a
solute which is the compound that is mixed in with the solvent. In some cases, the
compound or element that is the solute does not mix in completely with the solvent due to
the increased amount of solute vs. solvent, in which the solution becomes a
supersaturated solution.
3. There are some compounds or elements that are soluble to other compounds or elements
and there are others that are not. A prime example is oil and water. H2O and
CH2(CH2)15CH3 (and more) are not soluble with each other because of the inability of
the molecules in the oil which are complex fatty acids to bind with the polar water
molecules which use hydrogen bonds.
4. The units used most often to report solubility are moles/volume, but sometimes they can
also be reported using mass/volume.

32. CCl4 is a nonpolar molecule because of the fact that there is a carbon atom in the center
surrounded by four chlorine atoms that cancel out the dipoles that are carbon and chlorine thus
having no negative charge. Water on the other hand has a negative charge because of the lone
pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen. In contrast, CH2Cl2 is slightly polar as there is a
difference of electronegativity between the hydrogen and chlorine atoms, which will then only
slightly mix with water.

35.
a) The dissolution between ammonium chloride is considered endothermic because of the
fact that it absorbs heat when the solute is dissolved in the solvent.
b) The lattice energy of ammonium chloride is approximately +704 kJ/mol. The heat of
hydration of ammonium ions is approximately -306 kJ/mol, and for chloride ions it is
-380kJ/mol. Thus both the lattice energy and the heat of hydration are high.
 c)
d) This process is driven by an increase in entropy, or the free movement of the NH4Cl, as
they are now being dissolved in a liquid and the atoms are more prone to moving, while
in contrast as a solid they were more rigid.
Chapter 15

1. The average rate of reaction is the change of a reaction concentration over a period of
time, while the instantaneous rate of reaction is the change of the concentration at a
specific point in time.
2. A catalyst in a chemical reaction is an element or compound that is added to the reaction
to increase the rate of time the reaction takes place, in other words a catalyst helps a
reaction happen faster than the average rate it would have happened in by lowering the
activation energy.

83.
a) a) k is 0.0462 hr^-1
b) Half-time for this reaction is 15.6 hours
c) It would take 55 hours for 90% of the CH3CN to convert to CH3NC.

85. 0.0543 M/s is the rate of the reaction if the concentrations of A and C are doubled and B is
tripled.

Chapter 16

1. The effect of the temperature change on a chemical reaction in equilibrium will change
the value of the equilibrium constant. Whether the chemical reaction is an exothermic or
endothermic reaction is determined by this value. When the temperature is increased, an
exothermic reaction occurs which means equilibrium is geared towards the reactants. An
endothermic reaction occurs when the temperature is decreased which means equilibrium
is geared towards the products. When the equilibrium is disturbed in a chemical reaction
such as a concentration change, the reaction will return to equilibrium by counteracting
 the disturbance so that the reaction quotient Q is once again equal to the equilibrium
constant K.
2. Dynamic equilibrium happens during a reversible reaction. Substances go from reactants
to products as the rates of both are equal, and there is no net change in the concentration.
3. The value of equilibrium constant does not depend on the initial concentrations of the
reactants or products. However, the equilibrium concentrations of the reactants and
products do depend on their initial concentrations if there are multiple reactants and
products. If there is a singular reactant and product, the concentration of the equilibrium
is independent.

21.
a) K= [SbCl3][Cl2]/[SbCl5]
b) K= [NO]2[Br2]/[BrNO]2
c) K= [CS2][H2]4/[CH4][H2S]2
d) K= [CO2]2/[CO]2[O2]

22.