Irregular verbs

Verb Past simple Past participle Verb Past simple Past participle
arise arose arisen forgive forgave forgiven
be was / were been freeze froze frozen
beat beat beaten get got got
become became become give gave given
begin began begun go went gone
bend bent bent grow grew grown
bite bit bitten hang hung hung
bleed bled bled have had had
blow blew blown hear heard heard
break broke broken hide hid hidden
bring brought brought hit hit hit
broadcast broadcast broadcast hold held held
build built built hurt hurt hurt
burn burnt burnt keep kept kept
burst burst burst kneel knelt knelt
buy bought bought know knew known
catch caught caught lay laid laid
choose chose chosen lead led led
come came come lean leant leant
cost cost cost learn learnt learnt
creep crept crept leave left left
cut cut cut lend lent lent
deal dealt dealt let let let
dig dug dug lie lay lain
do did done light lit lit
draw drew drawn lose lost lost
dream dreamt dreamt make made made
drink drank drunk mean meant meant
drive drove driven meet met met
eat ate eaten pay paid paid
fall fell fallen put put put
feed fed fed read read read
feel felt felt ride rode ridden
fight fought fought ring rang rung
find found found rise rose risen
fly flew flown run ran run
forbid forbade forbidden say said said
forget forgot forgotten see saw seen

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 Verb Past simple Past participle Verb Past simple Past participle
sell sold sold tear tore torn
send sent sent tell told told
set set set think thought thought
sew sewed sewn throw threw thrown
shake shook shaken understand understood understood
shine shone shone wake woke woken
shoot shot shot wear wore worn
show showed shown weep wept wept
shrink shrank shrunk win won won
shut shut shut write wrote written
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
smell smelt smelt
sow sowed sown
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt spilt
spit spat spat
split split split
spoil spoilt spoilt
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught

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 TENSES CHART
TIME EXPRESSIONS
TENSE FORM ƒ USE

Frequency Adverbs: always, never…

Simple Present A: He goes. • Habits and routines : I sometimes sing in the shower Time expressions: in the morning, at o’clock
N: He doesn’t • Facts: We like ice-cream
go How often…?
Q: Does he • Facts which are always true: Asturias is in the north of Spain
go?
• Planned future action set by a timetable or schedule: We leave London at
eight next Tuesday
• With stative verbs: like, love, hate, hear, believe…

Present A: He is at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now,

Continuous learning. • For an action happening now: I am learning English right now
N: He is not • Temporary actions: taking place only for a limited period of time. I’m
learning. this year, at present, today, these days
Q: Is he living with my sister until I find a flat
learning? • Actions happening around the time of speaking: I am reading a book by
next Friday/week/year , tomorrow
Isabel Allende
• action arranged for the near future: I’m meeting my sister tonight

Simple Past A: He went. yesterday, 3 days ago, in 1967, in the 1980s, in the
N: He did not • Actions completed in the past at a definite time, even when the time is 17th century, when, then, last Friday.
go. not given. Pasteur died in 1895
Q: Did he go ?
• Past habit: He always wore a black suit.
• Actions taking place one after another. He climbed the stairs and then
followed me.
• Action taking place in the middle of another action. I was having a
shower when the phone rang

Past Continuous A: He was Last night/week/year/ at 4 o’clock

singing. • action going on for some time at a certain time in the past. At 9 o’clock , when, while, as long as
 N: He was not I was waiting for my son
singing.
Q: Was he • actions taking place at the same time joined by while or as: While I was
singing?
cooking, my husband was laying the table.
• action in the past that is interrupted by another action joined by when : I
was having a shower when the phone rang

Present Perfect A: He has How long…? For+ a period of time, since + a point in
Simple written. • When we put the emphasis on the result. The lift has broken down ( we time.
N: He hasn’t have to use the stairs)
written. In recent years , already, ever, just, never, yet, not
Q: Has he • An action that started in the past (we don’t say when ) and it has not yet, so far, till now, up to now, recently
written? finished or has just finished. I have just seen Mary. I have written three
letters this morning.
• finished action that has an influence on the present
• action that has taken place once, never or several times before the
moment of speaking. . I have been to London three times in my life.

Present Perfect A: He has been Same as above

Continuous teaching. • We put the emphasis on the duration (not the result). He has been
N: He hasn’t waiting for an hour and she still hasn’t turned up.
been teaching.
Q: Has he • With certain verbs the action can be expressed by either the present
been teaching? perfect simple or the continuous with no difference in meaning: learn, lie,
live, look, rain, sleep, sit, study,teach,work, wait…etc.

Past Perfect A: He had already, by the time, after, before, just, never, not
Simple spoken. • To talk about an action taking place before a certain time in the past. By yet, until that day
N: He hadn’t the time the police arrived , he had already left
spoken.
Q: Had he • The emphasis is put on the result
spoken?

Past Perfect A: He had for, since, the whole day, all day
• It is the continuous form of the Past perfect and sometimes
Continuous been talking. interchangeable with it
N: He hadn’t
been talking. • putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action. Compare: He
Q: Had he
had tried five times to get her on the phone/he had been trying to get her
been talking?
on the phone

Future Simple A: He will in an hour, next month,soon, tomorrow, in the future

come. • For an spontaneous decision. The phone is ringing~I’ll answer it!
N: He won’t • To predict based on what you think will happen in the future. I think probably, perhaps, possibly, surely
come.
Q: Will he Real Madrid will win the league.
come? • A planned schedule: the tour of the Old City will begin at 8.00
• Promises, threats,..etc

Future Simple A: He is going in one year, next week, tomorrow, in a few weeks,
to run. • A planned action for the near or remote future, an intention to do sth in on the 7th of June…
Be going to N: He is not the future. When I grow up I am going to be a doctor.
going to run.
Q: Is he going • A prediction based on present evidence. Be careful! You’re going to fall!
to run?
Future A: He will be At this time tomorrow, in one year, next week,
Continuous speaking. • To express an action that is going on at a certain time in the future: we’ll tomorrow
N: He won’t be be visiting London next week
speaking.
Q: Will he be
speaking?
Future Perfect A: He will have by Monday, by then, by that time, in a week
spoken. • To express an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future. It
N: He will not is normally used with a time expression beginning with by: By the end of
have spoken.
next week we will have finished all his exams.
Q: Will he have www.cristinacabal.com
spoken?
PREPOSICIONES CONJUNCIONES
About: cerca de, alrededor de, como de (cantidad, (Al) though: aunque, no obstante.
lugar).
And: y, e.
Above: encima de, superior a (cantidad, lugar).
As: como, a medida que, mientras.
After: después de (tiempo, lugar).
Because: porque, pues.
Against: contra (acción, lugar).
Because of: a causa de.
Among: entre, en medio de (lugar).
Besides: además de.
At: en, a (acción, dirección).
Both: ambos.
Back: atrás, de nuevo (lugar, acción).
But: pero, sin embargo, sino.
Before: ante, antes de (tiempo).
Either: uno u otro, cualquiera de los dos.
Behind: detrás de (lugar).
Either/or: o… (una cosa) o… (la otra).
Below: por debajo de (lugar).
Even: aún, hasta, también.
Beneath: por debajo de (lugar).
For = because: porque, pues.
Beside: al lado de, junto a (lugar).
However: no obstante, sin embargo.
Between: entre – dos elementos (lugar).
If/whether: si… (condición).
By: cerca (lugar), por medio de (agente pasivo).
Moreover: además, por otra parte.
Down: hacia abajo (movimiento).
Neither: ningún, ninguno de los dos.
During: durante (tiempo).
Niether/nor: ni… (una cosa), ni… (la otra).
Except: except, fuera de (oposición).
Nevertheless: no obstante, con todo, sin embargo.
For: para, por, durante, por espacio de (beneficio).
Nor: ni.
From: de, desde (procedencia).
Provided/providing: con tal que, a condición que.
In / into: en, dentro de (lugar).
Than: que (comparación).
Inside: dentro de, adentro (lugar).
Therefore: por eso, por lo tanto, por consiguiente.
Like: como (semejanza).
Yet: No obstante, pero, aún así.
Near: cerca de, próximo a (lugar).
So: por lo tanto.
Of: de (posesión).
Still: todavía, aún.
Off: lejos de, fuera de (movimiento hacia fuera).
Then: entonces, luego, después.
On: sobre, en (lugar).
Without: sin (exclusión).
Opposite: frente a (lugar).

Out: fuera de, más allá de (movimiento hacia afuera).

Outside: fuera de, más allá de (lugar).

Over: arriba de (lugar, cantidad).

Past: después de (lugar, cantidad).

Round / around: alrededor de, a la vuelta de (lugar).

Since: desde, a contar de (tiempo).

Through: a través de (medio, lugar).

Till / until: hasta (tiempo).

To: a, hasta (movimiento).

Towards: hacia (dirección).

Under: por debajo de, bajo (lugar, cantidad).

Underneath: por debajo de, bajo.

Until: hasta (tiempo).

Up: movimiento hacia arriba, finalización de acción.

With: con, en compañía de.

Within: dentro de (lugar, tiempo).

Without: sin (exclusión).

Palabras y frases que aparecen frecuentemente

en los textos y lecturas

How long (cuánto tiempo)
above all (principalmente)
i.e. (eso es, es decir)
According to (de acuerdo a)
In addition to (además de)
Across (a través de)
Inwards (hacia adentro)
A few (unos pocos)
In between (entre medio)
A good deal (gran cantidad)
In fact (en efecto, en realidad)
Ago (atrás en el tiempo, hace)
In full (completo, total)
A great deal (gran cantidad)
In order to (para, a fin de)
A great many (gran cantidad)
In return (a cambio)
Almost (casi)
In situ (en el lugar)
As a whole (en su totalidad)
In some way (de alguna manera)
As… as (tan… como)
In spite of (a pesar de)
All over again (todo de nuevo)
Instead of (en lugar de)
A lot of (gran cantidad)
Just (exactamente)
And the like (y similares)
Just as well (igualmente)
And so forth (y así siguiendo)
Just in case (por si acaso)
Any (cualquiera, alguien)
Just like that (así nomás)
As (en cuanto a)
Last time (última vez)
As a matter of fact (en realidad)
Little by little (poco a poco)
As a rule (por regla general)
Many a / most (la mayoría)
As if… (como si…)
Most (la mayoría)
As regards (en cuanto a)
Mostly (principalmente)
As to (en cuanto a)
More or less (más o menos)
As though (como si…)
Nearly (aproximadamente)
As well as (tanto, así como)
Neither… nor (ni… ni)
At any rate (de cualquier manera)
Next to (junto a)
At a time (por vez)
Not only… but (no solo… sino)
At disposal (a disposición)
No doubt (sin duda)
At every turn (a menudo)
No longer (ya no)
At first (al comienzo)
Not at all (en absoluto)
At hand (a mano)
Not even (ni aún)
At last (finalmente)
Of course (por supuesto)
At least (por lo menos)
On account of (a causa de)
At most (al máximo)
Otherwise (de otro modo)
At once (inmediatamente)
Others (otros)
At present (en la actualidad)
On one hand (por un lado)
At random (al azar)
On the other hand (por otra parte)
At the same time (a la vez)
On request (a pedido)
At times (a veces)
On the whole (en conjunto)
At will (a voluntad)
On time (puntualmente)
Backwards (hacia atrás)
Rather (algo)
Because of (a causa de)
Rather than (más bien que)
By all means (absolutamente)
Out of date (antiguo)
By chance (por casualidad)
Out of order (no funciona)
By far (por mucho, sin comparación)
Owing to (debido a)
By means of (por medio de)
Per hour (por hora)
By no means (de ninguna manera)
Plenty of (cantidad de)
By now (en este momento)
Prior to (previo a)
By the way (a proposito)
Provided that (siempre que)
Downwards (hacia abajo)
So far (hasta aquí)
Due to (debido a)
Such as (tal como)
Each other (reciprocamente)
So as to (como para)
E.g. (por ejemplo)
Thus (así)
Either… or (ya sea… o)
To the full (plenamente)
Else (además)
Some way or the other (de un modo u otro)
Even as (aún como/si)
The sooner… the better… (cuanto antes major)
Ever (siempre, alguna vez)
Too + adjective (demasiado)
Every other day (día por medio)
Upon that (basado en eso)
Every other rivet (remache por medio)
Up to date (moderno)
For example (por ejemplo)
Used to (solía)
For ever (para siempre)
Whether… or (si… o)
For instance (por ejemplo)
With reference to (con respecto a)
(the) former… the latter (el primero… el ultimo)
Worthy of (digno de)
Forwards (hacia delante)
Worth considering (digno de considerarse)
Further (más amplio) (adicional)
Furthermore (además)
How far (a qué distancia)
PAST PERFECT (PASADO PERFECTO)
Source: https://whatsup.es/blog/pasado-perfecto-simple

¿Cuándo los usamos?

El pasado perfecto simple, past perfect, se usa para referirse a una acción del pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra

acción, también del pasado. Se ve más claro comparándolo con el pasado simple.

Mientras que el pasado simple habla de una acción que ocurrió en un momento determinado del pasado, el pasado

perfecto simple se adentra más en el pasado y se refiere a un hecho ocurrido en un momento anterior.

Ejemplo:

 When we arrived, the bus had already gone – Cuando llegamos, el autobús ya se había ido.

La acción más alejada en el tiempo es que el autobús se fue. Por eso va en pasado perfecto simple. Más tarde, no tan

alejado en el tiempo, llegamos nosotros.

Como se puede observar, cuando hay una frase en pasado perfecto simple, acostumbra a haber otra en pasado

simple. Es decir, se habla de dos acciones: la que ocurrió antes va en pasado perfecto simple, y la que ocurrió después,

y está más cercana al presente, va en pasado simple.

Una manera de reconocer el pasado perfecto simple es observar si se usan palabras

como before (antes) when (cuándo), after (después) en la frase. Si es así, es probable que sea pasado perfecto simple.

Más ejemplos:

 Before she got there, they had started working – Antes de que ella llegara, ellos habían empezado a trabajar.

 When Dillon arrived to the office Hannah had written the report – Cuándo Dillon llegó a la oficina, Hannah había

escrito el informe.

¿Cómo se construye el pasado perfecto simple?

El pasado perfecto simple se construye con el verbo to have como auxiliar. En este caso se usa el pasado, had, y a

continuación el participio de pasado del verbo correspondiente. Esta es la estructura:

Sujeto + had + participio de pasado del verbo principal + resto de la frase.

We had eaten all the cookies when she called – (Nostras/os) habíamos comido todas la galletas cuando ella llamó.

Para construir la negación en pasado perfecto simple se inserta la partícula not entre el had y el verbo principal en

participio. Quedando así:

Sujeto + had + not + participio de pasado del verbo principal + resto de la frase.

We had not/hadn’t eaten all the cookies when she called – (Nosotras/os) no nos habíamos comido todas las galletas

cuando ella llamó.

Recordar que el “had not” se puede contraer, formando “hadn’t”.

Y para construir la interrogación en pasado perfecto simple, el had pasa a encabezar la frase, colocándose antes del

sujeto.

Had + sujeto + participio de pasado del verbo principal + resto de la frase + ?

Had we eaten all the cookies when she called? – (Nosotras/os) habíamos comido todas las galletas cuándo ella llamó?
CONDITIONALS
I, II AND III
When do I use
conditionals?
WE USE CONDITIONALS TO TALK ABOUT IMAGINARY SITUATIONS IN THE PAST,
PRESENT AND FUTURE.
WE USE CONDITIONALS FOR SITUATIONS THAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE, OR
SITUATIONS THAT MIGHT NEVER HAPPEN.
WE USE CONDITIONALS FOR ACTIONS IN THE PAST THAT CANNOT BE CHANGED.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES HAVE
TWO CLAUSES:
A CONDITION (IF...) AND A RESULT.
THE VERB TENSES USED IN EACH
CLAUSE DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE
SPEAKER THINKS THE RESULT IS
PROBABLE (REAL) OR ONLY EXISTS IN
THE IMAGINATION (UNREAL).
CONDITIONAL I
WE USE THE FIRST CONDITIONAL WHEN WE TALK ABOUT FUTURE SITUATIONS WE
BELIEVE ARE REAL OR POSSIBLE.
EXAMPLE:
“IF I STUDY, I WILL PASS THE EXAM”.

FIRST CONDITIONAL:
[IF + PRESENT SIMPLE] + [WILL + INFINITIVE]

NOTES:
- BE CAREFUL WITH THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE. TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE
SUBJECT.
- WILL (NEGATIVE FORM) = WON’T
CONDITIONAL I – EXAMPLES

1) If I have time, I _________________ (finish) that letter.

ANSWER: If I have time, I will finish that letter.

2) If you _________________ (not/buy) that car, you will have more money.

ANSWER: If you don’t buy that car, you will have more money.

3) Sarah _________________ (not/have) enough time, if she doesn’t hurry.

Sarah won’t have enough time, if she doesn’t hurry.

CONDITIONAL II
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL IS USED TO IMAGINE PRESENT OR FUTURE SITUATIONS
THAT ARE IMPOSSIBLE OR UNLIKELY IN REALITY.
EXAMPLE:
“IF I WON A LOT OF MONEY, I WOULD BUY A BIG HOUSE IN THE COUNTRY”.

SECOND CONDITIONAL:
[IF + PAST SIMPLE] + [WOULD + INFINITIVE]

NOTES:
- PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PAST.
REMEMBER TO CHECK IF THE VERB YOU ARE DEALING WITH IS REGULAR OR
IRREGULAR.
- WOULD (NEGATIVE FORM) = WOULDN’T
CONDITIONAL II – EXAMPLES

1) If I _________________ (win) the lottery, I would travel around the world.

ANSWER: If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

2) If I had the chance, I _________________ (not/live) in another country

ANSWER: If I had the chance, I wouldn’t live in another country.

3) What _________________ (you/do) if you were rich?

ANSWER: What would you do if you were rich?

CONDITIONAL III
WE USE THE THIRD CONDITIONAL TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING IN THE PAST THAT
DID NOT HAPPEN.
EXAMPLE:
“IF I HAD REMEMBERED HIS BIRTHDAY, I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT HIM A PRESENT”.

THIRD CONDITIONAL:
[IF + PAST PERFECT] + [WOULD + HAVE + VERB (PARTICIPLE)]

NOTES:
- PAST PERFECT: HAD + VERB PARTICIPLE
CONDITIONAL III – EXAMPLES

1) If we had cleaned the room, it _________________ (not/be) messy.

ANSWER: If we had cleaned the room, it wouldn’t have been messy.

2) If I _________________ (buy) a book, I wouldn’t have been bored.

ANSWER: If I had bought a book, I wouldn’t have been bored.

3) I _________________ (go), if you had told me.

ANSWER: I would have gone, if you had told me.

CONDITIONALS
¿Cuándo los usamos?

Los condicionales se utilizan para describir lo que ocurrirá, lo que podría ocurrir, lo que nos gustaría que ocurriera o lo
que no ocurrió en un momento determinado.

 Condicional 1: Se utiliza para referirnos a situaciones reales o posibles.

 Condicional 2: Se utiliza para referirnos a situaciones hipotéticas, poco probables o irreales.

 Condicional 3: Se utiliza para referirnos a situaciones del pasado que no se pueden cambiar o arrepentimientos.

¿Qué reglas hay que tener en cuenta?

En la siguiente tabla se muestra cómo se forman los distintos condicionales en inglés:

Tipo de Tipo de Proposición con “if”, … proposición

situación condicional principal

REAL Condicional If + sujeto + verbo en presente, … sujeto + verbo en

cero presente o imperativo

you feel tired.

If you sleep badly, te sientes cansado).
(Si duermes mal,

Primer If + sujeto + verbo en presente … sujeto + will +

condicional (present simple, present forma básica del
continuous, present perfect), verbo

I'll take an umbrella.

me llevaré un
If it rains tomorrow, paraguas).
(Si mañana llueve,

IRREAL Segundo If + sujeto + verbo en pasado … sujeto + would +

condicional (past simple, past continuous) forma básica del
verbo

I'd buy a new car.

If I had more money, me compraría un
(Si tuviera más dinero, coche nuevo).

Tercer If + sujeto + past perfect … sujeto

condicional If I had studied in the USA, + would + have +
participio pasado
my English would
(Si hubiera estudiado en have improved.
EE. UU., mi inglés habría
mejorado).
Expresiones de tiempo
AFTER – BEFORE – UNTIL – WHILE – SINCE –
AT THE AGE OF – BETWEEN … AND …
Before – After – Until
(Antes – Luego o después – hasta).
We use “before” and “after” to talk about the order of the events in the past or future. With “before”
or “after”, either the main clause or the subordinate clause can come first.

Examples:

“She will pick you up, before she comes here”. (Te irá a buscar antes de venir a este lugar).

“After she comes here, she will pick you up”. (Después de que venga a este lugar, ella te irá a buscar).

“After we have discussed the issue, we can make a decision”.

(Luego de discutir el asunto, podremos tomar una decisión).
“Before we left, we will visit our friend in Seattle”.
(Antes de irnos, visitaremos a nuestros amigos en Seattle).
Before – After – Until
(Antes – Luego o después – hasta).
We use “until” as a time conjuction that means up to a certain time.

Examples:

“I’m going to wait until the January sales start to buy a new jacket”. (Voy a esperar hasta las rebajas de
enero para comprarme una nueva chaqueta).

“Until he mentioned his name was Doug, I thought he was called George”. (Hasta que él mencionó
que su nombre era Doug, pensé que su nombre era George).
While
(Mientras).
We use “while” to show that actions or events happen at the same time in the past, present or future.

Examples:

“Can you wait in the car while I run into the shop”. (¿Podrás esperar en el auto mientras voy a la
tienda?).

“They were talking while the teacher was explaining the activity”. (Los estudiantes estaban hablando
mientras la profesora estaba explicando la actividad).

Nota: “During” y “while” no son sinónimos. “During” es una preposición y debe estar seguida de un sustantivo o
un pronombre.
 Since
(Desde).
We use “since” to refer back to a previous point in time. We use since as a preposition with a date, a time or a
noun phrase.

Examples:

“It was the band’s first live performance since May 1990”. (Fue la primera presentación en vivo de la banda
desde mayo de 1990).

“I have been happily married for 26 years, since the age of 21”. (He estado felizmente casado por 26 años,
desde que tengo 21 años).

We also use “since” as a conjuction to introduce a subordinate clause.

“He’s been back to the office a few times since he retired”. (Ha vuelto a la oficina muy pocas veces desde que
se jubiló).
 At the age of…
(Con… / a los…).
We use “at the age of…” to refer to “at the time of being a specified age”.

Examples:

“He sold his first painting at the age of twenty two”. (Ella vendió su primera pintura a los veintidós años).

“The two sisters started their careers as actresses at the ages of thirty and thirty three”. (Las hermanas
empezaron sus carreras como actrices a los treinta y treinta y tres años).
 Between … and …
(Entre… y …).
Between means in or into the space which separates at least two places, people or objects.
We use “between” to refer to two things which are clearly separated.

Examples:

“Leeds is midway between London and Edinburgh”. (Leeds está a mitad del camino entre Londres y
Edimburgo).

“There is a connection between pollution and the death of trees”. (Existe una conexión entre la
contaminación y la muerte de los árboles).

“The incident increased tension between the two countries”. (El incidente incrementó la tensión entre los dos
países).
Inglés 5º 4º

TOO / ENOUGH

Too and enough se usan para expresar cantidades demasiado y suficiente. Los podemos
encontrar cuantificando a adverbios, adjetivos y también a nombres. A parte del uso como
determinante de cantidad, pueden funcionar solos aplicando su significado a toda la frase.

TOO (demasiado/extremadamente/excesivo/más que necesario)

- TOO + ADJECTIVO/ADVERBIO

ENOUGH (suficiente/bastante/lo suficiente)

- ADJECTIVO/ADVERBIO + ENOUGH
- ENOUGH + SUSTANTIVO
CONSEJOS PARA UNA BUENA TRADUCCIÓN

1. Leer la totalidad del texto antes de comenzar.

Leer la totalidad del texto es muy importante para tener una idea inicial de tema del
que se habla y el estilo, así como, la extensión, el nivel y la dificultad del texto.

Es de vital importancia tener a mano el material, para poder resaltar palabras o frases
que desconocemos.

2. Consultar e investigar.

Una vez hayas leído el texto, ya habrás identificado una serie de palabras,
expresiones o ideas que no conoces. En esta etapa se recurre a los diccionarios, tanto
físicos como en línea, para consultar definiciones y equivalencias.

3. Elaborar un primer borrador.

Se empieza con la traducción. No hay que preocuparse por ser demasiado específico.
Hay que recordar que en esta etapa únicamente estás creando un primer borrador, el
cual posteriormente será editado y perfeccionado.

4. Revisar, editar y tomar decisiones.

Idealmente es bueno dejar un poco de tiempo antes de retomar el borrador que

elaboraste en la etapa anterior. Esto te permite enfrentar el texto con una mirada
nueva y determinar los cambios que deberás incorporar.

Revisa tu traducción y compárala con el texto de origen para verificar que hayas
traducido correctamente los términos y palabras difíciles. En esta etapa deberás tomar
decisiones finales sobre los términos apropiados en el idioma de llegada para
utilizarlos consistentemente en la traducción. Realiza esta etapa para obtener una
segunda versión del texto más elaborada.

5. Incorporar cambios y finalizar la traducción.

Lee cuidadosamente la versión elaborada en la etapa anterior pero ahora sin tener en
cuenta el texto de origen. La idea en este punto es examinar el texto haciendo énfasis
en los posibles errores cometidos (errores gramaticales y de ortografía, errores de
digitación, posibles olvidos, etc.).
VOZ PASIVA
PASSIVE VOICE
La voz pasiva se utiliza:

1. CUANDO ESTAMOS MÁS INTERESADOS EN EL OBJETO O ACCIÓN DE LA ORACIÓN MÁS QUE EN LA PERSONA U OBJETO
QUE LA REALIZA.
EJEMPLO:
VOZ ACTIVA: “SHAKESPEARE WROTE ROMEO AND JULIET”. (SHAKESPEARE ESCRIBIÓ ROMEO Y JULIETA).
VOZ PASIVA: “ROMEO AND JULIET WAS WRITTEN BY SHAKEASPEARE”. (ROMEO Y JULIETA FUE ESCRITO POR SHAKEASPEARE).

2. CUANDO EL “AGENTE” ES OBVIO O NO TIENE IMPORTANCIA.

EJEMPLO:
VOZ ACTIVA: LAST NIGHT, THE POLICE ARRESTED HIM. (ANOCHE, LA POLICÍA LO ARRESTÓ).
VOZ PASIVA: HE WAS ARRESTED LAST NIGHT. (EL FUE ARRESTADO ANOCHE).

3. CUANDO ESTAMOS DESCRIBIENDO PROCESOS Y QUEREMOS MANTENER EL CARÁCTER IMPERSONAL DE LA DESCRIPCIÓN.

EJEMPLO:
VOZ ACTIVA: PEOPLE SPEAK ENGLISH IN NORTH AMERICA. (LAS PERSONAS HABLAN INGLES EN AMERICA DEL NORTE).
VOZ PASIVA: ENGLISH IS SPOKEN IN NORTH AMERICA. (EL INGLES SE HABLA EN AMERICA DEL NORTE).

NOTA:
AGENT (AGENTE): Sujeto que realiza la acción. Se escribe junto a “by” (por).
Ejemplo: He was introduced by the Prime Minister.
¿Cómo se forma?

Como en el español, el participio se forma utilizando el VERBO TO BE y el PARTICIPIO PASADO (Tercera columna, lista de
verbos irregulares). Nota: pp = past participle.
VERB TENSE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE ACTIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE am/are/is + pp Spanish is spoken here. People speak Spanish here.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS am/are/is + being + pp Your questions are being answered. They are answering your questions.
FUTURE “WILL” will be + pp It will be painted next week. Next week, they will paint it.
FUTURE “GOING TO” am/are/ is going to be + pp The car is going to be washed. He is going to wash the car.
PAST SIMPLE was/were + pp We were invited to the party, but They invited us to the party, but we didn’t go.
we didn’t go.
PAST CONTINUOUS was/were + being + pp The hotel room was being cleaned They were cleaning our room when we got back from
when we got back from shopping. shopping.
PRESENT PERFECT have/has been + pp The president has been listened by The people have listened to the president.
the people.
PAST PERFECT had been + pp When we got home he found that all When we got home he found that somebody had stolen
of his money had been stolen. all of his money.
FUTURE PERFECT will have been + pp The city will have been visited by at By the end of this year, at least 10,000 people will have
least 10,000 people by the end of visited the city.
this year.
Inglés 5º 4º
Passive voice

Future “Will”

Changing a sentence into the passive when the active verb is in the future with “will”.

The future with “will” is made by putting “will” + verb in infinitive. In the passive voice form it is used to
indicate that something will be done by someone in the future.

Active form: will + infinitive form of the verb.

Passive form: will be + past participle form of the verb.

Examples:

Active voice: The architects will design the house next week.

Passive voice: Next week, the house will be designed (by the architects).

Active voice: Tina will sign the contract tomorrow.

Passive voice: The contract will be signed by Tina tomorrow.

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Past Perfect

Changing a sentence into the passive when the active verb is in the past perfect tense.

The past perfect tense form is made by putting “had” before the past participle form of the verb.

Active form: had + past participle form of the verb

Passive form: had been + past participle form of the verb

When we change them into the passive, the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive
verb. The verb also undergoes changes.

The past perfect tense in the passive voice is made by putting had been before the past participle form of
the verb.

Examples:

Active voice: They had cancelled the flight due to weather conditions.

Passive voice: The flight had been cancelled due to weather conditions.

Active voice: The new manager had hired all the employees before the store opens.

Passive voice: All the employees had been hired by the manager.
REPORTED SPEECH
Estilo Indirecto
¿A que llamamos Reported Speech?
El “Reported Speech” or “Indirect Speech” se usa para hablar desde el punto de vista de una tercera persona.
Cuando queremos reproducir exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, usamos el estilo directo, colocando lo que la
otra persona dijo entre comillas. Sin embargo, con el estilo indirecto no reproducimos el mensaje literal, sino solo la
parte que nos interesa; esto hace que el mensaje esté marcado por nuestra propia opinión.
Son varios los elementos de la oración que cambian para convertir el estilo directo en estilo indirecto, principalmente
pronombres.

Ejemplo:
Direct Speech: Mary: “I’m going to read the newspaper tomorrow”. (Voy a leer el diario mañana).

Reported Speech: “Mary said that she was going to read the newspaper the following day”. (Mary dijo que ella iba
a leer el diario el día siguiente).
Diferencias en el uso de “say” and “tell”

SAY
Se usa para recontar las palabras que alguien ha usado. Se usa, entonces, con lo que ha dicho alguien. Se usa para
citar.

 SAY + SOMETHING

Ejemplo: “She said she was leaving”.

TELL
Se usa para decir a quien estaban hablando.

 TELL + SOMEBODY + SOMETHING

Ejemplo: “She told me she was leaving”.

¿Cómo usar Reported Speech?

1. Definir el tipo de oración, es decir, si es una afirmación, una negación, pregunta, sugerencia,

orden, etc.

2. Definir el tiempo verbal.

La oración introductoria es aquella que se convertirá en main clause en la nueva oración en estilo indirecto. Ésta
puede estar o bien en presente o bien en algún tiempo pasado. Si está en presente, no será necesario cambiar el
verbo de la subordinada; si está en un tiempo pasado será necesario cambiarlo para que concuerde.

Por ejemplo:

Paul always says: “ those were the best years of my life” > Paul always says those were the best years of his life.
Paul said: “ those were the best years of my life” > Paul said those had been the best years of his life.
3. Definir si se debe cambiar la persona (pronombre personal).

Al igual que ocurre con los verbos, la persona también debe concordar cuando pasamos una oración a estilo indirecto.
Esto puede suponer, en algunos casos, un cambio en los pronombres personales y posesivos (no cuando se refiere a
una tercera persona).

Por ejemplo:

Andrew said: “it is all my fault” > Andrew said it was all his fault.
Mary told me “you are my best friend” > Mary told me I was her best friend.
Robert said: “the guests are about to arrive” > Robert said the guests were about to arrive.
4. Definir los cambios en los tiempos verbales.
5. Definir si se deben cambiar las expresiones de tiempo y lugar.
 EJEMPLOS
1. Gina said “I’m happy”
Reported speech: Gina said she was happy.

2. “I saw her a week ago”, he said.

Reported speech: He said he had seen Gina the previous week.

3. “We are going to swim tomorrow”.

Reported speech: They told me they were going to swim the following day.

4. David said “I’m writing a letter now.

Reported speech: David said that he was writing a letter at that moment.