Module

3 Presentation of Data
1 week

Module
Module 3 introduces the different methods of data presentation. Second
part of its lessons is the preparation of the Frequency Distribution Table and
Lastly is preparing some graphs in presenting data.

As you go over the discussion of the topics, exercises are provided to

check the level of your comprehension. This module enables you to appreciate
more the importance of the procedures and techniques in presenting data and
adapt it in research purposes and in daily life.

The Instructional model for this module is 3E’s. Explore, Explain, and
Evaluate. Explore part serves to introduce you the topic/s under discussion
and it runs your mind with some simple guide questions. Explain is the part
which discuss all about the topic/s. Lastly, Evaluate is the assessment part to
validate if learning with the module really takes place.

With this module, I expect you to be able to understand, learn, and be

equipped with the basic skills and knowledges by making above satisfactory
mark or higher on the activities provided for you. Moreover, you will make this
learning a part of your daily life.

Submit all the evaluation activities to be checked and recorded as a basis

in the computation of your grade.

General
Objectiv
At the end of this module, you are expected to demonstrate the following
standards

es
1. To identify and apply the different methods of presenting data.
2. To construct the appropriate presentation of collected data.
3. To interpret the characteristics of data presented.
 Methods of
Lesson
1
Presenting
(2 hour) Data

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Lesson

1. Describe a set of data in textual form Outcomes
2. Identify the parts of a statistical table.
3. Familiarize with the different types of graphical presentations of data

Explor
e
Given the following scores in a Statistic class.

59 84 63 21 94 33 92 17
86 11 11 89 74 65 94 72
73 53 16 76 40 64 31 28
45 12 50 43 67 98 41 88
35 84 16 97 65 82 13 77

Arrange the following scores and present using a Table.

 Explai
n
Methods of Data Presentation
1. Textual Method
- This method presents data collected in a narrative or paragraph
form.
- It includes enumeration of important characteristics of the data.
- It emphasizes significant features
- It highlights the striking attributes of the collected data.
Example:
Source: Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 17, 2003, p. B2

Nominally, the peso improved by 1.4 percent as of April 14, 2003

compared to its level in 2002, followed by the Thai Baht, which gained
0.86 percent; Indonesian rupiah, 0.66 percent, and Taiwan dollar, 0.2
percent.

Other currencies, on the other hand, depreciated during the same

period. The Singapore dollar fell 2.33 percent. The South Korean won slid
2.14 percent while the Japanese Yen dropped 0.61 percent.

2. Tabular Method
- Data are presented thru rows and columns or in table form.
- It summarizes the classification of data in a systematic and
logical arrangement.
- It presents the patterns of variation and other characteristics of
the data.
- One of its advantage is that, the reader can easily understand
the presentation than the textual presentation.

Example:

Table 1.0
Distribution of College Freshmen Students in ASIST
Bangued Campus

COURSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

STUDENTS FREQUENCY
BS ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 2000 40%
BS SECONDARY EDUCATION 800 16%
BS ENGINEERING 450 9%
BS ARTS & SCIENCES 600 12%
BS VOCATIONAL & INDUSTRIAL 1150 23%
TECHNOLOGY
Total 5000 100%
Footnote:
Source Note:

Parts of the Statistical Table

a. Table heading – the table heading is composed of the Table Number and
the Table Title of what is being presented.

b. Stub – it contains the Stub Head which indicates the Row labels. The
Row labels are the categories of the data contained in the table.

c. Boxhead – it contains the master header and/or the column header. The
column header gives description to the data on its respective column.

d. Body – it contains the quantitative information written on the columns.

e. Footnote – it is written below the table that clarifies codes and

abbreviations used in the table.

f. Source Note – mostly written below the footnote use to write the reference
and to recognize the origin of the data.

3. Graphical Presentation of Data

Graphs or Charts are pictorial representation of data

Types of Graphs
a. Bar Graph – a graph with the use of horizontal or vertical rectangles
whose bases represent the class intervals and with the height
represents the frequencies. The format is appropriate for discrete
variables.

Example 1. Vertical Bar Graph:

Ages of Residents
6

0
10 to 14 15 t0 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 29 30 to 34
Example 2. Horizontal Bar Graph

Male and Female With Bicycle in Zone 5

25 to 29

20 to 24

15 to 10

10 to 14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

b. Histogram - A graph expressed with vertical or horizontal bar whose

bases are the class marks and the height are the frequencies. It is used
for continuous variables. The bars have no gaps.

histogram example - Google Search

https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat500/sites/stat500/files/inline-images/
500%20l1%20histrogram%20midpts_0.png
c. Frequency Polygon – it is the line version of the histogram.
Example:

https://d1whtlypfis84e.cloudfront.net/guides/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/23192241/freq-polygon-300x227.jpg

d. Pie Graph – a circular graph showing the proportion of each class,

through the relative or percentage frequency.
Example:

https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/pie-
chart-examples.png

e. Stem and Leaf Display – another way of visual presentation of the

distribution of data. It is used for a small number of observations
probably two-digit numbers. The tens digit arranged in order will be the
stem and the leaf will be the digits.
 Example:

9 2
8 8 1
7 2 3 5 7
6 8 1 3 9 4 6
5 7 3 1 6 0
4 1 2 6 3
3 5

f. Pictograph – picture symbols are used to represent the data. The

picture should fit the data being presented, like picture of a motorcycle
if we deal with motorcycles. A figure of a person if we talk about
population.

https://d138zd1ktt9iqe.cloudfront.net/media/seo_landing_files/revati-a-
pictographs-03-1601043686.png
 Evalua
te
Name: _______________________
Course & Year: ______________
Score: __________
Date: ______________

Activity
Methods of Presenting Data

I. IDENTIFICATION. Write your answer on the space provided before the

number.
____________________ 1. It is a systematic and logical arrangement of
data in rows and columns.
____________________ 2. It is a picture representation of certain values.
____________________ 3. It is the main part of a statistical table which
contains quantitative information.
____________________ 4. It is a way of presenting data in a narrative
form.
____________________ 5. A circular chart sliced into different sizes
depending on the allocation of data.
____________________ 6. It is the line version of the histogram.
____________________ 7. A part of the table that contains the stub head
and the row labels.
____________________ 8. An illustration of data with the tens digit serves
as the stem and the ones digit is the leaf.
____________________ 9. It consists of the Table Number and the Title of
the Table being presented.
____________________ 10. Presentation of data using vertical or
horizontal bars with no gaps.

II. Illustrate the following. 10 points each.

a. Make a table for the Distribution of enrolment by sex, year level,
and academic unit in University of Abra for School Year 2020-2021
 Assign arbitrary values for your data on the table.

b. Prepare a stem and leaf display of the following scores in a midterm

Examination of the BS Education Freshmen.

59 84 63 21 94 33 92 17
86 11 11 89 74 65 94 72
73 53 16 76 40 64 31 28
45 12 50 43 67 98 41 88
35 84 16 97 65 82 13 77
 Frequency
Lesson
2
Distribution
(2 hours) Table

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Lesson

1. Construct the Frequency Distribution Table Outcomes

Explor
e
Given the following scores in a Statistic class.

59 84 63 21 94 33 92 17
86 11 11 89 74 65 94 72
73 53 16 76 40 64 31 28
45 12 50 43 67 98 41 88
35 84 16 97 65 82 13 77

Complete the table

Table 2.1
Grouped Frequency Distribution of the Statistics Examination Scores

CLASS INTERVAL TALLY FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

85 – 100
70 – 84
55 - 69
40 – 54
25 – 39
10 - 24
 Explai
n
Frequency Distribution Table – it is the most convenient way of organizing
data.

It is prepared by sorting the collection of observations into classes and

showing the frequency of occurrences in each class using a table.

There are three types of Frequency Distribution using the table:

categorical, ungrouped, and grouped.

Constructing the Categorical Distribution Table

The categorical distribution is used for data with specific categories like
nominal or ordinal level data.

Example:
The following data give the result of a sample survey in the sports Table
Tennis. The letters stand for the classes: T – Toddler, C – Children,
D – Cadet, J – Junior and S – Seniors

S T C T C J D D S T
J T D S D T S J J S
C C D S D T J C C T
S J C T C S J T C D

Solution

Category Tally Frequency(f)

Toddler(T) IIII – IIII 9
Children(C) IIII – IIII 9
Cadet(D) IIII – II 7
Junior(J) IIII – II 7
Senior(S) IIII – III 8
Sum = 40

 The categories will be on the first column.

 Tallies are marked in group of fives on the second column.
 Record the total tallies on the third column.
  The summation of the entries in the frequency column is the sample
size or the total frequency.

Constructing the Frequency Distribution Table for Grouped Data

In the preparation of the Frequency Distribution Table, we will be using

some basic terminologies to determine its parts. We have:

Lower class limit – it is the smallest data value that can be included in
the class.

Upper class limit – it is the largest data value that can be included in the
class.

Class boundaries – used to separate classes in order that there will be no

gaps in the frequency distribution.

Class marks – it is the midpoint of the classes.

Class width – the difference between the two consecutive lower-class limits

Steps in constructing the Frequency Distribution Table (FDT)

1. Find the Range.

Formula:
Range = Highest score – Lowest Score

2. Compute the number of intervals n.

Formula:
n = 1 + 3.3 log N
Where:
n = number of class intervals
N = total Population

3. Compute the class size (i).

Formula:
R
i= n

4. Using the lowest score as lower limit, add i – 1 to it to obtain the higher
limit of the desired class interval.
 5. The lower limit of the second interval is obtained by adding the class size
to the lower limit of the first interval then add i -1 to the result and obtain
the higher limit of the second interval.

6. Repeat step 5 to obtain the third class up to the last class.

7. When the n number of class intervals is completed, determine the

frequency for each class interval by counting the elements.
Example: Construct FDT for the following data.

Ages CoVid 19 Patients of Abra on April 10, 2021

28 15 12 10 24 25 30 29 24
32 27 20 25 37 40 45 54 50
60 53 50 18 32 21 20 31 6
29 26 31 25 32 30 27 28 25

Step 1. Find the Range.

Formula:
Range = Highest score – Lowest Score

R = 60 – 6 = 54

Step 2. Compute the number of intervals n.

Formula:
n = 1 + 3.3 log N
Where:
n = number of class intervals
N = total Population

n = 1 + 3.3 log 36
= 1 + 3.3(1.556302501)
= 6.135798253
=6 (rounded to the nearest digit)

Step 3. Compute the class size (i).

Formula:
R
i= n

54
i= 6 = 9
 Coming up with the Table, we have:

Ages of CoVid 19 Patients of Abra as of April 10, 2021

Step 7
AGES TALLY FREQUENCY
60 – 68 / 1

Step 5
 51 – 59 // 2
42 – 50 /// 3
33 – 41 // 2
24 – 32 /////-/////-/////-///// 20
15 – 23 ///// 5
6 – 14 // 3
N = 36

Step 4. Using the lowest score as lower limit, add i – 1 to it to obtain the
higher limit of the desired class interval.

Lowest score = 6
i=9

Higher limit = 6 + (9 – 1)
= 6 + 8 = 14

Step 5. The lower limit of the second interval is obtained by adding the
class size to the lower limit of the first interval then add i -1 to the result
and obtain the higher limit of the second interval.

Step 6. Repeat step 5 to obtain the third class up to the last class.

Step 7. When the n number of class intervals is completed, determine the

frequency for each class interval by counting the elements.

Other inclusions on the Table

a. Class mark
b. Class boundary
c. Cumulative frequency (<cf, >cf)
d. Relative frequency in %.

Note: the table expands as the need arises depending on what the data
needed to show especially in the computation of the Measures of Central
Tendencies.

Ages of CoVid 19 Patients of Abra as of April 10, 2021

Step 7
AGES FREQUENCY CLASS MARK <cf >cf CLASS
BOUNDARY
<60 – 68 1 64 36 1 59.5 – 68.5
Step 551 – 59 2 55 35 3 50.5 – 59.5
42 – 50 3 46 33 6 41.5 – 50.5
33 – 41 2 37 30 8 32.5 – 41.5
Step 4 24 – 32 20 28 28 28 23.5 – 32.5
15 – 23 5 19 8 33 14.5 – 23.5
6 – 14 3 10 3 36 5.5 – 14.5
 N = 36

Evalua
te
Name: _________________________
Course & Year: ________________
Score: _________________
Date: __________________

Activity
Frequency Distribution Table

I. Find the range of the following sets of numbers.

a. 65 35 32 12 55 46 53 18

b. 123 34 125 10 500 209 444 100 102

46 545 12 344 100 835 523 202 13

II. Find the Class marks and the Class boundaries of the following class
intervals

Class Interval Class Mark Class Boundary

a. 18 – 24 ___________ _______________
b. 120 – 129 ___________ _______________
c. 12 – 15 ___________ _______________
d. 64.5 – 67.5 ___________ _______________

III. Construct the Frequency Distribution Table of the following scores in

mathematics Exam of 40 Senior High School Students.

56 78 62 37 54 39 62 60
42 54 44 62 72 38 82 28
68 53 48 47 52 50 41 47
56 56 55 66 42 52 48 48
42 55 57 65 68 47 42 56