HYPERTENSION

Silent Killer

Prepared by : Supervised by :
Adeeb Abdulsalam DR, JANAN
Nihad Nazil ATROSHI
Muhammed Mahdi
Snds Ihsan
Payman Najeh
 Outlines :
• What is hypertension
• Symptoms of hypertension
• Types of hypertension
• Causes of hypertension
• Risk factor of hypertension
• Complications
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Treatment
• Nursing care for hypertension
What is Hypertension
• Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls
of the body’s arteries, the major blood vessels in the body. Hypertension
is when blood pressure is too high.

• Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number

represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or
beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the
vessels when the heart rests between beats.

Hypertension is diagnosed if, when it is measured on two different days,

the systolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥140 mmHg and/or
the diastolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥90 mmHg.
•
 Common symptoms of
hypertension
• Hypertension is called a "silent killer". Most people with hypertension
are unaware of the problem because it may have no warning signs or
symptoms. For this reason, it is essential that blood pressure is measured
regularly.

• When symptoms do occur, they can include

• 1-early morning headaches, 2-nosebleeds, 3-irregular heart
rhythms, 4-vision changes, 5-buzzing in the ears.
• 6-Severe hypertension can cause fatigue, 7-nausea,
• 8-vomiting, 9-confusion, 10-anxiety, 11-chest pain,
• 12-muscle tremors.
 COMMON MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY THAT
USED IN HYPERTENSION
v Endothelial Dysfunction: Impaired function of the endothelium,
the inner lining of blood vessels, which can contribute to
hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
v Sympathetic Nervous System: The part of the autonomic
nervous system that controls involuntary functions and plays a
role in regulating blood pressure.
v Peripheral Resistance: Resistance to blood flow in the peripheral
arteries, which can affect blood
• Hypertensive Encephalopathy: Brain dysfunction caused by
severely elevated blood pressure, which can lead to symptoms
such as confusion, seizures, and coma.
 Types of Hypertension

v Primary or essential hypertension :with no known

cause .This type develops slowly over many years and
with age. It is by far the most common type of
hypertension.

v Secondary hypertension :Some people might have

high blood pressure caused by another disease. In this
case, it is called secondary hypertension. This type may
appear suddenly and can cause higher blood pressure
than the primary hypertension.
 What are the causes of HT ?

Many diseases and medications might lead to secondary

hypertension, including:

§ Narrowing of the arteries that supply the kidneys

§ Chronic kidney disease or failure
§ Abnormalities in the endocrine system, such as overactive
adrenal glands, problems with the thyroid gland, etc.
§ Congenital (condition present at birth) defects in the large blood
vessels
§ Certain medications, such as birth control pills, cold medications
(decongestant pills for sinus), anti-inflammatory pain killer
drugs, cortisone, etc.
§ Illegal drugs, such as cocaine
§ Pregnancy in some women
 COMMON MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY THAT USED
IN HYPERTENSION

v Isolated Systolic Hypertension: A condition characterized by elevated

systolic blood pressure with normal diastolic blood pressure.
v White Coat Hypertension: A phenomenon where blood pressure is higher
when measured in a medical setting due to anxiety or stress.
v Prehypertension: Blood pressure levels that are higher than normal but not
high enough to be diagnosed as hypertension.
v Essential Hypertension: Another term for primary hypertension, where the
cause is unknown.
v Arteriosclerosis: The thickening and hardening of the arterial walls, which can
contribute to hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions.
v Peripheral Resistance: Resistance to blood flow in the peripheral arteries, which can
affect blood pressure levels.
 What are the risk factors for
Hypertension?
v Modifiable risk factors include
§ Unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in
saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and
vegetables).
§ Physical inactivity,
§ Consumption of tobacco and alcohol.
§ Overweight or obese.
§ Caffeine
v Non-modifiable risk factors include
• Family history of hypertension,
• Age over 65 years
• Co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.
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 COMMON MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY THAT
USED IN HYPERTENSION
v Hypertensive Heart Disease: Damage to the heart muscle or blood
vessels as a result of long-term high blood pressure.
v Hypertensive Nephropathy: Kidney damage caused by chronic high
blood pressure.
v Pulmonary Hypertension: High blood pressure in the arteries of the
lungs, which can lead to shortness of breath and heart failure.
v Labile Hypertension: Fluctuations in blood pressure that vary widely
throughout the day.
v Malignant Hypertension: A severe form of hypertension
characterized by rapidly increasing
This quick and painless test
measures the heart's electrical
activity. It can tell how fast or
how slow the heart is beating
Prevention
ü Reducing salt intake (to less than 5g daily).
ü Eating more fruit and vegetables.
ü Being physically active on a regular basis.
ü Avoiding use of tobacco.
ü Avoiding alcohol consumption.
ü Limiting the intake of foods high in saturated fats.
ü Eliminating/reducing trans fats in diet.
ü Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily

v Management

• Reducing and managing stress.

• Regularly checking blood pressure.
• Treating high blood pressure.
• Managing other medical conditions
COMMON MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
THAT USED IN HYPERTENSION
v Blood Pressure Cuff: The device used to measure blood
pressure, also known as a sphygmomanometer.
v Hypertension Emergency: A situation where blood
pressure is severely elevated and requires immediate
medical attention to prevent organ damage.
v Renovascular Hypertension: High blood pressure caused
by narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply
blood to the kidneys.
v Target Organ Damage: Damage to organs such as the
heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes as a result of prolonged
high blood pressure.
 TREATMENT
v MEDICATIONS

v Water pills (diuretics): include chlorthalidone, hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) and

others.
v Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors captopril and others.
v Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): include candesartan (Atacand
v Calcium channel blockers: include amlodipine (Norvasc
v Alpha blockers.: doxazosin (Cardura), prazosin (Minipress) and others
v Alpha-beta blockers: Alpha-beta blockers include carvedilol (Coreg) and labetalol
(Trandate).
v Beta blockers: metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL, Kapspargo sprinkle) and others.
v Renin inhibitors.
v Vasodilators: include hydralazine and minoxidil..
 NURSING CARE FOR
HYPERTENSION
• 1. Blood Pressure Monitoring
• 2. Medication Management
• 3. Lifestyle
• 4. Patient Education
• 5. Complication Assessment
• 6. Regular Follow-ups
• 7. Emotional Support
• 8. Collaboration with Healthcare Team
• 9. Patient Empowerment
• 10. Health Promotion
 COMMON MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY THAT USED IN
HYPERTENSION
v Renal Hypertension: High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or
abnormalities in the renal arteries.
v Salt Restriction: Dietary restriction of sodium intake, which is often
recommended as part of hypertension management.
v Stroke Volume: The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each
heartbeat, which can influence blood pressure levels.
v Vascular Compliance: The ability of blood vessels to expand and
contract in response to changes in blood pressure, which affects overall
cardiovascular health.
v Pheochromocytoma: A rare tumor of the adrenal glands that can cause
excessive release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to
hypertension.
 REFERENCES
• Hypertension: New Frontiers—A Textbook of Cardiology
• Hypertension: A Case-Based Approach
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4314-hypertension-high-
blood-pressure
• https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure
 THANK YOU

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