SYLEBUS

• Irrigation techniques and quality of irrigation water, Water

requirement of crops, Soil moisture irrigation relationship,
Water resources utilization and irrigation development,
Investigation and preparation of irrigation projects, Methods
of irrigation and water rates, Water use management,
Measurement of water, Water logging and land reclamation,
Causes and control of water logging, Improvement of
irrigation efficiencies, Benefit cost ratios, Canal irrigation
system, Design of irrigation channels, Lining of irrigation
lands including definition and types, Economics of lining,
Surface and sub-surface drainage, Estimation of crop water
requirement, Estimation of irrigation water requirement,
Scheduling irrigation, etc.
• Agronomy and agro-ecosystem, Soil and its composition,
Crop productivity, Climate and zoning, Soil fertility and
fertilizer, Plant-water relation, Soil and water conservation,
etc.
 Agronomy
• Agronomy and agro-ecosystem,
• Soil and its composition,
• Crop productivity, Climate and zoning,
• Soil fertility and fertilizer,
• Plant-water relation,
• Soil and water conservation,
Agronomy

• Agronomy is a branch of agricultural

science which deals with principles and
practices of soil, water, and crop
management. This term is derived from
Greek words agros meaning 'field'
and nomos meaning 'to manage’.
• In recent times, agronomy has assumed
newer dimensions and can be defined as a
branch of agriculture dealing with field
crop production and soil management on
sustainable basis.
 Eco-System

The Eco System which has

agricultural relevance and
principally constituted of two main
component
• Plant (Domesticated by man for food and
fibre)
• Environment
 The Following are the determinants
of type of agriculture in a region
Physical Biological Socio-economic Cultural

Radiation (Solar) Insect, pests and

natural enemies

Temperature weed

Rainfall & Water Plant diseases

Supply
Soil Condition Soil microorganisms

Slope Background natural

vegetation
Land Availibility Photosynthetic
efficiency
Cropping pattern
 Resource of an agroecosystem
Natural Resources Human resources Capital Resources Production
resources

Area of the farm Number Money Out put of crops

Topography Efficiency of the work Out put of live

force stock
Degree of Technical efficiency
fragmentation
Soil depth

Chemical and
Physical condition
Availability of
Surface and ground
water
Location with
respect to market
Crop Productivity

• Crop productivity is the rate at which

biomass is accumulated by a crop per unit
land area at a given point of time or
scientist or farmers the yield (economic
portion) is more important and is
expressed as kg/quintal/metric tone per
hectare

1 hectre=2.5 acre=7.5 bigha

 Arial factor Soil factors
Radiant Energy Temperature
Light- Day length Soil moisture
-wave length
The a biotic - irradiance (the flux of
radiant energy per unit area

factors (normal to the direction of

flow of radiant energy

mediating through a medium).

Humidity Soil atmosphere
crop Temperature Nutrient- Concentration
- Availability
productivity Wind Speed pH
Cloud, mist , fog, Rain fall, De Soil Structure

Atmospheric condition – CO2 Soil pollution

-
Pollution
 Crop productivity

Crop productivity

Carryout the right agricultural Weather uncontrollable

Policy Choose the right crop for Plant-choose the right variety
operations for the site at right Hope the weather is favorable
the right site with highest yield potential
time

Management Decisions Good Fortune

 CLIMATE- LONG TERM WEATHER: SHORT-TERM
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION
 Classification of crops
Crop are generally classified accordingly to their
place and distribution, different characteristic
features, cultivation requirement, and other
behavior.
• Garden crop
• Plantation crop
• Field Crop
 Field crop

Field Crop

Place of
Botanical Commercial Seasonal Ontogeny
origin

Crops of Indian Food crops Kharif

Native Annual
Origin (monsoon

Rabi
Exotic Feed crops Biennial
(winter

Crops grown in India but Industrial Zaid

originate from other countries Perennial
crop (summer)
 Soil
• Igneous rock: Cooling, hardening, and crystallization of
various lavas
• Sedimentary rock: Derived from ingenious rock and
are formed by consolidation of fragment rock material
• Metamorphic rock: Formed from igneous or
sedimentary rock by action of intense heat and high
pressure or both thereby changing the texture and
mineral composition.
Different fraction
of soil constituents
are
• Mineral: 45-50%(SiO2-
76%,Al2O3-12%,Fe2O3-5%,
CAO-1%, MGO-1%, K2o-2%
and al other N,P, S, Bo, Mn,
Zn, Cu, Mo, Cl-3%)
• Organic: 0.5-5%(organic from
reduce to plant or animals(
rotting leaves,pieces of bone
• Air-25%
• Water-25%
 Composition of
soil
• The soil particle seems to touch
each other but in reality have
space in between
• These space are called pore.
• When soil is dry pores are mainly
filled with air
• After irrigation or rainfall pores
are filled with water
• Living materials is found in soil, it
can be live roots as well as
worms, larvae etc.
• They help to accelerate the soil
and thus create favorable
growing condition.
 The study of soil Profile is important
for class for classifying soil and
understanding the soil moisture
relationship.

Soil Profile If a pit is dug in the soil at least 1 m

deep various layers, different in
colour and composition can be seen,
These layers are called horizons. This
succession of horizons is called the
profile of the soil
 Soil profile
• The plough layer (20 to 30 cm thick): is
rich in organic matter and contains many
lives roots.This layer subject to land
preparation( e.g. ploughing, harrowing
etc) and often has dark colour (brown to
black)
• The deep plough layer: contains much
less organic matter or live roots. The layer
is hardly affected by normal land
preparation activities
• The subsoil layer: hardly any organic
matter or live roots are to be found. This
layer is not important for plant growth.
• The parent rock layer: The parent rock
layer consist of rock from which
degradation of which the soil was formed
Physical properties of soil
• Soil texture
• Soil structure
• Soil water
• Soil moisture constant
• Field capacity
• Permanent wilting point
• Available water content
 • Chemical ions in soil either
(+) or (-)
• Soil colloids are negatively
charged and attracted
cataions like K, Nh4, Ca, H.
The (-) vary charge ione like
Chlorine, nitrate, carbonate,
phosphate etc are not
attracted and hence more
freely vailable in the soil
solution
• Cation Exchange capacity:
The capacity of soil to hold
cations is expressed as mili
equivalent per 100 g soil
• Soil acidity and alkalinity:
This expressed by a range of
pH units from 0 to 14. A soil

Chemical properties having pH 7 is neutral, below

7 acidic, and above 7 alkaline

of soil
 • Organic matter in soil
has to be broken down
into simple products
before the plants can
take these up.
• This decomposition is
carried out by different
kinds of microorganisms
which inhabit the soil by
billions. The kind of soil
micro organism.
1. Microflora- Bacteria,
fungi,actinomycetes
and algae
2. Microfauna:

Biological properties Protozoa

nematodes
and

of soil
 Question
1. a) According to what considerations crops are classified?
b) What are the broad classifications of crops?
c) Give two examples each of cereal and oil seed crops.

2. a) What are the factors for choosing drip and sprinkler irrigation system?
b) What is water requirement of a crop?
c) What are the factors that are considered for determining water requirement of crop?
d) Write down the factors that influence Water Use Efficiency?

3. a) Define soil structure and soil texture.

b) Which are the forms by which water is held in soil?
c) Name two each of positively and negatively charged ions that are either attracted to the
soil colloids or remain in soil solution.
d) How crop can be classified with respect to place of origin? Give examples