Module 2 Final

Republic of the Philippines
Pangasinan State University

College of Teacher Education
BAYAMBANG CAMPUS
Bayambang, Pangasinan
COMPILATION OF ACTIVITIES IN
STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 IN
PROFED 109: THE TEACHER AND
THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM
Prepared by:
Gavina, Gloria Angela
Loyola, Angelo
Navarrete, Kayecelyn
Oris, Mark Kenneth
Remillosa, Renz
Soriano, Fatima
Ursua, Angeline
Ventura, Brittany
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

I. Elicit/Engage
1. Use Graphic Organizer to present the various types of curricula in schools.
(Recommended, Written, Taught, Supported, Assessed, Learned, Hidden/Implicit
Curriculum)
Reference: https://counseling.education.wm.edu/blog/8-types-of-curriculum

2. Present Tree Diagram Technique on The Teacher as a Curricularist: (Knows the
Curriculum, Writes the Curriculum, Plans the Curriculum, Initiates the Curriculum,
Innovates the Curriculum, Implements the Curriculum, Evaluates the Curriculum)
Initiate the
Curriculum
Writes the
Curriculum
Innovate the
Curriculum
Knows the
Curriculum
Implements the
Curriculum
Plans the
Curriculum Evaluate the
curriculum
Reference:https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-cagayan/
psychology/the-teacher-as-a-curricularist/13781657

3.Utilize the Semantic Memory on 3 Ways of Approaching a Curriculum (Curriculum as a
Content or Body of Knowledge, Curriculum as a Process, Curriculum as a Product)
Note: A suggested Semantic Memory will serve as a guide.

Reference:https://www.academia.edu/41218130/
THREE_WAYS_OF_APPROACHING_CURRICULUM
4. Use Semantic Map Template on Curriculum Development Process Models: (Ralph Tyler
Model, Hilda Taba Model, Galen Saylor and William Alexander Curriculum Model)
Curriculum Development
Process Models
Ralph Tyler’s Hilda Taba’s Galen Saylor and

William Alexander’s
Model Model
Model
Objectives Diagnosis of Needs Goals, Objectives,

and Domains
Selection of Learning Formulating

Experiences Objectives Curriculum Designing
Organization of Selecting Content Curriculum

Learning Experiences Implementation
Organizing Content
Evaluation
Evaluation
Selecting Learning
Experiences
Organizing Learning
Experiences
Evaluation
References:https://www.differencebetween.com/what-is-the-difference-between-tyler-and-wheeler-
model-of-curriculum/

https://norhazwanishuib.wordpress.com/2017/06/18/reflective-3-taba-model-of-curriculum-development-
efland-theory cognitive/amp/?
fbclid=IwAR1AYO1NTDfocixBjG7xdhuOiq_xnwR2GKa6ujYlu4ORSkR0TW4Tle5XGTk
https://prezi.com/zofxyia_p6dg/galen-saylor-and-william-alexander-curriculum-model/?
fbclid=IwAR31jY_wqIbjcMFP2tcXsWiHBuLJEs_kktcL7arWK00gArHWjvE0qDFCe00
5. Use Novel Graphic Organizer Template presenting the compare and contrast chart on
Foundations of Curriculum Development infusing their biographies: (Philosophical,
Historical, Psychological, Social Foundations
Note: Herewith is a sample guide of Novel Graphic Organizer.

References: https://research-education-edu.blogspot.com/2020/01/psychological-foundations-of-
curriculum.html?fbclid=IwAR21XxRd6rW6HFryk6CommDctBY8Yo5DOJCWVIl8Ddir-
ahuNzQiNLNbMy8
II. Explore/Explain:
Read “The Sabre-Tooth Curriculum by Harold Benjamin (1939).
Answer the following questions:
1. Does the sabre-tooth Curriculum still exist at present? Give examples of your evidence.

A Sabre-Tooth Curriculum is considered a classic work that illustrates how an examined
tradition of schooling can result in resisting needed changes. Sabre-Tooth Curriculum still exists
now because our educational system teaches students how to do tasks on their own and lets them
do the things which can help to exercise their minds as well as their skills.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/southern-philippines-agri-business-and-marine-
and-aquatic-school-of-technology/education/educ-327-the-teacher-and-the-school-curriculum/
16126220?fbclid=IwAR1dQxyueWkX0-
obrY0KGlJiGde0KhAVX1iTbHZHbN0_SKmldXj4S_TTk3g
Loyola, Angelo
The saber tooth curriculum still exists until now because our educational system teaches
students on how to do particular tasks on their own and we let them do the things which can help
them to exercise their minds as well as their skills.
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/curriculumdevelopmentcomph/the-saber-too
Peddiwell (1939) suggests that from the Chellean age until now this curriculum always
had its own development outcomes (learning outcomes and assessment standards) that need to be
achieved before one can proceed to a higher level. This curriculum is still applicable in our
educational system today. The survival requirements that needs to the adapted according to the
OBE are; knowledge, quality, social transformation and efficiency. NCS aims to prepare learners
for everyday life, when they have completed school. The link between all this curriculums is that
all of them are focusing on equipping the learner for survival.

So yes, the sabre-tooth curriculum is still in use today. As I noticed in the present curriculum, it
focuses more on practicing students’ critical thinking skills and developing their 21st century
skills in order to become better citizens in the future. The teacher encouraged the students to
think critically and reason based on their observations and life experiences. For example, the
teacher asks students to do an activity called “Think, Pair, and Share” in order for them to
collaborate and share their ideas and opinions about a certain lesson. In that way, the learners
will think critically about the activity.
https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-SaberTooth-Curriculum-401021
Oris, Mark Kenneth

The SaberTooth Curriculum is a curriculum that adapts to the communities’ survival
needs based on the changes they must adapt to. The saber tooth curriculum, in my opinion,
continues to exist today since our educational system teaches kids how to complete specific tasks
on their own and allows them to do things that help them exercise their minds as well as their
talents.
https://sites.google.com/site/curriculumdevelopmentcomph/the-saber-too?
fbclid=IwAR0Iad_PlfRnZWRyEwnZgY4bNzMWpbrnqWAMPH_vNjH7vccuuGPkV0uhrFM
Remillosa, Renz
The Saber-Tooth Curriculum, according to Harold Benjamin (aka J. Abner Pediwell)
sketched a parable of stagnating curriculum reform. The book is a metaphorical and historical
account of the development of an educational system. This paper addresses, through Pediwell’s
perspective, the critical need to examine the foundations of how curriculum and instruction
evolve, and how we address learning to learn in preparation for a lifetime of change in the 21st
century and yes, it still exists at present.
The saber-tooth curriculum, in my opinion, still exists today since our educational system
teaches children how to accomplish certain tasks on their own and we allow them to do things
that help them exercise their minds as well as their talents. It is somehow related to outcome-
based education, the best example of this is, OBE which is a student-centered form of learning
wherein the students are independent in doing a task for the student to improve.
Source:https://janebluestein.com/2016/the-saber-tooth-curriculum-revisited-a-brief-walk-in-time/
Soriano, Fatima
I agree that sabre-tooth curriculum still exist at present because schools nowadays are
implementing constructivism wherein rather than passively absorbing information, students
construct knowledge. Students build their own representations of the world and incorporate new
information into their pre-existing knowledge as they experience it and reflect on it and as a
student, I've seen how it promotes social and communication skills by creating a classroom
environment that values collaboration and the exchange of ideas. We communicate our ideas
clearly and effectively collaborate on tasks by participating in group projects.
Ursua, Angeline

For me, the saber tooth curriculum still exists until now because our educational system
teaches students on how to do particular tasks on their own and we let them do the things which
can help them to exercise their minds as well as their skills.
(example) For example, a group of students has given a task like brainstorming in which they are
encourage to share their own knowledge with their groupmates, with these they are challenged to
use their creative mind in critical thinking and also it involves participation with their
groupmates.
(reference)
https://sites.google.com/site/curriculumdevelopmentcomph/the-saber-too
Ventura, Brittany
Sabre-tooth curriculum adapts the survival demands of the community or groups to the
different changes in our society. In the field of education, the saber-tooth curriculum still exists
at the present. Teachers are letting their students explore on their own, experience the different
conditions that are relevant to their learning, and learn to survive in modifications brought by
modernization. Moreover, the book mentioned the progressive stone-age educators that argue
regarding the new skills needed to develop including fishnet making and ways to deal with a new
menace, glacier bear. Hence, teachers are also trying to keep up with the demands of change,
especially the evolving needs and wants of learners for them to effectively and efficiently guide
students to reach their full potential such as by using multimedia as their instructional materials.
Aside from that, in relation to the saber-tooth curriculum, learners can be able to stand up on
their own, making tasks on their own which teachers only serve as facilitators, taking
examinations and quizzes without spoon-feeding.
In conclusion, the saber-tooth curriculum still exists in the present where learners and teachers
are adapting to the evolution of needs and wants of people as well as the changes that are
happening in society.
Source: https://ideasourceschool.wordpress.com/the-saber%e2%80%90tooth-curriculum/
 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As sabre-tooth curriculum exist at the present.

Teacher’s must extend, improve or incorporate active learning as much as possible. They
need to train their students and let them do task on their own and do things which can
help them to exercise critical thinking and discover their skills. Teacher’s need to move
them away from the traditional thinking and let their minds explore and do at their own
pace.
2. Describe the kind of curriculum that exists as described in the article.

The curriculum that exists in the article of the Sabre-Tooth Curriculum of Harold
Benjamin showed how schools often conduct themselves in a way that is responsive to the
emerging needs of life experiences. It is a traditional way and old system of education. It
embodies people’s resistance to change and hesitancy to embrace innovation even if it is the only
way to survive and what the age calls for.

Loyola, Angelo
The curriculum that was being described on the article actually conveys a message in a
form of the premise “we should teach them on how to catch a fish using their hands rather than
using a net.” In which it implies that we teachers/future teachers, we must teach the young on
how to manipulate their cognitions, we should let them think and we should let them do things
on their own rather than spoiling them with all their needs and covets.
The SaberTooth Curriculum is a curriculum that applies the survival needs of the
communities according to the changes that they have to adapt to (The outcomes based education
principle). According to New Fist in the Chellean age, the survival requirements where; fish-
grabbing with bare hands, wooly-horse clubbing and tiger scaring with fire (Peddiwell &
Benjamin, 1939).
The sabre-tooth curriculum conveys a message that teachers shouldn’t just teach a lesson but
should teach learners how to think and develop skills that can help in life. Teachers should teach
them how to be independent and learn on their own rather than spoil their needs and desires.
Teachers should stop spoon-feeding their students and instead let them do it for themselves.
https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-SaberTooth-Curriculum-401021
Oris, Mark Kenneth

The curriculum described in the article actually conveys a message in the form of the
premise “we should teach them how to catch a fish with their hands rather than a net,” implying
that we teachers’/future teachers must teach the young how to manipulate their cognitions, we
should let them think, and we should let them do things on their own rather than spoiling them
with all their needs and covets.
Remillosa, Renz
The curriculum that was being described in the article conveys a message in a form of the
premise that “we should teach them how to catch a fish using their hands rather than using a
net.” This implies that we teachers/future teachers, must teach the young how to manipulate their
cognitions, we should let them think and we should let them do things on their own rather than
spoiling them with all their needs and covets.
The curriculum stated in the article conveys a message in the form of a premise," implying that
the teachers/future teachers must teach the students how to manipulate their cognitions and that
teachers should just let them think and do things on their own rather than spoiling them with all
their needs and covets it should be student form of learning.

Soriano, Fatima
The curriculum that is being discussed in the article coveys a meaning that a students
must put themselves or they must be in charge with their own learning wherein it implies that
every learner must learn for themselves and they have to discover based on their prior
knowledge. Also, this describes that teachers will provide the components, as well as guidance
and instructions but the actual construction, however, must be completed by each learner in their
own mind.
Ursua, Angeline
The curriculum that was being described on the article actually conveys a message in a
form of the premise “we should teach them on how to catch a fish using their hands rather than
using a net.” In which it implies that we teachers/future teachers, we must teach the young on
how to manipulate their cognitions, we should let them think and we should let them do things
on their own rather than spoiling them with all their needs and covets.
(reference)
Ventura, Brittany
There are three curriculums developed in the book Sabre-Tooth Curriculum. These are
the catch fish with bare hands to gain hands-on experiences, cub wolly horses, and scare saber
tooth tigers. These useful skills are symbolizing the style and strategies necessary to sustain their
needs and survive – by gaining more food, having shelters, and protecting themselves from
danger. These kinds of curriculum promote learner-centered learning where educators are giving
the opportunity to their learners to think and letting do things on their own rather than advocating
spoon-feeding.
Source: https://ideasourceschool.wordpress.com/the-saber%e2%80%90tooth-curriculum/
 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As a future educator, we should teach them on how

to manipulate their cognitive domains. They need to practice at their own and seek for the
right answer within their pace and not by spoonfeeding or spoiling them with all their
needs. Give them a chance to explore and develop their skills and as their teacher guide
and help them to improve it.
3. What does the author mean, when he said “A curriculum should be timeless?” Explain.
“A curriculum should be timeless” means that the educational system should fit with the
needs of time and serve a purpose. From generation to generation, the curriculum can be an
important part of an educational system that could be used and applied in every situation as time

passes. It should not have limits. They must consider not only what is needed for today’s
education but as well as the future according to modern ways. A subject core that will retain or
even a decade because of its importance and its purpose.
Loyola, Angelo
It simply means that our education system should fit with the needs of the time and serve
a purpose. Ultimately, these curricular decisions should be made by our society to fit our needs,
rather than by individual teachers, school buildings, or districts.
rather than by individual teachers, school buildings, or districts. In addition, it shouldn’t only
focus on what it needs today but should consider what it needs in the future by developing 21st
century learners that can cope with the needs of our society. That decision should be made by
society in order to fulfill its purpose.
https://sites.google.com/site/curriculumdevelopmentcomph/the-saber-too#:~:text=3.,time%20and
%20serve%20a%20purpose.
Oris, Mark Kenneth

Simply said, our educational system should be responsive to current requirements and
serve a purpose. In the end, our society, rather than individual instructors, school buildings, or
districts, should make these curricular selections to meet our requirements.
Remillosa, Renz
The phrase A curriculum should be timeless simply implies that our educational system
should be responsive to current requirements and serve a specific purpose. Rather than individual
instructors, school buildings, or districts, our society should make these curricular selections to
meet our requirements. According to Riya (2021). The curriculum should not have limits, it
should be changed as per the time and developed according to the modern days. Everyone should
gain knowledge. The curriculum should not be rigid. The curriculum should accept the changes.
Education shouldn’t be a race. Curriculum are academic lessons designed to develop one’s
knowledge and skills and it is simply made for us to learn depending on an individual’s
capabilities to understand and comprehend each lesson, there shouldn’t be a limit on this. It
should not be restricted to a particular time or date.
Source: https://www.quora.com/What-does-a-curriculum-should-be-timeless-mean
Soriano, Fatima

It means that the curriculum does not have a limit. The change in education is based on
demand for knowledge lies in the fact that the world around us is always changing that’s why
there is always change in education. There is always improvement, development, and innovation
and the curriculum always adapts.
Ursua, Angeline
rather than by individual teachers, school buildings, or districts.
(reference)
Ventura, Brittany
This phrase simply means that the curriculum should keep abreast of the needs and
demands of the learners and should fit with the needs of the time and serve a purpose. The
curriculum should respond to the changes to improve the educational system, enhance the
learning of every learner, and give the high quality of education they deserve. Moreover, it
should be flexible depending on the adjustments in the society such as addressing/transforming
the educational system amidst of Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose and objectives of this
curriculum should be relevant to the present and must meet the challenges through time and meet
the evolving needs and wants of the society to keep pace with the changes brought by
modernization.
4. What is the difference between education and training?

Education is the acquisition of knowledge through a process of receiving or giving
instruction. It is a systematic way of learning something with the goal of acquiring knowledge. In
education, a person learns the facts, concepts, and theories. Learning to know. While training, is
the action of teaching or learning a skill or behavior on how to apply the facts, concepts, and
theories they have learned, it is more on the process of applying the skills with a goal. Learning
to do.
Loyola, Angelo
When we say training it focusing into improving individuals level of awareness. Also it
increases or improve individuals skills in one or more areas. While education is more on
improving your intellectual and developing your knowledge. Also improving higher thinking
skills and knowledge of the students so they can be a literate and knowledgeable thinker. The
difference is that, the term training implies the act of imparting a special skill or behavior to a
person, which is commonly offered to employees of operational level. While education, is a
process of systematic learning something in an institution that develops a sense of judgment and
reasoning in employees. And to add, training is undertaken in the hopes of gaining a specific

skill. Generally this skill will make you more employable. While education is undertaken in the
hopes of furthering your individual knowledge and developing your intellect.
According to Oxford Dictionary, training is the action of teaching a person or animal a
particular skill or type of behavior while education is the process of receiving or giving
systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. Training is the process of learning
something with the goal of performing a specific skill or behavior that can help you get hired
into a suitable job and that leads you to promotion. Education, on the other hand, is the
systematic process of learning something with the goal of acquiring knowledge that develops
your intellectual and critical thinking skills.
Oris, Mark Kenneth

Their differences are that — training refers to the process of teaching a special skill or
habit to a person, which is frequently provided to operational staff. While education is a process
of systematic learning something in an institution that develops a sense of judgment and
reasoning in employees, education is a process of systematic learning something in an institution
develops a sense of judgment and reasoning in employees. To add to that, training is done to
learn a specific ability. In general, this talent will increase your employability. While education
is pursued with the aim of broadening one’s knowledge and sharpening one’s mind.
Remillosa, Renz
The distinction is that training refers to the process of teaching a specific skill or habit to
a person, which is frequently provided to operational staff. While education is a process of
systematic learning something in an institution that develops a sense of judgment and reasoning
in workers, education is a process of systematic learning something in an institution that
develops a sense of judgment and reasoning in individuals. In general, this talent will increase
your employability. While education is pursued with the aim of broadening one's knowledge and
sharpening one's mind. According to Patricia Jondonero the term training implies the act of
imparting a special skill or behavior to a person, which is commonly offered to employees of
operational level. On the other hand, education is a process of systematic learning something in
an institution that develops a sense of judgment and reasoning in employees. In addition,
training is undertaken in the hopes of gaining a specific skill.
Source: https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/southern-philippines-agri-business-and-marine-
and-aquatic-school-of-technology/education/educ-327-the-teacher-and-the-school-curriculum/
16126220

Soriano, Fatima
According to Michael Armstrong; “Training is the systematic development of the
knowledge, skills and attitudes required by an individual to perform adequately a given task or
job. While according to John Dewey "Education is the development of all those capacities in the
individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfil his responsibilities.
The difference between training and education is that training is the action of learning practical
skills or types of behavior, and it is typically obtained through specific courses that target
practical skills wherein it enhances your performance or productivity, while education is the
process of student learning to broaden knowledge, awareness and mindset, as well as a process
of systematic learning something in an institution that develops a sense of judgment and
reasoning. So, it is between acquiring a specific skills (training) and acquiring a specific
knowledge (education).
Source:http://eduhutch.blogspot.com/2021/07/definition-of-education.html#:~:text=According
%20to%20John%20Dewey%20%22Education,environment%20and%20fulfil%20his
%20responsibilities.
Ursua, Angeline
The difference is that, the term training implies the act of imparting a special skill or
behavior to a person, which is commonly offered to employees of operational level. While
education, is a process of systematic learning something in an institution that develops a sense of
judgment and reasoning in employees. And to add, training is undertaken in the hopes of gaining
a specific skill. Generally this skill will make you more employable. While education is
undertaken in the hopes of furthering your individual knowledge and developing your intellect.
(reference)
Ventura, Brittany
Education and training play a big impact on a person’s growth in different fields of life.
However, these two are quite different in terms of their nature wherein, education refers to an act
of learning concepts and theories taught in a four-corner room to develop a sense of
understanding of our society such as school or university. These includes discovering and
learning wherein, students have a wide understanding of different subject areas and only learning
general concepts. It is also used for the preparation for the future career of learners. On the other
hand, training refers to the application of knowledge or education through putting that
knowledge in a particular situation, especially in the preparation of work or profession, and
improving their performance and productivity such as internship and on-the-job training. It also
has a specific understanding and only focuses on the field they took which gives them the
opportunity to master their skills and abilities in the field they are in. In conclusion, education
means gaining an understanding of the world by learning concepts while training is the
application of learning in a specific course or field.
Source:https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-training-and-education.html#:~:text=
%20The%20significant%20differences%20between%20training%20and
%20education,completely%20based%20on%20practical%20application%2C%20which...
%20More%20

 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: “ A curriculum shoud be timeless” we need to fit the
curriculum according to the learner’s need. Teachers should also consider not only the
learners needed for todays generation or education but rather consider as well as the
future education by developing 21st century learners.
II. Extend/Elaborate:
Content Focus on Foundations of Curriculum: Reflect on the following questions:
1. Identify which among the foundations of curriculum, has influenced what you have
learned in school as a college Social Studies major student.

The four major foundations of the curriculum are behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism,
and sociology, and curriculum, that influence psychology in the curriculum. As a college social
studies major student, psychology has a greater influence because in teaching it is not enough to
share your knowledge, different concepts, facts and theories, and skills but it is very vital to have
knowledge of psychology for us to understand and analyze the behavior of our students of what
is really needed according to their level of readiness to achieve an effective teaching-learning
process at an optimal level.
https://simplyeducate.me/2015/01/09/foundations-of-curriculum/
Loyola, Angelo
According to J. B Petit The aims of the curriculum are to help the student do original and
creative work. To develop a lively sense of curiosity and wonder among the students. To bring
about a holistic development of a students’ personality – physical, intellectual, emotional, social
and spiritual dimensions.
The psychological foundation is one of the four parts of the curriculum that influenced what I
learned as a Social Studies student. The reason for this is that psychology provides a foundation
for understanding the teaching and learning process. Also, as a social studies student, I chose
psychological foundation because it is related to me. As a result, two are intertwined.
Understanding human behavior and its impact on society, as well as the impact of social forces
on individuals, is fostered by psychological and social science. As a student, I learned how to
comprehend people’s actions. I also learned how to interact with others.
Source: http://jbpetithighschool.com/aims.html#:~:text=The%20aims%20of%20the
%20curriculum%20are%3A&text=To%20help%20the%20student%20do,emotional%2C
%20social%20and%20spiritual%20dimensions
According to AT Daga, 2020, philosophical foundation is essential for curriculum
development as its foundation, direction and determining the goal of education. Thus the
philosophical foundation in curriculum development guides the quality of learning, resources,

content, learning process, students position, and assessment, also interpersonal relations of
students with surroundings.
As a social studies major, the philosophical foundations of the curriculum influence what I have
learned in school. Because my teachers taught us not only the lesson, but also how to think
critically and effectively, develop skills that can help or fit into the needs of society, and
discipline us so that we know how to act in every situation.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3452144.3452151
Oris, Mark Kenneth

A social studies student I believe that all courses have a foundation since the curriculum
goal is to support all students being a social studies major historical foundation of curriculum
helped me to realize that history is the profile of past successes and failures in this curriculum
foundation would help to improve our teaching styles.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/stmarys-college-of-meycauayan/edukasyon-sa-
pagpapakatao/identify-which-among-the-foundations-of-curriculum-has-influenced-what-you-
have-learned-in-school-as-a-college-student/23075564?fbclid=IwAR0F8Oihx8ju1LfIgW-
18kGR3yWkwgD5fgvS6XKI1v5_uuwQsG85tq3pwqc
Remillosa, Renz
As a social studies student, I can say that the one that influences me the most is the Social
Foundations of Curriculum, because I have lots of knowledge in terms of the different parts of
society and existence of society. To comprehend how educational material is developed in every
community, I am knowledgeable in terms of the relationship between education and other social
institutions. To put it another way, we need to look at the social factors that form the curriculum
to understand what is taught, how it is taught, and why it is taught.
Soriano, Fatima
As a social studies major, Psychological foundation influenced what I have learned in the
school because psychology explain how a person learns and behave and I've observed that each
of us has a unique personality, as well as differences in cognitive and affective development,
social maturation, ability, motivation, aspiration, learning styles, needs, interests, and potential.
We are all unique in our own way. Based also on what our teachers taught us, we as a person
have different learning patterns and a person is different from others on how they behave.
Furthermore, as a social studies major studying society and a future educator who must
understand a student's psychological needs, it is important to understand basic psychological
needs of learners and recognize on how these needs can be transferred into curriculum.
Ursua, Angeline
Historical Foundation
Exploring the historical foundations of curriculum can promote a sense of freedom and
encourage educational reform. Reviewing the history of education allows us to step outside of
the here and now, gaining a bigger picture and seeing ourselves within it, realizing that the field

of education must remain dynamic in order to be effective. Throughout history, curricular
choices have been made out of necessity and to meet the specific needs of society at the time.
Also, it is through history that we see how predominant philosophies have defined a society’s
values, which in turn determined the current purposes of education. Through history, we learn
that programs are considered pioneering due to the different philosophies to which others
subscribe. In reviewing history, it becomes apparent that this has been the case throughout the
centuries. Ideas can change, and a group can break free of faulty suppositions; history shows that
what is now isn’t necessarily what needs to remain. In history, we see why and how things came
to be, how the demographics of a particular committee can have longreaching impact and also
that some traditions - such as are relatively new concepts after all.
(reference)
https://www.cmasas.org/philosophical-basis-teaching-and-learning-model
Ventura, Brittany
As a pre-service teacher, it is always the psychological foundation that influenced what I
have learned in school as a social studies student, but this foundation of curriculum influences
not only focuses to the major I have taken but also applicable to all subjects under the education
program. Through psychological foundation, I can be able to deeply understand my learners by
observing their behavior, attitude etc., thus, I can formulate many teaching strategies that are
suitable in my field as well as appropriate to the needs of every learner. It is important that
teachers can understand their learners, what they need or what they feel. More so, the
psychological foundation helps teachers to learn when and how they can motivate their learners
in studying and doing what they are interested in.
 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: The teacher should focus on these foundations most

especially the psychological foundation. It is because they serves as a foundation for
comprehending the teaching and learning process. These foundations and social science
can promote an understanding of human behavior and its impact on society, as well as the
impact of social forces on individuals.
2. How will the thinking of Abraham Maslow influence your teaching practice in the
future?

Abraham Harold Maslow theory was taken from Gestalt’s theory of humanism. His
concerns are with the development of human potential. In this theory, the curriculum is after the
process, not the product, and focuses on the needs of the individual, not the subject matter. It
should promote human potential. The teacher does not only concern with educating the minds of
their learners but their hearts as well.
Loyola, Angelo

In this theory Maslow’s hierarchy of need is directly related to learning through
motivation. As future educator I will be focusing on giving motivation to my students. In order to
pass or succeed in the classroom. It’s because when you motivate them the energy and effort of
the student will increase.
“One can choose to go back toward safety or forward toward growth. Growth must be
chosen again and again; fear must be overcome again and again.” – Abraham Maslow
The higher up in the hierarchy a student is, the better the motivation and therefore the student
will experience more effective learning. Maslow’s hierarchy provides a model for how students
are motivated to learn. Without the lowest layer of the hierarchy met, students cannot reach the
next level.
The thinking of Abraham Maslow will have a huge influence on my teaching. As a future
teacher, I need to consider the needs of my students. I make sure that they have a safe
environment. I make sure to ask them how their day is going and motivate them every day. I
make sure that they will learn a lot, not just lessons but also skills that they can use in their daily
life. In every lesson, I make sure that they use their critical thinking skills. I make sure that I
create a learner classroom setting. Also, I make sure that there are no students left behind.
https://www.eln.co.uk/blog/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-for-learners#:~:text=
%E2%80%93%20Abraham%20Maslow,-Taking%20all%20of&text=The%20higher%20up
%20in%20the,cannot%20reach%20the%20next%20level
Oris, Mark Kenneth

Because it is tied to Maslow’s Hierarchy, Abraham Maslow’s thinking can affect my
teaching practice in the future in a way that encourages me. Student motivation is necessary for
academic achievement. Students’ basic human needs must be satisfied at all levels of Maslow’s
hierarchy if they are to succeed academically. On the other side, it is these issues of self-esteem,
sense of belonging, safety, and physiological needs that I, as a prospective teacher, must address
in the classroom to improve my students’ ability to study and achieve.
Remillosa, Renz
According to tesmagazine, Maslow's ideas have been hugely influential in education,
with his approach to motivation affecting schools and classrooms in several ways, including:
Teaching that emphasises the role of the individual and considers the environmental factors that
may be affecting students (and therefore their learning and progress). Abraham Maslow
proposed that before people can reach their full potential, they must first satisfy a set of
requirements. However, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs might serve as a reminder to instructors
that if our pupils' basic needs are not addressed, they are less likely to achieve their full potential.
I strongly supported what Abraham Maslow stated because it is very useful to know the

importance the teaching practice in the future
Source: https://www.tes.com/magazine/archive/pedagogy-focus-abraham-
maslow#:~:text=Maslow's%20ideas%20have%20been%20hugely, therefore%20their
%20learning%20and%20progress)
Soriano, Fatima
I always hear Abraham Maslow in our lessons and his ideas have been influential in
education and I, as a future teacher, will take Abraham Maslow in my teaching as I make sure
that my students are valued and respected and I will offer them a greater support that will
motivate them to develop and make progress academically as I know that my students have basic
needs that must be met (self-actualization, esteem needs, belongingness and love needs, safety,
psychological needs). This are all important for them to study and succeed.
Ursua, Angeline
As a future educator, I believe, we all want our students to be the best they can possibly
be ie achieve self-actualisation, if not on our course then within their onward careers and lives.
Teachers may not consciously say ‘I am using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.’ but a lot of what
they do can be explained in terms of each step. It’s a bit ‘chicken and egg’ which comes first?
Theory or practice?
(reference)
https://www.tes.com/magazine/archive/pedagogy-focus-abraham-maslow
Ventura, Brittany
Realize the needs and situations of all my students. I can properly manage and address
their needs effectively. If God guarantees my financial security in the future, I will help my
learners by giving them breakfast such as boiled eggs and milk to be able to actively participate
in my class without an empty stomach. This small thing is the way I know to help them with
their psychological needs considering that teachers are the second mother/father of learners. I
also rest assured that I will give them a safe and secure environment, a conducive learning
environment, feel empathy, have a sense of belonging, boost their self-esteem, and give
recognition to their achievements most importantly, I will guide and mold them to develop their
full potentials, creativity, and personal growth.
Source:https://www.thoughtco.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-4582571#:~:text=Key
%20Takeaways%3A%20Maslow%E2%80%99s%20Hierarchy%20of%20Needs
%201%20According,and%20contributed%20to%20the%20field%20of%20positive
%20psychology.
 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As a future educator, we must focus on motivating

our students in order to succeed or pass in the class, because Students that are motivated
is more active in class discussion and in class activities.
3. Do you agree with Alvin Toffler?

Alvin Toffer is a prominent futurist and proponent of the theory of the Third Wave
Society. It means that the role ok knowledge and technology affecting changes and thus shaping
the coming of the new type of society in the future. Its concerns are on the effect of the use of
modern technology in the curriculum that will enhance a better learning outcome, a more
comprehensive and effective way for the learners to learn.
Source: https://simplyeducate.me/2015/01/09/foundations-of-curriculum/
Loyola, Angelo
Yes, I agree the twenty-first century is also known as the digital age. Toffler has spoken
about the role of technology in societal change. As an example, consider data collection. Unlike
before, when the only way to receive information was through books and interviews, we now
collect data using our gadgets. Every citizen on this planet benefits greatly from technological
advancements since technology makes our lives easier. Overuse of technology, on the other
hand, has negative consequences. There’s a chance that technology will be used to influence
humans.
In Alvin Toffler’s Future Shock, it signifies the life style evolution from past generation
to the future (which is in digital age). In Future shock, most of the written issues in the book
were happened; it is happening and not impossible to happen. In this book, He gave emphasis to
what increasingly rate of change can do to people. Within a short period of time, the world is
abruptly changes that bring confusion and too much shock to every individual. As what the
author predicted, technology changed rapidly from time to time.
I agree with Alvin Toffler. Based on my observation of what is happening now, the evolution of
things is fast. People are more focused on technology today, which makes people lazy and
learners dependent on it. Technology is part of development, but we need to be responsible for
using it. In addition, learning doesn’t only evolve through technology; students need to
communicate with peers, and having experiences outside of the classroom helps to shape them
for the future.
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Future-Shock-Reflection-FJRJXGHFZCG
Oris, Mark Kenneth

Yes, I agree with Alvin Toffler, and it is vital to remember that new technology has had a
huge impact on the nature of society, such as the relationships between individuals and political
and economic organizations. People’s lifestyles are being altered to some degree in order to
tolerate technological innovation.

Remillosa, Renz
Alvin Toffler is famous for popularizing the field of futurism with his influential book
Future Shock (1970) in this book. According to Alvin Toffler, the ever-increasing speed of
technological and cultural change in our world. He says that many of us are addled, and in some
cases overwhelmed, by the rapid pace at which we are bombarded with new information, new
technological advances, and new diversity. Following a thorough perusal of the third wave. I
wholeheartedly agree. It made sense when he discussed the social upheaval that occurred when
societies advanced into the industrial age. The elder generation is left behind and out of touch
because of technological advancements. They are blind to the inescapable changes.
Source: https://pacs.ou.edu/blog/learning-how-to-learn-reflecting-on-the-work-of-alvin-toffler/
Soriano, Fatima
I do agree with Alvin Toffler especially first with his book Future Shock wherein it
represents the evolution of lifestyle from one generation to the next which is today, the digital
age. He said that many of us are addled, and in some cases overwhelmed, by the rapid pace at
which we are bombarded with new information, new technological advances and new diversity.
Thus, the term future shock was meant to describe the sense of disorientation that we may feel as
a result of the rapid change in our world today. And since this book was published in 1970, the
future he was referring to is exactly what today's generation is experiencing.
Ursua, Angeline
Yes I agree. Alvin Toffler asserts that "nothing must be included in a curriculum unless it
will be strongly justified in terms of future" (Toffler, A., 1990:409). Curriculum is the heart of
schooling. Preparing for the Future. On the large scale, knowledge of the future prepares us and
desensitizes us to the impact of the future on us. There is a confusion and disorientation caused
by too much change too quickly when we are not prepared for it, and this is what Alvin Toffler
has labeled future shock.
(reference)
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1773262918
Ventura, Brittany
The book “Future shock” written by Alvin Toffler in the year 1970 represents his vision
regarding the progression of lifestyle from the previous generation to the future. The “Future
Shock” is based on the term 'Culture Shock' wherein, Toffler's book also deals with how the
future is coming at us so fast that we're all in a state of shock from dealing with the changes. His
writing is excellent, often illustrating large complex ideas with understandable examples, but he
doesn't over-simplify nor repeat himself. Albeit, the term "future shock" was not quite new, it
was not widely used. Toffler popularized the notion and introduced the phrase to a larger
audience in this book. However, I am absolutely agreeing with Alvin Toffler wherein, the reality
of the present is precisely the future he meant many years ago because the way of living in his
time transforms into a more technological society wherein, people are overwhelmed and

continued to keep pace with the changes happening through times and continue to embrace the
new social norm.
Source: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/466537.Future_Shock
GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As per Toffler, we must use the advancement of Technology

especially in education. Let’s use modern Technology in students’ learning not just to adapt with
the modern society, but with the advancement that they can learn even more in class discussion.

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Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Ralph Tyler’s Hilda Taba’s Galen Saylor and

Objectives Diagnosis of Needs Goals, Objectives,

Selection of Learning Formulating

Organization of Selecting Content Curriculum

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Gavina, Gloria Angela

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As sabre-tooth curriculum exist at the present.

2. Describe the kind of curriculum that exists as described in the article.

Gavina, Gloria Angela

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As a future educator, we should teach them on how

Gavina, Gloria Angela

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Gavina, Gloria Angela

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Gavina, Gloria Angela

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: The teacher should focus on these foundations most

Gavina, Gloria Angela

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As a future educator, we must focus on motivating

3. Do you agree with Alvin Toffler?

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Oris, Mark Kenneth

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

GROUP RECOMMENDATION: As per Toffler, we must use the advancement of Technology

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

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