Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Notes
Notes
Notes
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Matrices
Notes
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Matrices
It is a mode of representing Data to ease calculation.
The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute, rows of the matrix and
the vertical lines of elements are said to constitute, columns of the matrix.
A matrix having m rows & n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply
m × n matrix
General representation of Matrices m xn is
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Numerical:
Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women
workers in three factories I, II and III. Represent the information in form of a 3
× 2 matrix. What does the entry in the third row and second column represent
Solution:
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Numerical:
Solution:
Since this Matrix has 3 rows & 4 columns, the order is 3 x 4.
Using the convention
Types of Matrices
• Column Matrices
• Row Matrices
• Square Matrices
• Diagonal Matrices
• Scalar Matrices
• Identity Matrices
• Zero Matrices
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
1. Row Matrices: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one Row.
In general, A = [aij] 1 × n is a column matrix of order 1 x n.
• If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then elements (entries) a11, a22, ...,
ann are said to constitute the diagonal, of the matrix A.
• Note: diagonal elements come only in case of Square matrix
Diagonal Matrices:
A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero. That is a matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a
diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j.
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Identity Matrices: A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1
and rest is all zero is called an identity matrix. We denote the identity matrix of
order n by In. Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix when k = 1. But
every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.
Zero Matrices: A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its
elements are zero. We denote zero matrix by O.
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Equality of matrices
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
• they are of the same order
• each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij =
bij for all i & j.
Numerical:
Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations
Solution:
Comparing two matrices we get x=1, y=4 & z=3
Operation on Matrices
• Addition of matrices
• Subtraction of matrices
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Addition of Matrices:
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n. Then, the
sum of the two matrices A and B is defined as a matrix C = [cij]m × n, where cij =
aij + bij, for all possible values of i and j.
The two matrices have to be of the same order. if A and B are not of the same
order, then A + B is not defined
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Numerical:
Solution
Subtraction of Matrices
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n. Then, the
difference of the two matrices A and B is defined as a matrix C = [cij]m × n, where
cij = aij - bij, for all possible values of i and j.
The two matrices have to be of the same order. if A and B are not of the same
order, then A - B is not defined
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Numerical:
Solution:
Commutative Law : If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say m ×
n, then A + B = B + A.
Associative Law : For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the same
order, say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Existence of additive identity : Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m ×
n zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words, O is the additive identity
for matrix addition.
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
If it is told that the apple & Orange that Tina, Abdul & Minu has is doubled,
then we have to multiply each of these matrices elements by 2. Here 2 is a
scalar quantity.
Numerical:
Solution:
Solving we get
X=3, y=6, z=9 & t=6
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Using the Product of Matrices we can say that Amit will have to pay 79 if he
buys from shop 1 & 62 if he has to buy from shop 2. Similarly Aditi has to pay
46 if she buys from shop 1 & 35 if she buys from shop 2.
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Numerical:
Solution:
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Eg
Here A x B = 0
Commutative Law : If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say m ×
n, then A + B = B + A.
Associative Law : For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the same
order, say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
If it is told that the apple & Orange that Tina, Abdul & Minu has is doubled,
then we have to multiply each of these matrices elements by 2. Here 2 is a
scalar quantity.
Numerical:
Solution:
Solving we get
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
If A = [aij] & B = [bij] be two matrices of same order, say m × n, and k and l are
scalars, then
Multiplication of 2 matrices
Amit wants to buy 5 eraser 7 pencils & Aditi wants to buy 3 eraser 4 pencils
What will be the cost when Amit & Aditi buys these items from Shop 1 & Shop
2.
We can represent this data using matrix & use the concept of multiplication of
two matrices to find the total price.
Using the Product of Matrices we can say that Amit will have to pay 79 if he
buys from shop 1 & 62 if he has to buy from shop 2. Similarly Aditi has to pay
46 if she buys from shop 1 & 35 if she buys from shop 2.
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Solution:
We know that, for real numbers a, b if ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b = 0. This need not be
true for matrices.
Eg
Here A x B = 0
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Transpose of a Matrix
Numerical:
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Solution:
Numerical:
Solution:
Notice that aji = – aij for all possible values of i and j. Thus it is a skew symmetric
matrix.
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Operation 1:
Operation2:
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
Invertible Matrices
Note:
a. A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix, since for products BA
and AB to be defined and to be equal, it is necessary that matrices A and B
should be square matrices of the same order.
Numerical:
Solution:
www.learnohub.com
Class 12 Mathematics | Matrices | Notes
****************
www.learnohub.com