1.

Sexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
nvol
vi
ngf
usi
onoft
wocel
lsi
nChl
amy
domonasi
s

(
a)i
sogamy

(
b)homogamy

(
c)somat
ogamy

(
d)hol
ogamy
.

Answ:(
d)hol
ogamy

2.Prot
hal
lus(
gamet
ophy
te)gi
vesr
iset
ofer
npl
ant(
spor
ophy
te)wi
thoutf
ert
il
izat
ion.
I
tis

(
a)apospor
y

(
b)apogamy

(
c)par
thenocar
py

(
d)par
thenogenesi
s.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

2.( b):Prothal
lus (gametophy
te)gives r
ise t
of er
n plant(
spor
ophyt
e)wi t
hout
fer
til
izat
ion.Thi
sphenomenoni scal
ledapogamy.Devel
opmentofspor
ophy
tef r
om
gamet ophyt
ewi thoutfor
mi nggameteisapogamy.Suchsporophyt
eishaploi
di n
nature.
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3.I
nP/
rtHs/
Cyccw/
gymnosper
ms,
theendosper
mis

(
a)t
ri
ploi
d

(
b)hapl
oid

(
c)di
ploi
d

(
d)t
etr
apl
oid.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

3.(b)
:In Pmz/.
v/Cyca.
v/gy
mnosper
ms t
he endosper
m i
s hapl
oid because i
tis
pr
oducedbef
oref
erti
li
zat
ion.

4.Ev
olut
ionar
yimpor
tantchar
act
erofSel
agi
nel
l
ais

(
a)het
erospor
ousnat
ure

(
b)r
hizophor
e
(
c)st
robi
li

(
d)l
igul
e.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

4.(a)
:Ev ol
uti
onaryimportantcharacterofSelaginel
lai
s heter
osporous nat
ure.
Sel
agi
nell
aproducestwotypesofspor esmicr
osporesandmegaspores.Het
erospory
i
ntheli
fecycl
eofSelagi
nel
laleadstothefor
mat i
onofseedhabi
t.

5.SpermsofbothFunar
iaandPteri
swererel
easedt
oget
herneart
hear
chegoni
aof
Pter
is.Onl
yit
ssper
msenterthear
chegoni
aas

(
a)Pt
eri
sar
chegoni
arepelFunar
iasper
ms

(
b)Funar
iasper
msgetki
ll
edbyPt
eri
ssper
ms

(
c)Funar
iasper
msar
elessmobi
le

(
d)Pt
eri
sar
chegoni
arel
easechemi
calt
oat
tracti
tssper
ms.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

5.(d)
:SpermsofbothFunari
aandPteri
swer erel
easedt ogethernearthear
chegonia.
ButonlythespermsofPteri
senterthearchegonia,asPt er
isarchegoniar
eleasesa
chemicalmal
icaci
dtoatt
ractit
ssper
msf orfer
til
izat
ion.
6.I
nF/
Vws/
gymnosper
ms,
thehapl
oidst
ruct
uresar
e

(
a)megaspor
e,endosper
m andembr
yo

(
b)megaspor
e,pol
lengr
ainandendosper
m

(
c)megaspor
e,i
ntegumentandr
oot

(
d)pol
lengr
ain,
leafandr
oot
.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

6.(
b):I
nPinusgymnosper
ms,
endospermispr
oducedbef
orefer
ti
li
zat
ionandhencei
t
i
shaploi
d.Megaspor
eandpol
lengr
ainsar
estr
uctur
esofmalegametophyt
esanditi
s
al
sohaploi
d.

7.Apophy
sisi
nthecapsul
eofFunar
iai
s

(
a)l
owerpar
t

(
b)upperPar
t

(
c)mi
ddl
epar
t
(
d)f
ert
il
epar
t.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

7.(a)
:Apophysisi
sbasalpor
ti
onofcapsuleincont
inuat
ionwi
thseta.Theouterl
ayer
ofapophysi
si sepi
der
mi swhichhasstomataforgaseousexchange.Incapsul
eof
Funari
astomataarepr
esentonlyi
napophy
sis.

8.Mossper
ist
omet
akespar
tin

(
a)spor
edi
sper
sal

(
b)phot
osy
nthesi
s

(
c)pr
otect
ion

(
d)absor
pti
on.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

8.(a):Mossper ist
omei spr esentincapsuleandtakespartinsporedispersal.The
hygroscopic act
ion ofperistomialt eet
h helpinthe removalofoper cul
um.The
l
engt heni
ngandshor teni
ngofper i
stomialteet
hhel
pi nthedisper
salofspor es.The
i
nnerper i
stomeactsasasi ev eall
owingonlyafewsporestoescapeatatime.

9.Pr
otonemaoccur
sint
hel
if
ecy
cleof
(
a)Ri
cci
a

(
b)Funar
ia

(
c)Ant
hocer
os

(
d)Spi
rogy
a.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

9.(b)
:Protonemaoccursi
nt heli
fecy cleofFunari
a.Thesporeisthef i
rstcel
lof
gametophy
ticgener
ati
onanditgerminatestoform afi
lament
ousbranchedalgali
ke
str
uct
urecall
edprot
onema.I
fgivesri
set onewplant
.

10.Thepr
oductofconj
ugat
ioni
nSpi
rogy
raorf
ert
il
izat
ionofChl
amy
domonasi
s

(
a)zy
gospor
e

(
b)zoospor
e

(
c)oospor
e

(
d)car
pospor
e.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
10.(a):Theproductofconj
ugati
oninSpirogyraorfer
ti
li
zat
ionofChl
amydomonasis
zygospore.Botharethemember sofgreenalgaewher egametesar
efusedt
of or
m
zygotewhichdevelopsi
ntoathi
ckwall
edzy gospor
e.

11.Thecommonmodeofsexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
nChl
amy
domonasi
s

(
a)i
sogamous

(
b)ani
sogamous

(
c)oogamous

(
d)hol
ogamous.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

11.( a):In Chlamysomonas sexualrepr

oduct i
on takes pl
ace through i
sogamy,
anisogamy,andoogamy ,l
sogamyi sthefusionofsi mil
argamet es.Ani
sogamyis
fusionofmor phol
ogical
l
ysimil
arbutphysi
ological
lydi
ffer
entcel
ls.Oogamyisfusi
on
ofdi f
fer
entgametes.

12.Whi
chonehast
hel
argestgamet
pophy
te?

(
a)Cy
cas

(
b)angi
osper
m
(
c)Sel
agi
nel
la

(
d)moos

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

12.(d):Mosshast hel ar
gestgamet ophy
te.Mossesar esmall
,sof
tplant
sthatare
typi
cal
ly1-10cm t al
l,somespeci esaremuchl arger.Theycommonlygrow cl
ose
toget
herinclumpsormat si
ndamporshadyl ocati
ons.Theydonothavefl
owersor
seedsandtheirsi
mpleleavescoverthethi
nwirystem.

13.Br
yophy
tesar
eamphi
biansbecause

(
a)t
heyr
equi
real
ayerofwat
erf
orcar
ryi
ngoutsexualr
epr
oduct
ion

(
b)t
heyoccuri
ndamppl
aces

(
c)t
heyar
emost
lyaquat
ic

(
d)al
ltheabov
e.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

13.(a):Br
yophyt
esar
ecalledt
heamphi biansbecauset
heyrequi
realayerofwat
erfor
carry
ingoutsexualrepr
oduct
ion.Theygr ow inthemoistplacesonl andbutthey
requi
rewaterduri
ngt
hetimeoffert
il
izat
ioni.e.f
orcompl
eti
onoflif
ecycle.
14.Apl
anti
nwhi
chspor
ophy
ticgener
ati
oni
srepr
esent
edbyzy
got
eis

(
a)Pi
nus

(
b)Sel
agi
nel
la

(
c)Chl
amy
domonas

(
d)Dr
yopt
eri
s.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

14.( c):A plantin which spor

ophyti
c generat
ion isr epresented by zygot
ei s
Chlamy domonas.Iti
sat ypeofalgaethathasgamet ophyti
cpl antbody(haploi
d).I
t
reproducessexual
lybygamet eswhichareisogametest hatfuset oproducediploi
d
zygotewhichistheonlyspor
ophyt
icgenerat
ion.

15.Thepl
antgr
oupt
hatpr
oducesspor
esandembr
yobutl
acksv
ascul
art
issuesand
seedsi
s

(
a)pt
eri
dophy
ta

(
b)r
hodophy
ta

(
c)br
yophy
ta
(
d)phaeophy
ta.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

15.(c):Bryophyt
esaret heplant
swhichproducessporesandembryosbuttheydonot
havev ascul
artissuesy st
em.Whi l
er hodophyt
esand phaeophyt
esar eal gaeand
producesspor es(noembr yos)onl
yandpt eri
dophyt
esproducesspores,embryoand
welldev el
opedvascularti
ssuesyst
em.

16.Whi
choneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
snotcommonbet
weenFunar
iaandSel
agi
nel
la?

(
a)ar
chegoni
um

(
b)embr
yo

(
c)f
lagel
lat
esper
ms

(
d)r
oot
s.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

16.(
d):Rooti snotcommonbetweenFunar
iaandSelagi
nel
la.Funari
aisabr yophyt
e
and have archegoni
um,embryo,fl
agel
lat
ed sperms which are al
so presentin
Sel
aginel
la.Selagi
nel
lai
sapt
eri
dophyt
eandithasrootwhi
chisabsentinFunaria.

17.
Apl
anthav
ingseedsbutl
acki
ngf
lower
sandf
rui
tsbel
ongst
o

(
a)pt
eri
dophy
tes

(
b)mosses

(
c)f
erns

(
d)gy
mnosper
ms.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

17.(d)
:Aplanthav
ingseedbutl acki
ngf l
ower
sandf rui
tbelongst
ogy mnosper
ms.
Gymnospermsarevascularl
andplantsandbearsseedswhicharenakedi
.e.
,ovul
es
notencl
osedi
ntheovary.Hence,
flowersar
eabsent.

18.I
nPi
nus,
thepol
lengr
ainhas6chr
omosomest
heni
nit
sendosper
m wi
llhav
e

(
a)12

(
b)18

(
c)6
(
d)24

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

18.(c)
:InPi
nus,i
fthepol
lengr
ainhas6chromosomestheni
nit
sendosperm wil
lal
so
have6chromosomesasendosperm andpol
lengr
ainsar
ebot
hhapl
oidstr
uctures.

19.Resi
nandt
urpent
inear
eobt
ainedf
rom

(
a)Cy
cas

(
b)Pi
nus

(
c)Cedr
us

(
d)Abi
es.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

19.(b)
:Resi
nsandt ur
penti
neisobtainedf
rom Pi
nuswhichisgymnosper
micpl
ant
.
Cycasisaornamentalpl
ant.PaperandCanadabalsam i
sobtai
nedfr
om Abi
esand
ti
mberisobt
ainedf
rom Cedrusdeodar
a.

20.Tur
pent
inei
sgotf
rom

(
a)angi
osper
mouswood
(
b)br
yophy
tes

(
c)gy
mnosper
mouswood

(
d)f
erns.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

20.(
c):Tur
pent
inei
scommerci
all
yver
yimport
ant.I
tisobt
ainedf
rom Pi
nuswhi
chi
sa
memberofgymnosper
m.I
tisobtai
nedfr
om Abi
esbalsamea.

21.Pt
eri
dophy
tesdi
ff
erf
rom mosses/
bry
ophy
tesi
npossessi
ng

(
a)i
ndependentgamet
ophy
te

(
b)wel
ldev
elopedv
ascul
arsy
stem

(
c)ar
chegoni
a

(
d)f
lagel
lat
esper
mat
ozoi
ds.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

21.(
b):Pt
eri
dophy
tes di
ff
erf
rom mosses/
bry
ophy
tes i
n hav
ing wel
ldev
eloped
v
ascul
art
issuesy
stem.I
nmosses/br
yophy
tesv
ascul
art
issuei
sabsent
.

22.I
nUl
othr
ix/
Spi
rogy
ra,
reduct
iondi
vi
sion(
mei
osi
s)occur
satt
het
imeof

(
a)gamet
efor
mat
ion

(
b)zoospor
efor
mat
ion

(
c)zy
gospor
eger
minat
ion

(
d)v
eget
ati
ver
epr
oduct
ion.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

22.( c):In Ulothr

ixI
Spi
rogyrar educti
on divi
sion (meiosi
s)occurs att he ti
me of
zygospor eformati
on.PlantbodyofUl othri
xandSpi rogyr
a,i
sgamet ophyti
c(haploi
d),
theypr oducezoogametes( n)whichf usestoform zygospori
c(2n)diploi
d,whichisa
rest
ingspor e.Onsetoffavourabl
econdi t
ionzygosporeundergoesreducti
onaldiv
isi
on,
ormei osistoproducezoo-mei ospores.

23.Chl
oropl
astofChl
amy
domonasi
s

(
a)st
ell
ate

(
b)cup-
shaped
(
c)col
lar
-shaped

(
d)spi
ral
.

23.(b):Chlor
oplastinChl amydomonasiscup- shaped.Iti
sonecelled st
ructur
e.
Whereas stel
lat
e,spir
aland collarshaped chl
oroplast
s ar
e pr
esentin Zygnema,
Spi
rogyraandUlothr
ixrespecti
vel
y.

24.Pt
eri
dophy
tesdi
ff
erf
rom br
yophy
tesandt
hal
lophy
tesi
nhav
ing

(
a)v
ascul
art
issues

(
b)mot
il
eant
her
ozoi
ds

(
c)ar
chegoni
a

(
d)al
ter
nat
ionofgener
ati
ons.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

24.( a):Pteri
dophy tes dif
fer
sfrom bry
ophyt
es and t hal
lophy
tes i
n hav
ing wel
l
developed vasculart i
ssue syst
em.Vasculartissue play
s an import
antrol
ei n
conductingwat erandf oodmateri
alst
ot heplants.Whereastheseareabsentin
bryophytesandt hal
lophytes.

25.Py
renoi
dsar
ethecent
resf
orf
ormat
ionof
(
a)Por
phy
ra

(
b)enzy
mes

(
c)f
at

(
d)st
arch.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

25.(d):Py r
enoidsarethecent resforfor
mation ofst
arch.Therearepresentin
chl
oroplastandareprot
einaceousinnat
urecov
er edbyst
archpl
ate.Theysy
nthesi
zes
andstorestarchint
hem.

26.Pi
nusdi
ff
ersf
rom mangoi
nhav
ing

(
a)t
reehabi
t

(
b)gr
eenl
eav
es

(
c)ov
ulesnotencl
osedi
nov
ary

(
d)wood.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
26.(c)
:Pinusi
sagy mnosper
micplantswhichhi
veawelldev
elopedconduct
ingti
ssue
syst
em butseedsarenaked.Whereasmangoi saangi
ospermicpl
antsinwhichseed
areenclosedi
ntheovar
yandfrui
tispresent.

27.Whi
chonei
sthemostadv
ancedf
rom ev
olut
ionar
yvi
ewpoi
nt?

(
a)Sel
agi
nel
la

(
b)Funar
ia

(
c)Chl
amy
domonas

(
d)Pi
nus.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

27.(d):Pi
nus is more adv
anced f
rom t he evolut
ionary pointofv i
ew.Itisa
gymnosper
ms( ofphaner
ogams)havi
ngwel ldevelopedv ascul
arconducti
ngsyst
em
andbearsseeds.Whil
eother
sSelagi
nel
la,Funari
aandChl amy domonasdonotbear
seeds.

28.I
nbr
yophy
tes

(
a)bot
hgener
ati
onsar
eindependent

(
b)gamet
ophy
tesar
edependentuponspor
ophy
tes
(
c)spor
ophy
tescompl
etet
hei
rli
fecy
cle

(
d)spor
ophy
tesar
edependentupongamet
o­phy
tes.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

28.(d):InBr yophytesthemai nbodyisgamet ophyt

ic( n)whichisi ndependentand
maybet hal
lose( nodif
ferent
iat
ioninroot,stem andleav es)
.Itbearssexor gansand
aft
erferti
li
zationthesporophyti
cphasest art
s.Thespor ophyteisorganicall
yattached
tothegamet ophyti
cplantandi snutr
it
ionall
ydependentont hegamet ophyt
e.Itmay
bewhol l
yorpar ti
all
ydependentont hegamet ophyt
e.

29.I
nPi
nus,
thewi
ngsoft
heseeddev
elopsf
rom

(
a)ov
uli
fer
ousscal
e

(
b)i
ntegument

(
c)nucel
lus

(
d)br
act
.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

29.(a)
:Matur
eovul
ewi t
hembry
oconsti
tut
esseed.Theseedi
scover
edwithhar
d
seedcoat
.Theout
erlay
eroft
heseedcoatist
esta(f
rom mi
ddl
est
onylay
er)
.Test
a
enclosesabr own,thi
nmembr anoustegmen( f
rom innerfleshyl
ayer
).Thet egmen
surr
oundsfleshyendosper m.Insideendosper
mi spresenttheembryo.Atmaturit
yof
seed,athi
nl ayerofovuli
ferousscalefuseswithtest
at oform awing(i
.e.
,seedsare
winged)whi
chhel psinthedispersalofseed.

30.I
nchl
orophy
ceae,
themodeofsexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
s

(
a)i
sogamy

(
b)ani
sogamy

(
c)oogamy

(
d)al
loft
hese.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

30.( d)
:Theclasschlorophyceaeischaracterisedbythemember spossessinggrass-
green chromatophores.The ot herdistinguishi
ng feat
ures ofthe class arethe
presenceofst arch-
asr eser
vefoodmat eri
al,pyrenoi
ds–commonl ysurroundedby
starchsheat
hs, moti
lecellsbear
ingant
eriorflagell
aofequall
ength,
etc.

Inchl orophyceae,threet ypesofsexualr eproduct i

ont akespl acenamel yi sogamy,
ani
sogamy and oogamy .I sogamous t ype : Her e t he f usi
ng gamet es are
mor phol ogi
call
ysimil
arbutphy siol
ogicall
ydistincte.g.
,Chlamy domonasdebar y
anum
andUl othri
x.Anisogamoust ype:Fusiont akespl acebet weenmor phologicall
yand
physiologicall
y disti
nct gamet es (anisogamet es). Chlamy domonas br aunii and
Pandor ina.Oogamoust ype:Mostadv ancedt ypei nwhichf usionofsmal lbicili
ateor
multicil
iate,acti
vemal egamet ewi t
hl arge,passi vefemal egamet e,Oedogoni um,
Chlamy domonascocci f
era.
nawed

31.Many blue-green al
gae occurinther
malsprings (
hotwaterspr
ings)
.The
temper
atur
etoleranceoftheseal
gaehav
ebeenat
tri
butedtothei
r

(
a)mi
tochondr
ialst
ruct
ure

(
b)i
mpor
tanceofhomopol
arbondsi
nthei
rpr
otei
ns

(
c)cel
lwal
lst
ruct
ure

(
d)moder
ncel
lor
gani
zat
ion.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

31.(c):Someal gaewi t
hst
andortol
erateaver
yhightemper
atur
eandt heseareof
ten
cal
ledt her
malal gae.Suchfor
msareknownt ogrowupto85CC,near
lyboili
ngwater
.
Theircellwallishar dandpr ot
ect
ive.A t
ypi
calcel
lwallofalgaeconsist
softwo
nonli
vi
ngl ayer
s.

Theinnerl ayeri
sf i
rm consi
st i
ngofmi cr
ofi
bril
sandout erlayerisgelati
nousand
amorphous.Var i
ouspolysaccharidessuchascel l
ulose,pecti
n,mucilageconstitute
thetypi
calcellwall
.Themucilagecov er
ingofthecel li
st hi
ckanddenseandi scalled
thesheath.Thissheat
hholdst hecellsi
ncoloniestogether,i
shav i
ngwat erabsorbing
andwat erret
aini
ngcapacit
y.Itthusprotect
sthem underdessi cati
ngconditi
ons.Thus
theyareabletosurvi
veunderhight emperat
ure.
32.Awelldevelopedar
chegoni
um wi
thneckconsi
sti
ngof4-
6rowsandneckcanal
cel
ls,
char
acter
ises

(
a)gy
mnosper
msandf
lower
ingpl
ant
s

(
b)pt
eri
dophy
tesandgy
mnosper
ms

(
c)gy
mnosper
msonl
y

(
d)br
yophy
tesandpt
eri
dophy
tes.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

32.( d):Bryophytes and pter

idophytes both have al
ter
nation ofgener ation.The
gamet ophyt
icphasei sdominantinbr yophyteswhereasinpt eri
dophy t
esi tisshort
l
ived.Sexor gansar eembeddedi ssomemember sofbr y
ophy tesandpt eri
dophy t
es.
Spermsar eflagell
ateandsowat erisrequiredforf
ert
ili
zat
ion.Steril
ejacketispresent
aroundt hesexor gansf orpr
otecti
on.Ar chegoni
um appearedf orthef i
rsttimei n
bryophytesi
npl antkingdom.

Itisaf l
askshapedstructur
e.Ithasswollenbasalporti
oncal ledventerandupper
elongat
edneck.Thev enterhaseggcellandventercanalcell.Ther
ear e4-6ver
ti
cal
rowsofneckcel l
sencl osi
ngneckcanalcel l
sinbr y
ophytes.Thear chegoniahave
shortneckmadeoff ourr owsofv er
ti
call
yelongatedcell
st hatenclosesfourneck
canalcel
lsi
npteri
dophytes.

33.Thesexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
sabsenti
n

(
a)Spi
rogy
ra
(
b)Nost
oc

(
c)Ul
othr
ix

(
d)Vol
vox.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

33.(b)
:Nostocbelongst
ocy anophyceae.I
nthisentir
ecl asssexualr
eproduct
ionis
complet
ely absent
.I tr
eproduces by colony formation,hormogonia,akinet
es,
het
erocystsandendospr
es.Howev ergeneti
cr ecombinationhasbeenobser v
ed.It
maybepr obabl
ythr
oughtr
ansformati
onorconjugati
on.

Theotherthr
eealgae-Spi
rogyra,Ul
othr
ixandVolv
oxbelongtochl
orophyceae.The
membersofthiscl
assshowi sogamous,ani
sogamousandoogamoustypeofsexual
repr
oduct
ion.

34.Thepl
antbodyofmoss(
Funar
ia)i
s

(
a)compl
etel
yspor
ophy
te

(
b)pr
edomi
nant
lygamet
ophy
tewi
thspor
ophy
te

(
c)compl
etel
ygamet
ophy
te

(
d)pr
edomi
nant
lyspor
ophy
tewi
thgamet
ophy
te.
AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

34.(b):Funari
aisknownascommonmossorgr eenmoss.Theplantbodyisfoli
ose
thatconsist
sofstem axi
swhichbearsmanyl eavesandi
nsteadofroots,r
hizoi
dsare
present.I
tisgametophyt
ic(
n)andindependent.

I
tbear
sant
her
idi
aandar
chegoni
aont
hesamepl
antbutondi
ff
erentbr
anches.

Afterfer
til
izati
ont hezygote(2n)divi
destoformthespor ophytewhi chconsistsof
foot,set
aandcapsul e.Thebasalfootisembeddedint heapexoff emalebranch.It
absorbsnut r
ientsandprovidessuppor
tfort
hesporophy t
e.Insidet hecapsulehaploi
d
sporesarepr oducedasar esul
tofmeiosi
s.Thusagai
nt hegamet ophy t
icphasestart
s.
Sot hegamet ophyti
cphasei st
hedominantphaseofthelif
ecy cleofFunar i
a.

35.Thepy
renoi
dsar
emadeupof

(
a)pr
otei
naceouscent
reandst
archysheat
h

(
b)cor
eofnucl
eicaci
dsur
roundedbypr
otei
nsheat
h

(
c)cor
eofpr
otei
nsur
roundedbyf
att
ysheat
h

(
d)cor
eofst
archsur
roundedbysheat
hofpr
otei
n.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
35.(a)
:Pyrenoi
dsar
efoundinmanybry
ophytesandalgae.Theyar
esmal l
,spher
ical
bodiesfoundinthecyt
oplasm ofaplantcel
l.Theyarer i
chinprot
einsandar e
surr
oundedbyastar
chsheath.

36.Agymnosper
mi cleafcar
ri
es16chr
omosomes.Thenumberofchr
omosomesi
n
i
tsendosper
m wi
llbe

(
a)12

(
b)8

(
c)16

(
d)24

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

36.(b):Gymnosperms show dist

inctalt
ernation ofgener at
ions.The spor ophy ti
c
phaseisdominant.Thespor
phyteisdif
fer
ent i
atedintoroot,stem andleaves.Sot he
numberofchromosomesi naleafcelli
sdiploi
d( 2n),(
2n=16) .Doubl efer
til
izati
oni s
absentingymnosperms.Theendosper m developsbef or
ef er
t i
li
zat
iondirectlyfrom
themegaspore.Sothenumberofchromosomesi nendosperm wi l
lbe8(n=8) .

37.El
atermechani
sm f
orspor
edi
sper
sali
sexhi
bit
edby

(
a)Li
ver
wor
ts
(
b)Mar
chant
ia

(
c)Ri
cci
a

(
d)Funar
ia.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

37.(b):Marchanl
iaisal iverwor tinwhi
cht hesexor gansarebor neondi scshaped8-
Iobedreceptacl
esbor neatt het i
pofverti
calgamet ophores.Spermsar eat t
ract
edt o
opened archegonia by pr oteins and K+ salts.Ferti
li
zation produces a parasiti
c
sporophytemadeoff oot,setaandcapsul e.Thecapsul eenclosesspor ocytesand
elat
ers.Theseelater
sshow t wisti
ngmov ement sduet ospi r
albandsoft hi
ckenings
andthisleadstoli
berat i
onanddi sper
salofspor es.I
nRicciaelatersareabsentandi n
Funari
aper i
stometeethhel pinspor edispersal
.

38.Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngpl
antki
ngdom i
scal
led‘
amphi
bians’
?

(
a)pt
eri
dophy
ta

(
b)t
hal
lophy
ta

(
c)t
racheophy
ta

(
d)br
yophy
ta.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
38.(d):Bry
ophytes ar
eland i
nhabit
ing orter
rest
ri
alplants.Theycompl et
et hei
r
veget
ati
vephaseonl andbutwaterisnecessar
yforthei
rreproduct
ivephasei.e.f
or
completi
onofl
if
ecy cl
e.Sobr
yophytesar
eknownasamphi biansofplantki
ngdom.

Thal
lophy
teshav eaplantbodyt hatisnotclear
lydif
fer
enti
atedintor oot,st
em and
l
eaves.Theydonothav ev ascul
artissuesandsoar eal
waysaquat ic.Pteri
dophy
tes
aremostprimi
tiv
evascularplant
s.Theyhav edevel
opedvasculart
issuesandsot hey
werethefi
rstv
ascul
arplantsonland.

Tracheophyt
eincl
udes al
lvascul
ar pl
ant
s – pt
eri
dophy
tes,gy
mnosper
ms and
angiosper
ms.

39.Thesmal
lestpl
antf
ami
ly‘
Gymnosper
m’hashowmanyspeci
es?

(
a)640

(
b)300

(
c)1000

(
d)900

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

39.(d):Gymnospermsori
ginat
edabout200mil
li
onyearsagoandweredominant
speci
esatt hatt
ime.Howevermostofthemembershav
ebecomeexti
nctnow and
onlyfew l
iv
ingformsareknowntoday.Ther
ear
earound900li
vi
ngspeci
esoft hi
s
gr
oup.

40.Br
ownal
gaei
schar
act
eri
sedbyt
hepr
esenceof

(
a)f
ucot
fant
hin

(
b)haemat
ochr
ome

(
c)phy
cocy
ani
n

(
d)phy
coer
ythr
in.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

40. ( a)
: Brown al gae are the member s of t he cl
ass phaeophy ceae. Their
chromat oporesareelli
psoi
dalordiscoi
d.Theycont ai
nchlorophylla,chlc,P-andc-
carotenesandxant hophyl
lpi
gments( e.
g.,
lutei
n,f
lavoxant
hin,vi
olaxanthi
n).Theyalso
containlargeamountofabr ownpigment–f ucoxanthi
nwhichmaskst hegreencolour
ofchl or
ophy l
lpi
gment .Thi
sgivescharacter
ist
icbrowncolourtot heseplants,hence
thenamebr ownalgae.

The non-moti
leresti
ng spores ofChlamydomonas cont
ainar ed pi
gmentcal
led
hematochrome.phycocyani
nandphy coery
thri
narewatersolubl
epigment
sfoundin
redandblue-
greenalgae.

41.Mul
ti
cel
l
ularbr
anchedr
hizoi
dsandl
eaf
ygamet
ophy
tesar
ethechar
act
eri
sti
csof
(
a)somebr
yophy
tes

(
b)pt
eri
dophy
tes

(
c)al
lbr
yophy
tes

(
d)gy
mnosper
ms.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

41. ( a)
: The di vi
sion Br yophyta includes t hree cl asses Hepat icopsi
da,
Anthocerot
opsi
da and Br y opsi
da. The member s of Hepat i
copsida and
Anthocerot
opsi
dahav eathal
loseplantbodywhi chisdorsiventr
all
ydiff
erent
iatedand
di
chotomouslybranched.Ont hev entr
alsurfaceunicell
ularormul t
icel
lul
arr hi
zoids
are pr
esent.The memberofBr y
opsida hasa mai n plantbodyt hathasa l eafy
gametophoremadeupofanaxi shavingspi
rall
yarrangedleaves.

The rhi
zoids are mul
ti
cell
ularand branched e.
g.Sphagnum,Funar i
a,Ricci
a,and
Anthocer
os.So onl yf ew member s of bryophytes hav
el eafy gametophy
tes.
Gymnosper mshav ewelldevel
opedplantbodyhav i
ngrootstem andl
eaves.Theydo
nothaverhizoi
ds.

42.Br
yophy
tescanbesepar
atedf
rom al
gae,
becauset
hey

(
a)possessar
chegoni
a

(
b)cont
ainchl
oropl
ast
(
c)ar
ethal
loi
dfor
ms

(
d)hav
enoconduct
ingt
issue.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

42.(a):Bryophytesandalgaearebot
haut ot
rophi
c,plantbodythal
lusl
ikeanddevoid
ofv asculart i
ssues.Inst
ead ofroots,rhi
zoids ar
e presentforattachmentand
absorpti
onpur pose.Bothalgaeandbryophyt
eshav emot i
lespermsandneedwat er
forf
ertil
izat
ion.

Butbryophyt
escanbesepar atedfrom al
gaebecausearchegonium origi
natedforthe
fi
rstti
mei nbryophytesi
npl antkingdom.Itisafl
askshapedst r
ucturewithswollen
basecall
edv enterandupperel ongat
edneck.Thev ent
ercontainsav entercanalcel
l
andaneggcel l.Iti
ssurroundedbyonecel ledthi
cksteri
lejacketlayer.I
nalgaesex
organsarenon-j
acketedanduni cel
lul
ar.

43.Ul
othr
ixf
il
ament
spr
oduce

(
a)het
erogamet
es

(
b)basi
diospor
es

(
c)i
sogamet
es

(
d)ani
sogamet
es.
AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

43.(c)
:Ulothri
xbelongstocl asschlor
ophyceaeofdi vi
sionThal lophy
ta.Thepl ant
bodyconsistsofanunbr anchedf i
lament
,consistingofnumer ouscylindr
icalcells
j
oinedendt oend.Itisheterothal
li
candsexualr eproductioni sofisogamoust ype.
Excepthol
dfasteachcelloft hefil
amentcangi ver i
set o64t o128gamet es.The
gametesaresimil
arinsize,shapeandot herfeatures.Sot hesegamet esar ecall
ed
i
sogametes.

Whent wogametesof( +)and(-)str

aincometogethertheyf
useandaquadr if
lagel
late
zygospor
eisf or
med.Ani sogametesaremor phol
ogicall
yandphysi
ological
lydist
inct
gametesproducedinChl amydomonasbr auni
iandPandor i
na.Basi
diosporesaret he
haploi
dsporesproducedbyabasi di
um inbasi
diomycete’
sfungi
.

44.Anal
ga,
ver
yri
chi
npr
otei
n,/
is

(
a)Chl
orel
la

(
b)Nost
oc

(
c)Spi
rogy
ra

(
d)Ul
othr
ix.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

44.(a)
:Chl
orel
lai
sauni cel
lul
argreenalgathatcontainshi
ghpercentageofproteins,
l
ipi
dsandmostoft heknownv i
tamins(car
ot ene,r
ibofl
avi
n,vi
taminBl2,chol
ineet c)
andgrowsmorequickl
ythanPorphy r
a,soscienti
stsaredoingr
esearchtoobtainfood
f
rom i
t.Thenut
ri
ti
onalv
aluei
scompar
abl
etot
hemi
xtur
eofsoy
beansandspi
nach.

45.Het
erospor
yandseedhabi
tar
eof
tenexhi
bit
edbyapl
antpossessi
ng

(
a)pet
iol
e

(
b)l
igul
e

(
c)br
act

(
d)spat
he.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

45.(b):Heterospor
ymeanspr oducti
onoftwodiff
erentsizesofspores-megaspor
e
andmi crospore.Allbryophytesarehomosporous.Heterosporyor
igi
natedi nsome
pter
idophyteslikeSelaginel
la.Itiscommonlycall
edcl ubmossorspi kemoss.I t
s
l
eavescont ai
naf l
ap­l i
keout growthatt
hebaseontheadaxialsi
decal
ledligul
e.

The leaves are of two t ypes – megaspor ophyl

lbear i
ng megaspor angia and
microsporophyl
lsbearingmi crosporangi
a.Themegaspor angium cont
ainsfourl ar
ge
megasporesandt hemi cr
ospor angi
acontainlargenumberofsmal lmi crospores.
ThusSelaginel
laisheterosporous.Insomespeci esofSelaginell
atheembry oremains
att
achedtot hesporophyteforal ongtimeanditisthehabittowardsseedhabi t.

46.Tr
ansf
usi
ont
issuei
spr
esenti
nthel
eav
esof
(
a)Pi
nus

(
b)Dr
yopt
eri
s

(
c)Cy
cas

(
d)Bot
h(a)and(
c).

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

46.(d):Transfusiont i
ssueisaspeci al
izedt issuepr esentonei thersi deofmi dribin
betweent hepalisadeandspongyt issuesoft hel eafofCy casandal soi nPi
nusl eafat
thesidesoft hesclerenchymtousregion.Itismadeofhor i
zontall
yar rangedt rachei ds.
Thesesuppl ywat erand mi ner
alst o mesophy llti
ssueupt o mar ginsso t hatt he
mesophy llcell
scancar ryoutphotosynthesis.Itisoft wot ype’sprimar yt
ransf usion
ti
ssuepr esentnextt ot hemidri
bbundl eandsecondar yt r
ansfusiont issuet hatr uns
uptomar ginsoft hel
eaf .I
nPinusitconsistsoft racheidsandalbumi nouscel ls.

47.Thewal
kingf
erni
ssonamedbecause

(
a)i
tpr
opagat
esv
eget
ati
vel
ybyi
tsl
eaft
ips

(
b)i
tknownhowt
owal
kbyi
tsel
f

(
c)i
tsspor
esar
eabl
etowal
k

(
d)i
tisdi
sper
sedt
hrought
heagencyofwal
kingani
mal
s.
AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

47.(a)
:Walkingfer
nisnamedsobecausewheni t
sleaftipscomeincont
actwi
thsoi
l,
for
m newpl ant
sasadv enti
ti
ousbudsdev
elopatl
eaftips.Thishel
psi
nthespr
eadof
fer
nov eral
argesoilsur
faceandthust
hename‘walki
ngf er
n’.

48.Br
yophy
tesar
edependentonwat
er,
because

(
a)wat
eri
sessent
ial
fort
hei
rveget
ati
vepr
opagat
ion

(
b)t
hesper
mscaneasi
lyr
eachupt
oeggi
nthear
chegoni
um

(
c)ar
chegoni
um hast
oremai
nfi
ll
edwi
thwat
erf
orf
ert
il
izat
ion

(
d)wat
eri
sessent
ialf
orf
ert
il
izat
ionf
ort
hei
rhomospor
ousnat
ure.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

48.(b):Bry
ophytesarecall
edamphi biansofplantkingdom becauset heycomplet
e
thei
rvegetati
vephaseonl andbutwat erisnecessaryfortheirreproduct
ivephase.
Waterhelpsinmaturat
ionanddehiscenceofsexor gansinbryophytes.Ital
sohel
psin
thetr
ansferofspermst ot
hearchegoniat hatmakewat eressenti
alforcompleti
onof
l
i
fecy
cleofbr
yophy
tes.

49.Ul
othr
ixcanbedescr
ibedasa

(
a)f
il
ament
ousal
gal
acki
ngf
lagel
lat
edr
epr
oduct
ivest
ages

(
b)membr
anousal
gapr
oduci
ngzoospor
es

(
c)f
il
ament
ousal
gawi
thf
lagel
lat
edr
epr
oduct
ivest
ages

(
d)non-
mot
il
ecol
oni
alal
gal
acki
ngzoospor
es.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

49.(c):Ulot
hri
xisagr eenf i
lamentousalga,belongi
ngt oclasschlorophyceae.The
plantbodyisanunbr anchedf i
lamentconsist
ingofnumer ouscyli
ndricalcel
lsjoined
end and end.Underf avourableconditi
ons,each cellproduceszoospor esexcept
holdfast
.Thesezoosporesareoft wotypes–Macr ozoosporesandmi crozoospores.

The macr ozoospores are larger in si

ze and are quadr if
lagell
ate and t he
microzoosporesaresmall
erzoospor eswhi
chmaybebi fl
agell
ateorquadr i
fagel
leate.
Under unfavourabl
e condi
tions,nonmot i
le mit
ospor
es called aplanospores ar e
produced.Sexualrepr
oduct
ioni nUlothr
ixi
sofisogamoust y
pe.Thei sogamet efuse
toform aquadr i
fl
agel
lat
ezy gospor
ewhi chaft
ermeiosisforms16apl anosporesor
zoospores.

50.Lar
gestsper
msi
nthepl
ant
swor
ldar
efoundi
n
(
a)Bany
an

(
b)Cy
cas

(
c)Thuj
a

(
d)Pi
nus.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

50.(
b):ThemalegametesofCy casar
elargest(300f
t)i
nnat ur
e,vi
sibl
etonakedeye
andareovali
nform,
broad(top-
shaped)andnakedatposter
iorendandspir
all
ycoi
led
i
ntheanteri
orhal
fwi
ththousandsofsmallcil
ia.

51.Whi
choneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
saboutCy
casi
sincor
rect
?

(
a)i
thasci
rci
nat
ever
nat
ion

(
b)i
tsxy
lem i
smai
nlycomposedofxy
lem v
essel

(
c)i
tsr
oot
scont
ainsomebl
ue-
greenal
gae

(
d)i
tdoesnothav
eawel
lor
gani
zedf
emal
efl
ower
.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
51.(b):Cy casbelongst oordercy cadal
esofgy mnosper ms.Itsleavesshowci r
cinate
vernat
ioni .e.theleav esarecoi l
edi nyoungst age.Thecor all
oidr oot
sinCy casarise
fr
om thel ateralbranchesoft henor malrootsandcont ai
nblue-greenalgaelikeNost oc
andAnabaena.Awel ldevelopedflowerlikethatofangi ospermsi sabsentinCy cas.It
has compact cones cont aini
ng mi crospor ophyll
s and megaspor ophyll
s. The
megaspor esar eloosel yarr
angedont hemegaspor ophyll
.Themal econeisacompac
str
ucture.Vessel sinxy lem areabsentandi tcont ai
nsonlytracheidsforconduct i
onof
water.

52.Di
chot
omousbr
anchi
ngi
sfoundi
n

(
a)l
iv
erwor
ts

(
b)pt
eri
dophy
tes

(
c)f
ern

(
d)Funar
ia.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

52.( a):Dichotomousbr anchi

ng ischar act
eristi
cf eatureofl i
verwort
se.g.Ri ccia,
Mar chanti
a,Pel l
iaet
c..Itisapr imiti
v ef or
m ofbr anching.I
ti salsocall
edf orked
branching.Inliv
erwor
tsthethal
lusisflatanddor si
ventralanddichot
omouslybranched.
Thet hall
ushasanot chattheanteriorend.Att hebaseoft henotch,ther
eisagrowi ng
pointconsistingofasingleapicalcell.Itdivi
desr epeatedlytoformt wobranchesof
thesamesi ze.
53.Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
str
ueaboutbr
yophy
tes?

(
a)t
heyar
ethal
loi
d

(
b)t
heypossesar
chegoni
a

(
c)t
heycont
ainchl
oropl
ast

(
d)al
loft
hese.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

53.(d):Bryophytesaregreenphot
osy
nthet
icandthal
loi
dstr
uctur
eswher ethepl
ant
bodyroot,stem andleaves.I
nst
eadofroot
s,r
hizoi
dsarepr
esentforat
tachmentand
absorpti
onpur pose.

Theyhavemot i
lesper
msandsot heyneedwat erf
orferti
li
zati
on.Archegoniaevol
ved
fort
hef i
rstti
mei nbry
ophytesi
ntheplantkingdom.Itisaf l
askshapedst r
uctur
ewith
swoll
enbasecal l
edvent
erandupperel ongatedneck.Thev ent
ercont ai
nsav ent
er
canalcel
l andaneggcell
.Iti
ssurr
oundedbyonecel ledthi
ckst er
il
ejacketlay
er.

54.Inwhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngwoul
dyoupl
acet
hepl
ant
shav
ingv
ascul
art
issuel
acki
ng
seeds?

(
a)pt
eri
dophy
tes
(
b)gy
mnosper
ms

(
c)al
gae

(
d)br
yophy
tes.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

54.(a):Algae,br yophyteandpt eri

dophytear ecrypt
ogams,butoutoft hem al
gae,and
bryophytesar el owercr yptogamsanddonotpossessv asculartissue( xy
lem and
phloem),wher easinpt er
idophy t
es,vasculartissuesyst
em iswel ldev el
opedandso
thesearehi ghercr ypt
ogamsorv ascularcr
y ptogams.Theterm cry
ptogam meanst hat
theseplantsr eproducebymeansofspor esanddonotpr oduceseeds.

Thev ascul
art
issueofpt er
idophy tesi
swelldeveloped.Theycont
ainbot
hxy l
em and
phloem.Inxyl
em,v esselsareabsentandi nphloem companioncell
sareabsent.So
pteri
dophyt
esorv ascularcryptogamsar eagr oupofseedlessvascul
arplant
st hat
havesuccessf
ull
yinvadedt helandandr epr
oducebymeansofspor es.Gymnosperms
arenakedseedbearingplantscalledphaner
ogams.

55.Br
yophy
tescompr
ise

(
a)domi
nantphaseofgamet
ophy
tewhi
chpr
oducesspor
es

(
b)smal
lspor
ophy
tephaseandgener
all
ypar
asi
ti
congamet
ophy
te

(
c)spor
ophy
tei
sofl
ongerdur
ati
on
(
d)domi
nantphaseofspor
ophy
tewhi
chi
spar
asi
ti
c.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

55.(b):I
nbryophyt
est hemainplantbodyisgamet ophyti
cwhichisi ndependentand
maybet hall
ose(nodi f
fer
enti
ati
oninroot,stem andleaves)e.
g.,Riccia,Marchant
ia,
Anthoceroset
c.orfol
iose(hav
ingleaf
yaxis)e.g.Sphagnum,Funari
aet c.

The gamet ophyte bearst he sex organs ant

heri
dium and archegoni
um.Sexual
reproduct i
onisofoogamoust ype.Itformszygotethatgi
vesri
set othesporophyti
c
phase.I tisdiff
erenti
atedintofoot,setaandcapsule.Thecapsuleproducesspores
aftermei osist
hatagaingivesraisetogametophyti
cphase.Thesporophyt
eisparti
all
y
orf ul
lydependentupont hegamet ophyteandisofshort
erdur
ati
on.

56.Theant
her
ozoi
dsofFunar
iaar
e

(
a)mul
ti
cil
iat
ed

(
b)monoci
li
ated

(
c)aci
li
ated

(
d)bi
cil
iat
ed.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
56.(d):Andr
ocytesorantherozoidmothercel
lofFunar
iametamorphosesint
oasi ngle
bi
flagell
atesper
mat ozoi
d( anther
ozoi
ds).Iti
saspiral
lycoi
ledbi
flagel
lat
e(bici
li
ated)
str
ucture.

57.Pl
antgr
oupwi
thl
argestov
ule,
lar
gestt
ree,
andl
argestgamet
esi
s

(
a)gy
mnosper
m

(
b)angi
osper
m

(
c)br
yophy
ta

(
d)pt
eri
dophy
ta.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

57.( a)
:Gy mnosper msar ethemostpr imiti
veseedpl ant
s.Theplantsaregeneral
ly
perennial,woodyt reesorshrubs.Ingener al
,tal
lesttr
eesareingy mnospermse.g.
Sequoiasemper virensis366ft.i
nheight.Themalegamet esofCycasarel
argest(
300)
i
nsi ze;theyarevisibl
etonakedey eandar eovali
nf or
m andtop-
shaped.Theovul
eof
Cycasi salsolar
gesti nthepl
antkingdom.

58.I
nfer
ns,
mei
osi
stakespl
aceatt
het
imeof

(
a)spor
efor
mat
ion

(
b)spor
eger
minat
ion
(
c)gamet
efor
mat
ion

(
d)ant
her
idi
aandar
chegoni
afor
mat
ion.

58.(a)
:Afernplantbodyissporophyti
c(2n)andisdif
fer
enti
atedi
ntoroots,
stemsand
l
eaves.Ont hev entr
alsurf
aceofl eavessporangi
aareborneinagr oupcalledsor
i.
I
nsidethesporangium ar
epresentthesporeswhicharefor
medbyr educt
ionduvsi
on.

Thusthesporesproducedarehaploidi
nnat ur
eandger mi
natetoproduceaprothal
lus
thatr
epresent
sthegamet ophy
ticgenerati
on.Anther
idi
um andarchegoni
um ar
eborne
onthi
spr ot
hal
lus.Thusmeiosi
st akesplaceatthest
ageofsporeformati
on.

59.A st
udentobser
vedanal
gaewi
thchl
orophy
lla,bandphy
coer
ythr
in,i
tshoul
d
bel
ongto

(
a)phaeophy
ta

(
b)r
hodophy
ta

(
c)chl
orophy
ta

(
d)baci
ll
ari
ophy
ta.

59.(
b):Theal
galcl
assr
hodophy
ceaecont
ainsar
edpi
gment(
r-
phy
cocr
ythr
in)anda
bl
uepi
gment(
r-
phy
cocy
nin)i
nthechr
omat
phor
es.

Thesepi gmentscanut i
li
zethosewav el
engthsoflight(blue-
greenregionofspectr
um,
i
.e.
,480- 520nm)t hatarenotabsorbedbychlorophy l
l.Thisenabl
esr edalgaetogrow
atgreaterdepthsthanotherplant
s(upto300f t
.belowwat er
).I
nadditiontothese,
chl
.
-a,
chl,
-d, car
otenesandxanthophyl
lsarepresent.

In phaeophyceae chr
omatophores arey ell
owi
sh brown in colour possessing
xant
hophyll
sinabundance.Baci
ll
ari
ophyceaearecal
led‘di
atoms’duetopresenceof
anaccessorybr ownpi
gmentcall
ed‘ di
atomin’
,ot
herpigmentsarechl.
-a,chl
.-
c( but
notchl
.-
b),carot
enesandxant
hophyll
s.

Inchlor
ophyceaecolouri
ngpigment
sar
ejustl
ikehi
gherpl
ant
s,i
.e.
,Chl
.-
a,Chl
.-
b,
xant
hophyl
lsandcarotenes.

60.Cy
cashast
wocot
yledonsbutnoti
ncl
udedi
nangi
osper
msbecauseof

(
a)nakedov
ules

(
b)seemSTi
kemonocot

(
c)ci
rci
nat
ept
yxi
s

(
d)compoundl
eav
es.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
60.(a):Cycasbelongstoordercycadal
esofgy mnospermsbecausei thasnakedseed.
Itisnotencl osedi nsi
deaf ruit
.Itdoesnothav edoublef er
til
izationandsot he
endosperm formed i shaploi
di nnatureand nott r
ipl
oid.So iti snoti ncl
uded i
n
angiospermsast heyhaveovules(orseeds)producedinsidefrui
t .Thisisthemain
dif
ferencebetweengy mnospermsandangi osper
ms.

61.Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngpl
ant
spr
oducesseedsbutnotf
lower
s?

(
a)mai
ze

(
b)mi
nt

(
c)peepal

(
d)Pi
nus.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

61.(d):Pinusbelongtoor derconifer
alesofGy mnosper
ms.Theplantisdi
ffer
enti
ated
i
ntor oot,stem andleaves.Pl ant
sar emonoecious.Bothmaleandf emal
econesar e
borne on t he same plant .I tdevelops cl
uster
s ofshort
ly st
alked male cones
subterminallyonthelowerbr anchesandf emaleconesi
ncir
cleof2–6onupperl ong
branches.

Amal econehasacent ralaxisandanumberofspi ral

lyarr
angedmi crospor
ophyl
ls.A
microsporophyllbear
st wooblongmicrosporangi
aabaxiall
yont heproximalpar
t.The
ter
mi nalflat
tened partisbentand steril
e.IV microsporangi
um producesal arge
numberofy ellow pol
lengr ai
ns.Eachpol l
engrainhast wowi ngsorai rsacsf or
fl
oatingintheai r
.
Thecent ralaxi
soffemaleconebear spair
edscales.I
neachpairthelowerscaleis
bractscalewhilet
heupperonei sovuli
fer
ousscale(=megasporophy
llcompl
ex),the
terminalster
il
epartofov
ulifer
ousscaleisbroadandcall
edapophysi
s.Theproximal
adaxialsi
debearstwoovules.

62.Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
swi
thoutexcept
ioni
nangi
osper
ms?

(
a)pr
esenceofv
essel
s

(
b)doubl
efer
ti
li
sat
ion

(
c)secondar
ygr
owt
h

(
d)aut
otr
ophi
cnut
ri
ti
on.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

62.( b):I
nangi ospermspresenceofv esselsisnotanuni versalfeat ureasther
ear e
certain angiosperms wherev essel
s are absente.g.Wi ntera,Tr ochodendron etc.
Secondar ygr owthisincr
easeint hegi
rthordi ameterofaxis( r
ootandst em)oft he
plantbyf ormationofsecondar
yt i
ssuebytheact i
vi
tyoflat
eral meristein.

Itoccur
si ndicot
yledonsofangiosper
msandgy
mnosper
ms.Buti
nmonocot
yledons
ofangiospermst hepr i
maryplantbodyi
scomplet
eini
tanddoesn’
tpr
oduceany
secondaryti
ssue.

Aut
otr
ophi
cpl
ant
sar
ethosewhi
chsy
nthesi
set
hei
ror
gani
cfoodt
hemsel
vesbyt
he
processofphotosy
nt hesi
s.Butcert
ainangi
ospermicpl
ant
shav ehet
erot
rophi
cmode
ofnutri
ti
on,
e.g.Rafj
lesia,
Orobanche,St
ri
gaarerootpar
asi
tes.

Butdoubl
efert
il
izat
ioni
suniver
sali
nallangi
osper
ms.Iti
nvol
v esfusi
onofonemal e
gametewit
htheeggcellandanot
hermalegametewit
hthedi
ploidsecondar
ynucl
ei.

63.Whichonepai
rofexampleswil
lcorr
ect
lyr
epresentt
hegr
oupi
ngsper
mat
ophy
ta
accor
dingt
ooneoftheschemesofcl
assi
fyi
ngpl
ants?

(
a)Acaci
a,sugar
cane

(
b)Pi
nus,
Cycas

(
c)Rhi
zopus,
Tri
ti
cum

(
d)Gi
nkgo,
Pisum

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

63.( d)
:Spermatophytaincl
udesseedbear i
ngplantsandt hisincl
udesgymnosperms
andangi osper
ms.Acaciaandsugar canebothareangiosperms.PinusandCycasboth
aregy mnosperms.Rhizopusbel ongstokingdom fungiandTr i
tcum i
sanangi
osperm.
Ginkgoi sgymnosperm andPi sum isanangi osperm.SoGi nkgoandPisum corr
ectl
y
representthegroupi
ngspermat ophyta.

64.Pl
antsrepr
oduci
ngby
-spor
essuchasmossesandf
ernsar
egr
oupedundert
he
gener
alt
erm
(
a)cr
ypt
ogams

(
b)br
yophy
tes

(
c)spor
ophy
tes

(
d)t
hal
lophy
tes

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

64.(a)
:Eichl
erdi
videdplantkingdom i
nt otwosub-ki
ngdoms– cryptogamaeand
phaner
ogamae.Al
lplant
swi t
houtf l
owersandseedsareincl
udedint
hesub-ki
ngdom
cry
ptogamaewhereasphanerogamaeincludespl
ant
swhichbearfl
owersandseeds.

Cryptogamsar efur
therclassif
iedint
ot hr
eediv
isi
ons.Thall
ophyt
a,Bry
ophytaand
Pteri
dophyt
a.Sporebearingplantssuchasmossesandf er
nsbelongtocry
ptogams
becauseinsteadofreproducingbyf l
owersandseedstheyrepr
oducebymeansof
spores.

65.Sexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
nSpi
rogy
rai
sanadv
ancedf
eat
urebecausei
tshows

(
a)di
ff
erentsi
zesofmot
il
esexor
gans

(
b)samesi
zeofmot
il
esexor
gans

(
c)mor
phol
ogi
cal
lydi
ff
erentsexor
gans
(
d)phy
siol
ogi
cal
lydi
ff
erent
iat
edsexor
gans

Answer
:

(
d)phy
siol
ogi
cal
lydi
ff
erent
iat
edsexor
gans

66.Whi
choneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpai
rsofpl
ant
sar
enotseedpr
oducer
s?

(
a)Fer
nandFunar
ia

(
b)Funar
iaandFi
cus

(
c)Fi
cusandChl
amy
domonas

(
d)Funar
iaandPi
nus

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

66.(a):Seedproduci
ngplantsbelongtospermat ophyt
a.Itincl
udesgy
mnosper msand
angiosperms.Seedhabitorseedf ormat
ionori
ginatedingymnosperms.Itrequirest
he
ret
entionofmegaspor angium ort heonlyont hepar entplantandnon-sheddingof
megaspor e,devel
opmentofintegumentandinsi tefor
mat i
onoffemalegamet ophyt
e.

Al
lthese f
eatur
es developed i
n gy
mnosper
ms and angi
osper
ms.Thall
ophy
tes,
br
yophyt
esand pter
idophytesl
ackthesef
eatur
esand t
husdo notr
eproduceby
pr
oduci
ngseeds.
FernandFunar
iabelongt
opt er
idophy
tesandbr
yophy
tesr
espect
ivel
ysot
heydonot
repr
oducebyproduci
ngseeds.

67.Angi
osper
mshav
edomi
nat
edt
hel
andf
lor
apr
imar
il
ybecauseoft
hei
r

(
a)powerofadapt
abi
li
tyi
ndi
ver
sehabi
tat

(
b)pr
oper
tyofpr
oduci
ngl
argenumberofseeds

(
c)nat
ureofsel
fpol
li
nat
ion

(
d)domest
icat
ionbyman.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

67.(a):Angiospermsarehighl
yevol
vedandwel ladapt
edlandplants.Theyhaveboth
vessel
sandt r
acheidsi
nxylem f
orbetterconducti
onofwat er
.Rootsaremodifiedi
nto
taproots,adventi
ti
ousroot
s,pneumatophoresetc.tosui
tthedesir
edclimate.

Sexorgansar ehighlydevel
oped,sporophyl
lsareor ganized i
ntof l
owersand the
fl
ower
sar ehighl
ycol our
edormodi f
iedtoattractpoll
inat
or satdif
ferentt
imesand
pl
acesinsectpol
li
nationismorepreval
entbecausei tismor eeffi
cientandleadsto
l
esswastageofpollengrai
nsascomparedt owindpoll
inati
on.

Sot hefl
owersaremadeat t
ract
ivetoattractav ari
etyofi nsects.Seedaremore
prot
ected as t
heyare encl
osed insi
de a frui
t.Allthese adaptati
ons hav
e made
angi
ospermsmor eadapt
ivei
ndiversehabi
tats.
68.Di
ver
sif
icat
ioni
npl
antl
if
eappear
ed

(
a)duet
olongper
iodsofev
olut
ionar
ychanges

(
b)duet
oabr
uptmut
ati
ons

(
c)suddenl
yonear
th

(
d)byseeddi
sper
sal
.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

68.(a):Diversi
fi
cati
oni nplantli
feappear ed duet olong per
iodsofev ol
utionary
changes.Algaeandbr y
ophyteshavet hall
oidpl antbodywit
hnodi ff
erenti
ati
oni nto
root
,stem andleaves.Theyhadnov asculartissuesbutlat
eri
npter i
dophytesvascular
ti
ssues(xyl
em andphl oem)devel
opedandpl antbodybecamedi ffer
entiat
edintoroot,
stem andl
eav es.

Butt hevascul
artissuesl ackvesselsandcompani oncell
sandt heyreproduceby
spores.I
ngy mnospermsseedhabi tdev
elopedbuttheseedsar enotenclosedinside
fr
uit.Inangi
ospermsv esselsandcompanioncell
sar epresent,fl
owersar epresent
andseedsar eencl osedi nsi
defruit
s.Thusthepat hofev ol
utionisfr
om al gaet o
bryophyt
estopteri
dophy testogymnospermsandfinall
ytoangiosperm.

69.Top-
shapedmul
ti
cil
iat
emalegametes,andthematur
eseedwhi
chbear
sonl
yone
embryowit
htwocot
yledons,
arechar
act
erisedf
eatur
esof

(
a)cy
cads
(
b)coni
fer
s

(
c)pol
ypet
alousangi
osper
ms

(
d)gamopet
alousangi
osper
ms.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

69.(a):Cy casi san ev er

green pal
m l i
keplant.Itbelongst o ordercy cadalesof
gymnosper ms.Thepl antbodyissporophyti
cdif
ferenti
atedint
oroot ,st
em andl eaves;
sexualreproducti
oni sofoogamoust ypetakesplacebyt hefusionofdi stinctmale
andf emalegamet es.Themal eandfemal egametesaref or
medbyt hegermi nat
ionof
microspores and megaspor es which ar e bor ne on mi crosporophyll
s and
megaspor ophyl
ls.

These microspores ger

mi nat
etof orm mal e gametophytethatpr oduces mal e
gametes.Themal egamet esofCycasarelargest(300jx)i
nnature,vi
sibletonaked
eye,ov
alinform andtopshaped.I
tisspi
ral
lycoil
edintheanter
iorhal
fwi t
ht housands
ofsmallci
li
a.

Af
terfer
ti
li
zat
iont
heovul
ei sconnect
edi nt
oaseed.I
ntheendosperm ofseedl
iesa
wel
ldevel
opedembry
ohavingtwocotyledons,
apl
umuleandaradi
cle.

70.Mat
chi
temsi
nCol
umn1wi
tht
hosei
nCol
umnI
I:

Col
umnI–Col
umnI
I
(
A)Per
it
ri
chous(
J)Gi
nkgof
lagel
lat
ion

(
B)Li
vi
ngf
ossi
l(K)Macr
ocy
sti
s

(
C)Rhi
zophor
e(L)Escher
ichi
acol
i

(
D)Smal
lest(
M)Sel
agi
nel
laf
lower
ingpl
ant

(
E)Lar
gest(
N)Wol
ff
iaper
enni
alal
ga

70.(a)
:Flagel
lat
ionist
hearrangementoffl
agell
aov ert
hebodysur
faceofabacteri
al
cel
l.Peri
tri
chousfl
agel
lat
ionhasflagel
laal
loverthesurf
aceofabacter
ialcel
le.
g.E.
col
i.

Ginkgobel ongstoorderginkgoalesofgy mnosper ms.Iti

scalledli
vi
ngf ossilbecause
i
ti sthesi nglel
ivi
nggenusi nabi gf ossil
izedor der.Macrocysti
sbel ongst oclass
phaeophy ceae.I
tisthelargestper ennialal
ga,about40-60m i nsize.Wol f
fiaisthe
smallestf l
oweri
ngpl ant
.Rhi zophorei sal eaf
less,colourl
ess,positivel
ygeot r
opic
el
ongat edstruct
urethatgrowsdownf rom thepoi ntofbif
urcat
ionofst em.Itoccursin
Selaginel
la.

71.Ect
ophl
oicsi
phonost
elei
sfoundi
n

(
a)OsmundaandEqui
set
um

(
b)Mar
sil
eaandBot
rychi
um
(
c)Adi
ant
um andCucur
bit
aceae

(
d)Di
cksoni
aandMai
denhai
rfer
n.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

71.(
a):St
elei
sacolumncontai
ningv
asculart
issueswhi
chi
ssur
roundedbyper
icy
cle
andsepar
atedfr
om gr
oundti
ssuebyendodermis.

Siphonost
elei
smedul l
atedprotost
eleorpr
otost
elewi
thcent
ralnon-
vascul
arpi
th.
Leafgapsareabsent
.Si
phonostelei
softwot
ypes:

I
nEctophloi
csi
phonostele,cent
ralpi
thissurr
oundedsuccessi
vel
ybyxylem,phl
oem,
per
icy
cleandendodermis.Inamphiphloi
csi
phonostel
ether
eiscentr
alpi
thandxylem
i
ssurroundedonei t
hersi debyphl oem,peri
cycl
eandendodermis.Itisfoundin
OsmundaandEquisetum.

72.Auxospor
esandhor
mogoni
aar
efor
med,
respect
ivel
y,by

(
a)somedi
atomsandsev
eralcy
anobact
eri
a

(
b)somecy
anobact
eri
aandmanydi
atoms

(
c)sev
eralcy
anobact
eri
aandsev
eraldi
atoms

(
d)sev
eraldi
atomsandaf
ewcy
anobact
eri
a.
AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

72.(
d):Unt
il1907,auxospor
eformat
ionwasr egar
dedasasexualpr
ocessbutnowit
i
sconsider
edasanactofsexualpr ocess.Theauxospor
esmaybeaut ogamous,
i
sogamous,anisogamousoroogamous.

Theirpatter
n off ormati
on dif
fersin pennate and centr
icdiat
oms.For mation of
hormogoniaisthecommonmet hodofr eproducti
oninNost ocwhichi
spr oducedby
acci
dentalbreaki
ngoft ri
chomei ntoseveralpieces.I
tmayal sobeformedbydeat h
and decay ofor dinar
yi nt
ercal
ary cel
ls.Soon,t he hor
mogonium escapes from
mucilageandgrowsi nt
oanewf i
lamentandt henintoanewcolony.

73.I
namoss,
thespor
ophy
te

(
a)manuf
act
uresf
oodf
ori
tsel
f,aswel
lasf
ort
hegamet
ophy
te

(
b)i
spar
ti
all
ypar
asi
ti
cont
hegamet
ophy
te

(
c)pr
oducesgamet
est
hatgi
ver
iset
othegamet
ophy
te

(
d)ar
isesf
rom aspor
epr
oducedf
rom t
hegamet
ophy
te

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

73.(b):Mossesl i
keFunar i
aar ebr yophytes.Theyar enon-
v ascularplants.Themai n
plantbodyisgamet ophyt
ic(n)whi chisindependentandf ol
iose.Itformsmaj orpartof
the li
fe cy
cle.The spor ophytic phase start
s wi t
h zygot
e whi ch di
vides tof or
m
sporogenoustissuethatisdif
f erent
iatedintofoot,setaandcapsul e.Thespor ophyti
c
phase is shortlived.The f ootabsor bs nut r
ients and provides supportt ot he
spor
ophy
te.

74.Coni
fer
sdi
ff
erf
rom gr
assesi
nthe

(
a)f
ormat
ionofendosper
m bef
oref
ert
il
izat
ion

(
b)pr
oduct
ionofseedsf
rom ov
ules

(
c)l
ackofxy
lem t
rachei
ds

(
d)absenceofpol
lent
ubes

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

74.(a):Coni
fer
sbelongtogymnosper ms.Theyar eseedbeari
ngpl antsinwhicht he
sporophyl
lsareaggregat
edtoform conesandt heseedsdev elopinexposedst ate
overthesurf
aceofmegasporophyl
ls.Vascularstr
andconsist
soft rachei
dsandsi eve
cel
ls.Femalegamet ophyt
eformsar chegonia,prov
idesnourishmentt odeveloping
embr y
oandl atergetstr
ansf
ormedi ntofood-l
adent i
ssueorendosper minsidet he
seed.

Thisendosper
mi sfor
medbef or
ef er
ti
lizati
onsoiti
shapl oi
dinnature.I
tprov
ides
nourishmentf
orgr owthofseedli
ngsatt heti
meofseedger minat
ion.Grassi
san
anoiosper
micplantandendosper
mi sproducedaft
erf
ert
il
izati
on.

75.Peatmossisusedasapacki
ngmat
eri
alf
orsendi
ngf
lower
sandl
iv
espl
ant
sto
di
stantpl
acesbecause
(
a)i
tser
vesasadi
sinf
ect
ant

(
b)i
tiseasi
lyav
ail
abl
e

(
c)i
tishy
groscopi
c

(
d)i
treducest
ranspi
rat
ion

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

75.(c)
:Theparti
all
ydecomposedSphagnum massaccumulatestoform compressed
masscalledpeat,whichaft
erdr
y i
ngi susedascoal
.Soitisalsocall
edpeatmoss.
Sphagnum hasthecapacitytoretainwaterf
orlongper
iodsandt husitisusedt o
coverpl
antroot
sdur i
ngtr
anspor
tation.

76.Intheprot
hal
lusofav ascul
arcr
ypt
ogam,t
heant
her
ozoi
dsandeggsmat
ureat
di
ffer
entti
mes.Asaresul
t

(
a)t
her
eishi
ghdegr
eeofst
eri
li
ty

(
b)onecanconcl
udet
hatt
hepl
anti
sapomi
cti
c

(
c)sel
ffer
ti
li
zat
ioni
spr
event
ed

(
d)t
her
eisnochangei
nsuccessr
ateoff
ert
il
izat
ion.
AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

76.(c):Inpr othal
lusofv ascul
arcryptogamst heanther
ozoi dsandeggsmat ur
eat
dif
ferenttimes.Thespor eonger mi
nationgiv
esr i
setopr othall
us.Theanther
ozoids
arebiflagel
latedormul ti
fl
agell
ated.Theeggi sproducedi nsidethevent
er,wateris
essentialforf ert
il
izat
ion and itis alway
s cross-f
ert
il
ization.Selffer
ti
li
zati
on is
prevented.

77.Ifyouareaskedtocl
assi
fyt
hev ar
iousal
gaei
ntodi
sti
nctgr
oups,whi
choft
he
fol
lowi
ngcharact
ersy
oushoul
dchoose?

(
a)nat
ureofst
oredf
oodmat
eri
alsi
nthecel
l

(
b)st
ruct
ural
organi
zat
ionoft
hal
lus

(
c)chemi
calcomposi
ti
onoft
hecel
lwal
l

(
d)t
ypesofpi
gment
spr
esenti
nthecel
l.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

77.(d):Al gaear eagr oupofchl orophyll

ous,nonv ascularpl
antswi t
ht halloseplant
body.Differentalgaeshowdi fferentpigment spresentinthecelll
ikechlorophy l
l–a,b,
xanthophy l
ls,carotenesetc.Thesepi gmentspr ovidethebasef orcl
assificati
onof
vari
ousgr oupsofal gaeintodifferentclasses.ChlorophyceaepossessChl orophy l
l–a,
b pi gment s,baci l
lar
iophyceae cont ai
ns diatomi n pigment,phaeophy ceae has
fucoxanthin,rhoaopl.y
ceaehasr -phycocyaninandr -phycoery
thri
n,cyanophy ceaehas
phycobil
inpi gment.
78.Fl
agel
lat
edmal
egamet
esar
epr
esenti
nal
lthet
hreeofwhi
choneoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
set
s?

(
a)Zy
gnema,
Sapr
olegni
aandHy
dri
ll
a

(
b)Fucus,
Mar
sil
eaandCal
otr
opi
s

(
c)Ri
cci
a,Dr
yopt
eri
sandCy
cas

(
d)Ant
hocer
os,
Funar
iaandSpi
rogy
ra.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

78.(c)
:Flagel
lat
edmal egamet
esaremostl
yseenlowergroupsofpl
ant
sli
kealgae,
bry
ophytes,pter
idophyt
es.I
tisal
soseenincert
aingymnospermsli
keCycas.The
bry
ophytesli
keRicciahavet
hemal
egameteswhi
charebif
lagel
lat
e.

79.Spor
edi
ssemi
nat
ioni
nsomel
iv
erwor
tsi
sai
dedby

(
a)i
ndusi
um

(
b)cal
ypt
ra

(
c)per
ist
omet
eet
h

(
d)el
ater
s.
AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:

79.( c):Anelateri
sacel l(orst r
uctureattachedtoacel l
)thatishygroscopic,and
thereforewil
lchangeshapei nr esponset ochangesinmoi stur
eintheenv i
ronment.
Elaterscomei nav ariet
yoff orms,butar ealwaysassociatedwithplantspores.In
plantsthatdonothav eseeds,theyfuncti
onindisper
singthesporestoanewl ocati
on.
I
nt hel i
ver
worts,el
atersarecel
lsthatdevelopinthesporophyteal
ongsi
det hespores.

Theyar ecompl etecel

ls,usuall
ywithhelci
althi
ckeni
ngsatmat uri
tythatrespondt o
moi sturecont ent
.Inmostl iver
worts,theel
ater
sar eunatt
ached,butinsomel eafy
speci es( suchasFr ul
lani
a)af ew elat
erswil
lremainattachedtot heinsi
deoft he
spor angium (sporecapsule).Theel at
ersbyhy gr
oscopi
cmov ementhelpi nspor e
disper sal
.

80.I
ngy
mnosper
ms,
thepol
lenchamberr
epr
esent
s

(
a)acav
ityi
ntheov
ulei
nwhi
chpol
lengr
ainsar
est
oredaf
terpol
li
nat
ion

(b)anopeni
ngi
nthemegagamet
ophy
tet
hroughwhi
cht
hepol
lent
ubeappr
oachest
he
egg

(
c)t
hemi
crospor
angi
um i
nwhi
chpol
lengr
ainsdev
elop

(
d)acel
li
nthepol
lengr
aini
nwhi
cht
hesper
msar
efor
med.

AnswerandExpl
anat
ion:
80.(c)
:Ingymnosperms,poll
enchamberr epresent
st hemicrosporangium i
nwhich
pol
lengrai
nsdev
elop.Themicrospor
ei sgeneral
lyaglobul
arsaclikestruct
urehav
ing
l
argenumberofmicrospor
es.Themicrosporesareal
sot er
medaspol lengrai
ns