ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LAB VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define pH?
a. pH is a quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of liquid solutions. The
pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
2. List out the types of air pollutants?
a. ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
lead
3. What is reagents?
a. A reagent is a compound or mixture added to a system to start or test a
chemical reaction.
4. What is the principle of acidity?
a. Acidity measures the concentration of free H+ in a solution
5. What is alkaline test?
a. Alkalinity is the strength of a buffer solution composed of weak acids and
their conjugate bases.
6. What are the types of acidity?
a. The first type has oxic water, low pH, and high acidity. The second type
appears in anoxic water, typically groundwater, and has higher pH values.
7. List out the reagents used in alkalinity test?
a. dilute hydrochloric acid is also used as the titrant
8. List out the reagents used in acidity test?
a. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
9. What is chloride test in water?
a. The simplest method for detecting chlorides uses silver nitrate which reacts
with the chlorides to form a cloudy white precipitate.
10. What are the effects of chlorine in water?
a. Irritation of the Eyes or Skin – Exposure to chlorine in water can lead to skin-
related issues.
11. What are the effects of acidity in water?
a. In addition to harming your body, acidic water can corrode pipes.
12. What are the effects of alkalinity in water?
a. The high pH could make your skin dry and itchy or cause an upset stomach.
13. What is turbidity in water?
 a. turbidity is the measurement of water clarity
14. What is conductivity in water?
a. Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current.
15. How to measure turbidity of water?
a. The most accurate way to measure turbidity is with a turbidimeter.
16. What is coagulant?
a. A coagulant is a chemical that is used to remove suspended solids from
drinking water.
17. What is the use of chlorine?
a. Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to drinking water to kill
parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

18. How to determine total solids in water?

a. Total solids are measured by weighing the amount of solids present in a
known volume of sample.
19. How to determine total dissolved solids in water?
a. The simplest and most effective method to check TDS levels is using a TDS
meter.
20. How to determine total fixed and volatile solids in water?
a. A well-mixed sample is evaporated in a weighed dish and dried to a constant
weight in a 103–105 °C oven.
21. What is DO test?
a. A measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water
22. What is BOD test?
a. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen
consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose
organic matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified
temperature.
23. What is COD test?
a. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly
measure the amount of organic compounds in liquid waste.
24. What are the effects of iron in water?
a. Cause yellow, red, or brown stains on dishes, laundry, and plumbing fixtures.
25. What are the effects of nitrogen in water?
 a. Nitrogen can also lead to toxic blue-green algal blooms.
26. What are the effects of pathogens in water?
a. Pathogens that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, nausea, headaches, fever,
fatigue, and even death sometimes.
27. What is residual chlorine?
a. Residual chlorine is the amount of chlorine left in the water after a certain time
or contact time.
28. What are the effects of fluoride in water?
a. Excess amounts of fluoride ions in drinking water can cause dental fluorosis,
skeletal fluorosis, arthritis, bone damage, osteoporosis, muscular damage,
fatigue, joint-related problems, and chronicle issues.
29. List out the population forecasting methods?
a. Arithmetic increase, geometric increase, incremental increase, and graphical
methods.
30. Mention the sources of water?
a. Rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water.