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Unit_1 Contents and Activities
Unit_1 Contents and Activities
Introduction.-
Biology is the science to study the living things.
To define living things we need to use the special characteristics they have. These
characteristics need:
- To be exclusive of the living things
- To be common of all the living things
The characteristic to define living things are:
1. Their vital functions:
- Nutrition: capacity of living things to take matter and energy from the environment
and use it.
- Relation: capacity of living things to detect stimuli in the environment and to react.
One stimulus is a change in the environment like a sound, light, a taste, a smell,
some pressure, etc. And the response could be a movement, a secretion, etc
- Reproduction: capacity of living things to make copies of themselves.
2. All the living things are made up of the same molecules: biomolecules.
3. They are made up of cells. Some living things are only one cell: single cell
organism, and other are many cells, they are multicellular organisms.
To define a cell we use the cell theory. This theory says that the cell is the basic
structural, functional and genetic unit of an organism. This means:
. All the living things are made of cells.
. A cell is the smallest part in a living thing that carries out its vital functions.
. A cell comes from successive divisions of one initial cell, the egg cell or zygote.
Characteristic of cells.-
Size: it is variable too, but in general it is small because we need to use a microscope to see
a cell and because the unit to measure a cell it is the micron.
Structure:
All the cells have the following structures:
- A cell membrane: a fine layer that separates the cell from the outside environment
and allows substances to go in and out.
- The cytoplasm: substance inside the cell. It can contain many types of organelles (it
depends on the type of cell) and it is where the majority of the vital chemical
functions take place.
- The genetic material (DNA) with the necessary information to direct and control the
cell’s functions.
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2. Eukaryotic cells: they have the most complex cells, they have the genetic material
surrounded by a membrane that made the nucleus. There are two types of eukaryotic
cells: animal cells and plant cells, Both are cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
And inside the cytoplasm there are cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, ribosome’s, lysosomes, mitochondria. Centrioles is a structure of the
animal cells, and chloroplast, cell wall and vacuoles are typical of the plant cells.
Ribosome’s.-
They are small organelles with no membrane, made up of RNA and proteins, with two
parts. They synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum.-
It is a membrane system that forms a network of tubules and bags. There are two types:
- Rough: it has ribosomes on the outside of its membrane. It synthesizes and stores
proteins.
- Smooth: it has no ribosomes and it synthesizes, transports and stores fats and
destroys toxic substances.
Golgi apparatus.-
It is a membranous organelle formed by cisternaes. It is the organ that releases
substances out of the cell. All these substances go out go through the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes.-
They are small vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. They carry out the digestion of
large molecules or old organelles.
Mitochondria’s.-
They have a double membrane and produce energy through cell respiration.
Cytoskeleton.-
It is a group of protein filaments that form complex networks. They maintain the shape
of the cell and are involved in organelle movement in cell division.
Centrioles.-
They are two perpendicular cylinders formed by tubules that direct the movement of the
cilia and flagella and the movement of genetic material during cell division.
Cell wall.-
It is an external cover that protects and gives shape to the plant cell. It is made up of
cellulose.
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Vacuoles.-
They are a group of vesicles wrapped by a membrane that store different substances.
They are more common in plant cells than in animal cells.
Chloroplasts.-
They are organelles with two membranes that contain chlorophyll, and produce organic
matter through photosynthesis.
Nucleus.-
A structure that contains the genetic material with the necessary information to direct
and control the cell function.
Tissue.-
Tissue is a group of cells that have the same origin and carries out certain processes.
There are different types of tissues:
1. Protective tissue: epithelial tissue and mucosae:
- Epithelial tissue: it is the covering of the body, the skin.
- Mucosae: it protects the internal cavities (digestive and respiratory tracts).
2. Reserves: adipose tissues: The cells in adipose tissue accumulate fat.
3. Supporting the body:
- Bone tissue: it is rigid because it contains mineral salts.
- Cartilaginous tissue: it forms cartilages and tendons.
4. Secretion:
- Gland tissue produces and releases substances with different functions.
5. Connection:
- Connective tissue joins other tissue together and covers the organs.
6. Movement:
The cells in muscle tissue contract and relax, causing the body to move.
7. Communication:
- Nerve tissue coordinates the functions of all the organs
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- Blood tissue: It transports substances inside the organism, it defends the organisms
and it takes part in the process of blood coagulation.
Organs.-
An organ is a group of several types of tissue that get together to perform the same
functions.
When different types of tissue join together and form organs, their functions complement
each other and produce more complex functions.
Some examples of organs in our body are the heart, stomach, lung, kidney, liver, etc.
Systems.-
They are formed by organs, and they are responsible for carrying out the functions of
nutrition, relation and reproduction.
Some systems are made up by different tissues and some systems are consist of only for
one type of tissue.
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VOCABULARY UNIT 1: THE ORGANISATION OF THE HUMAN BODY.-
ENGLISH SPANISH
Adipose tissue
Allow
Animal cell
Assure
Bag
Bioelement
Biomolecule
Blood coagulation
Blood tissue
Bodily
Bone
Bone tissue
Carbohydrate
Cartilage
Cartilaginous tissue
Cell
Cell membrane
Cell respiration
Cell wall
Cellulose
Centriole
Chloroplast
Cilium/ cilia
Circulatory system
Connective tissue
Cylinder
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Digestive system
Discharge
Egg cell
Endocrine system
Endoplasmatic reticulum
Environment
Enzyme
Ephitelial tissue
Eukaryotic cell
Excretion
Excretory system
Fat
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Female
fertilize
Filament
Flagellum /flagella
Genetic material
Gland
Gland tissue
Golgi apparatus
Heart
Heterotrophic nutrition
Hormone
Human being
Join
Kidney
Light
Liver
Lung
Lysosome
Male
Micron
Mineral salt
Mitochondrion/ mitochondria
Movement
Mucosae
Multicellular organism
Muscle
Muscular system
Nerve tissue
Nervous system
Network
Nucleic acid
Nucleus / Nuclei
Nutrient
Nutrition
Organ
Organelle
Perfom
Photosynthesis
Plant cell
Pressure
Prismatic
Prokaryotic cell
Protein
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Relation
Reproduction
Respiratory system
Ribosome
Rough
Secretion
Sensory organ
Single cell organism
Skeletol system
Skin
Smell
Smooth
Sound
Spherical
Star shaped
Stomach
Stimulus /stimuli
Storage
Store
Suitable
System
Taste
Tendon
Tissue
Tract
Tubule
Vacuole
Vesicle
Zygote
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ACTIVITIES UNIT 1. THE ORGANISATION OF THE HUMAN BODY.-
2. What is a cell?
7. What are the main differences between animal cells and plant cells?
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11. Write a sentence that contains and links the following words: cells, tissues, organs,
Golgi apparatus, systems.
12. Try to say if the following sentences are true or false: Correct the false sentences:
Men and women have reproductive organs.
Tissues are made up of organs.
Oxygen is not involved in the circulatory system.
The endocrine system is responsible for the body’s movements.
14. Which system is responsible for coordinating all the organs in the body?