Linear Algebra Final 2018 Fall N ame :

1. Let the matrix A, its echelon form U, and its reduced echelon form R be as follows.
     
1 −2 −2 −3 −3 1 −2 −2 −3 −3 Reduced 1 −2 0 1 −1
 −2 4 5 8 7  Echelon  0 0 1 2 1  Echelon  0 0 1 2 1 
A=  1 −2
 −−−−−−→ U =   −−−−−−→ R =  
0 1 −1   0 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 
2 −4 −3 −4 −5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a) Solve the matrix equation Ax = 0 where x = [x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ]T . Hint: Ax = 0 ⇔ Ux = 0 ⇔ Rx = 0.

R      
z
 }| {
 x1   x1 x5 − x4 + 2x2
1 −2 0 1 −1   x2 
 0 
 x2  
  x2 

 0 0 1 2 1   x3   0   x3 = −x5 − 2x4 
  =     
 0 0 0 0 0 
 x4   0   x4   x4 
0 0 0 0 0 x5 0 x5 x5

b) Find the column space of the matrix A and its dimension. c) Find the null space of the matrix A and its dimension.
         
2 −1 1
1 −2      
 
 −2 

 5 
  1   0   0 
     
col(A) = α 

+β 0 
   null(A) = x2  0  + x4  −2  + x5  −1 
 1    











 0   1   0 
2 −3
0 0 1
dim(col(A)) = 2 dim(null(A)) = 3
P
d) Obtain the vectors ui from U such that they span the row space row(A), i.e. row(A) = i αi ui .
P
Obtain the vectors ri from R such that they span the row space row(A), i.e. row(A) = i βi ri .
Find the dimension of the row space row(A) and the rank of the matrix A.
       
1 0 1 0
       
 −2   0   −2   0 
       
row(A) = α1 
 −2  + α2 
  1  = β1 
  0  + β2 
  1 

       
 −3   2   1   2 
−3 1 −1 1
dim(row(A)) = 2 rank(A) = 2

2. Find the eigen values of the following matrices.    

    1 0 0 0 1 5 8 10
1 1 2 1  5 2 0 0   0 2 6 9 
M1 = , M2 = , M3 =  , M4 =  .
1 1 2 3  8 6 3 0   0 0 3 7 
10 9 7 4 0 0 0 4

Characteristic 1−λ 1
= (1 − λ)2 − 1 Eigen values
polynomial 1 1−λ ⇒ λ = 0, λ2 = 2.
are the roots 1
for M1 = λ2 − 2λ

Characteristic 2−λ 1
= (2 − λ)(3 − λ) − 2 Eigen values
polynomial 2 3−λ ⇒ λ = 1, λ2 = 4.
are the roots 1
for M2 = λ2 − 5λ + 4

Characteristic
Eigen values λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2,
polynomial of |M3 | = (1 − λ)(2 − λ)(3 − λ)(4 − λ) ⇒
are the roots λ3 = 3, λ4 = 4.
triangular M3

Characteristic
Eigen values λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2,
polynomial of |M4 | = (1 − λ)(2 − λ)(3 − λ)(4 − λ) ⇒
are the roots λ3 = 3, λ4 = 4.
triangular M4

1
3. The vectors u1 = [−1 1 ]T and u2 = [ 1 1 ]T are orthogonal. Express the vector y = [ 2 4 ]T as their linear combination,
i.e. y = α1 u1 + α2 u2 . Hint: Because the vectors u1 , u2 , u3 are orthogonal, the coefficients αi = y · ui /(ui · ui ).
   
1 1
y · u1 = [ 2 4 ] 1 u1 · u1 = [ 1 1 ] 1 α1 = 6
=3
2
= 2·1+4·1= 6 = 12=2 + 12
   
−1 −1
y · u2 = [ 2 4 ] 1 u2 · u2 = [−1 1 ] 1 α2 = 2
=1 y = α1 u1 + α2 u2
2
= 2 · (−1) + 4 · 1 = 2 = (−1)2 + 12 =2 = 3u1 + u2

4. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix and have the eigenvalue-eigenvector  

pairs (λ1 , v1 ), (λ2 , v2 ), and (λ3 , v3 ). For Q = [v1 v2 v3 ], λ1 0 0
what is the value of the matrix product  
Q−1 AQ = 
 0 λ2 0 

0 0 λ3

1 2 1
h i
5. The matrix A = −2 1 1 has the eigenvalues λ1 = −1, λ2 = 1, λ3 = 2.
4 2 0

a) Find the eigen vector for λ1 = −1 b) Find the eigen vector for λ2 = 1 c) Find the eigen vector for λ3 = 2
     
2 2 1 0 2 1 −1 2 1
     
A − λ1 I =   −2 2 1 
 A − λ2 I =   −2 0 1 
 A − λ3 I =  −2 −1 1 

4 2 1 4 2 −1 4 2 −2
     
Gaussian 2 2 1 Gaussian 0 2 1 Gaussian −1 2 1
eliminate   eliminate   eliminate  
1st
=  0
 4 2 
 1st
= −2 0 1 
 1st
=
 0 −5 −1 

column column column
0 −2 −1 0 2 1 0 10 2
     
Gaussian 2 2 1 Gaussian 0 2 1 Gaussian −1 2 1
eliminate   eliminate   eliminate  
2nd & 3rd
= 0 4 2 
 2nd & 3rd
=  −2
 0 1 
 2nd & 3rd
= 0
 −5 −1 

column column column
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
| {z } | {z } | {z }
U matrix U matrix U matrix

(A − λ1 I)x = 0 ⇔ Ux = 0 (A − λ2 I)x = 0 ⇔ Ux = 0 (A − λ3 I)x = 0 ⇔ Ux = 0

        
2 2 1 x1 0 2 1 x1 −1 2 1 x1
        
  x2  = 0 =0   x2  = 0
 0 4 2     −2 0 1  x2 
   0 −5 −1   
  
0 0 0 x3 0 0 0 x3 0 0 0 x3

2x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0 2x2 + x3 = 0 −x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0

4x2 + 2x3 = 0 −2x1 + x3 = 0 −5x2 − x3 = 0
x1 = 0 x1 = (+1/2)x3 x1 = (+3/5)x3
x2 = (−1/2)x3 x2 = (−1/2)x3 x2 = (−1/5)x3
           
x1 0 x1 1/2 x1 3/5
           
x2  = x3 −1/2 x2  = x3 −1/2 x2  = x3 −1/5
           
x3 1 x3 1 x3 1