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From Wikipedia:
SI Units: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
The meter: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre
The second: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 7
Lecture #:____
Date:________
The Kilogram has Changed! 2022 I.R.B.
• The kilogram (kg):
– From 1889 (old definition): The mass of
cylinder made of a specific platinum-iridium alloy
stored at the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures, Sèvres, France. Known as the
IPK (International Prototype of the Kilogram) or,
often, “Le Grand K”.
– On May 20, 2019 (NEW definition): The
kilogram was redefined in terms of the Planck
constant, h, which will be fixed at exactly
h = 6.62607015 x 10-34 kilograms times meters
squared per second (kg·m2/s).
NOTE: the kg depends on the m and the s. All SI units will be defined in terms
of FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS.
See the following link for the base SI units:
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/units-measure-are-getting-fundamental-upgrade
• Examples:
* 80, 700 m = 8.07 x 104 m = 80.7 x 103 m
= 80.7 km.
* 0.0025 s = 2.5 x 10-3 s = 2.5 ms.
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #9
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 10
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Conversion of Units 2022 I.R.B.
• We treat units as algebraic quantities in
order to convert the units from one system to
another (given some accepted conversion
factor; see inside front cover of text book).
• Example: given that 1 inch = 2.54 cm, we
can convert 15 inches to cm:
2.54 cm
Length 15 in 15 in 38.1 cm
1 in
conversion factor = 1
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #10
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 11
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Units in Calculations 2022 I.R.B.
• When doing calculations, consider the
following in order to deal with the units:
– Include the units in your calculations.
– Note that some equations are only valid when
the variables in the equation are entered in
specific units.
– Treat the units as algebraic quantities.
– Use conversion factors available in the text (at
the start of the book). Remember that when
using conversion factors, you are simply
multiplying by 1, written in a specific way.
– Check the final result to make sure the units are
correct.
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #11
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 12
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Example #1: Ch. 1, Prob. #4 2022 I.R.B.
• Suppose a man’s scalp hair grows at a rate of
0.35 mm per day. What is this growth rate in feet
per century?
FROM: PHYSICS, 11th Edition, Cutnell and Johnson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #12
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 13
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Example #2: Ch. 1, Prob. #9 2022 I.R.B.
• Azelastine hydrochloride is an antihistamine
nasal spray. A standard-size container holds one
fluid ounce (oz) of the liquid. You are searching
for this medication in a European drugstore and
are asked how many milliliters (mL) there are in
one fluid ounce. Using the following conversion
factors, determine the number of milliliters in a
volume of one fluid ounce:
1 gallon (1 gal) = 128 oz,
3.785 x 10-3 cubic meters (m3) = 1 gal, and
1 mL = 10-6 m3.
FROM: PHYSICS, 11th Edition, Cutnell and Johnson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #13
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 14
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Significant Figures – a note 2022 I.R.B.
• There are accepted “rules” for dealing with
significant figures and the results of
calculations (see Appendix B of the text).
• I will, very loosely, follow the “rules”…
• Note: In a multiple-step calculation, it is
important not to round off after each step, as
this can lead to round-off error in the final
result. Instead, retain extra sig. figs., within
reason, until the end, and then round off, as
appropriate.
• WileyPLUS is very fussy about rounding off!
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #14
NOTE: Don’t round off at each stage of the multiple step calculation.
Instead, keep at least one extra sig. fig. in each step, and then round off for
the final result. This will reduce the effect of Round-Off Error.
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #17
2018
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 18
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Scalars and Vectors 2022 I.R.B.
• We require the use of vector notation to
describe physical quantities with both
magnitude and direction.
• Scalar:
Scalar A Number with Units. Can be
positive, negative or zero.
– Temperature, speed, mass, volume for example.
• Vectors:
Vectors Magnitude, Direction, and Unit.
– Position, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
and force for example.
• We will use an arrow ( ) over the quantity
to indicate that it is a vector ( a for example).
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #18
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 19
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Drawing Vectors 2022 I.R.B.
• We use arrows to graphically represent
vectors. The length of the arrow represents
the magnitude of the vector quantity and the
direction in which the arrow points gives the
direction of the vector quantity.
N For example: Let’s say that
R the vector R has a length of
200 m. Itsmagnitude is
W
30o
E written: R R 200 m
The direction of R is 30o
North of West, as shown.
S So: R = 200 m @ 30o N of W.
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #19
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 20
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Properties of Vectors 2022 I.R.B.
• To be equal,
equal vectors must have the same
magnitude (length) and direction.
• To be added or subtracted, vectors must
have the same units.
• The negative of a vector has the same
magnitude but opposite direction.
A A
B -A
A = B
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #20
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 21
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Vector Addition: Graphically 2022 I.R.B.
• To add vectors graphically,
graphically the tail of each
vector is connected to the tip of the previous
vector (with the vectors drawn to the same
scale). For example find the sum of the
three vectors:
R A BC
C
A
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #21
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 22
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Subtraction and Multiplication 2022 I.R.B.
• Subtraction of a vector is accomplished by
adding the negative of the vector.
• Multiplication or division of a vector by a
scalar results in a vector for which:
– only the magnitude changes if the scalar is
positive
– the magnitude changes and the direction is
reversed if the scalar is negative.
A A
B
-B
3A
A B A ( B) -3A
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #22
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 23
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Vector Components 2022 I.R.B.
• In the figure below, the vector A can be
expressed as the sum of the two
perpendicular vectors: Ax (along the
x-axis) and Ay (along the y-axis). Ax and Ay
are the vector components of A.
y
A Ax Ay
A
Ay
x
Ax
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #23
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 24
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Scalar Components of a Vector 2022 I.R.B.
• The projections of a vector along the axes of
a rectangular co-ordinate system are called
scalar components.
components These components
are positive or negative numbers (you apply
the correct sign) with units.
y Ax A cos
A y A sin
Ay = A sin
A
A Ax2 A 2y
x 1 A y
Ax = A cos tan
Ax
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #24
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 25
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Unit Vectors 2022 I.R.B.
• Unit Vectors are dimensionless vectors of
unit length (magnitude = 1) and are used to
specify direction only.
^ points in the positive x
• The x unit vector, x,
direction. (Say “x cap”.)
^ points in the positive y
• The y unit vector, y,
direction. (Say “y cap”.)
y
^y
^ x
x
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #25
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 26
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Vector Components 2022 I.R.B.
• In the figure below, using unit vector
notation: Ax=Axx^ and Ay=Ayy^are the vector
components of A.
y
Notice:
Ay= Ay ^y
A A Ax A y
^y
A Ax xˆ A y yˆ
x
^
x Ax=Ax x^
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #26
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 27
Lecture #:____
Date:________
For a Vector to be Zero... 2022 I.R.B.
• In order for a vector to be zero,
zero each and
every component of that vector must be
zero. For a two dimensional vector, A = 0,
we have:
the vector, and scalar, components must
each be zero:
Ax 0 Ax 0
and
Ay 0 Ay 0
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #27
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 28
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Vector Addition with Components 2022 I.R.B.
• To add vectors
by components:
For: R A B C
– Find the x and y components of all of the vectors
to be added and give them proper signs (+ or -).
– Add all x components to get Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx +
– Add all y components to get Ry = Ay + By + Cy +
– Then:
Caution:
R Rx2 R 2y
Be sure to consider
from where the
1 R y
tan angle has been
Rx measured.
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #28
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 29
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Using Unit Vectors 2022 I.R.B.
• With unit vectors, vector addition and
subtraction is straightforward:
For:
C A B ( Ax Bx ) xˆ ( Ay B y ) yˆ
and:
D A B ( Ax Bx ) xˆ ( Ay B y ) yˆ
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #31
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 32
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Example #5: Ch. 1, Prob. #54 2022 I.R.B.
• A grasshopper makes four jumps. The
displacement vectors are:
(1) 27.0 cm, due west;
(2) 23.0 cm, 35.0o south of west;
(3) 28.0 cm, 55.0o south of east; and
(4) 35.0 cm, 63.0o north of east.
• Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant
displacement vector (i.e. where did it end up
relative to where it started). Express the direction
with respect to due west.
FROM: PHYSICS, 11th Edition, Cutnell and Johnson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #32
PHYS.1301: Intro. to Physics -- Lecture Slides Spring 2022 Page 33
Lecture #:____
Date:________
Example #6: Ch. 1, Prob. #56 2022 I.R.B.
• The route followed by a hiker consists of three
displacement vectors A, B, and C. Vector A is
along a measured trail and is 1550 m in a
direction 25.0° north of east. Vector B is not
along a measured trail, but the hiker uses a
compass and knows that the direction is 41.0°
east of south. Similarly, the direction of vector C
is 35.0° north of west. The hiker ends up back
where she started, so the resultant displacement is
zero, or A + B + C = 0. Find the magnitudes of
(a) vector B and (b) vector C.
FROM: PHYSICS, 11th Edition, Cutnell and Johnson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018
Lecture #:_____ Date: May 1, 2022 © 2022 I.R.B. Chapter 1 Slide #33