Postcholecystectomy Syndrome - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf 15/3/23 14:29

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Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
Rasiq Zackria; Richard A. Lopez.

Author Information and Affiliations

Last Update: August 29, 2022.

Continuing Education Activity

Post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) is the term used to describe the persistence of biliary
colic or right upper quadrant abdominal pain with a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms similar
to those in patients with cholecystitis prior to cholecystectomy. As the name suggests, this
syndrome can represent either a continuation of symptoms caused by gallbladder pathology or
the development of new symptoms. The symptoms include fatty food intolerance, nausea,
vomiting, heartburn, flatulence, indigestion, diarrhea, jaundice, and intermittent episodes of
abdominal pain. Post-cholecystectomy syndrome can present early, typically in the post-
operative period, but can also manifest months to years after surgery.

Objectives:

Explain the pathophysiology of post-cholecystectomy syndrome.

Explain when post-cholecystectomy syndrome should be suspected and what evaluation

should be done.

Describe the management of post-cholecystectomy syndrome.

Describe how enhanced coordination of the interprofessional team can lead to more rapid
detection of post-cholecystectomy syndrome and subsequently enhance the detection of
pathology and allow for treatment when indicated.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Introduction
Post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) is the term used to describe the persistence of biliary
colic or right upper quadrant abdominal pain with a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, which
are similar to the features experienced by an individual before cholecystectomy.[1] As the name
suggests, this syndrome can represent either a continuation of symptoms caused by gallbladder
pathology or development of new symptoms that usually correlate with the gallbladder. The
symptoms include fatty food intolerance, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, flatulence, indigestion,
diarrhea, jaundice, and intermittent episodes of abdominal pain.[2] Post-cholecystectomy
syndrome can present early, typically in the post-operative period, but can also manifest months
to years after surgery.

Etiology
Early studies focused primarily on anatomic abnormalities identified at the time of exploratory
surgery. An improved understanding of disorders/etiologies has grown with improvements in
technology and imaging studies affecting the preoperative approach to these patients. Post-

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cholecystectomy syndrome may result from organic or functional diseases of the gastrointestinal
tract and can be further classified based on the origin of symptoms[2][3][4]:

Most commonly, practitioners overlook extrabiliary disorders like reflux esophagitis,

peptic ulcer disease, IBS, or pancreatitis as causes of post-cholecystectomy syndrome

Primarily reported extrabiliary causes to include gastrointestinal causes like pancreatitis

and its complications, pancreatic tumors, hepatitis, esophageal diseases, mesenteric
ischemia, diverticulitis, and peptic ulcer disease

However, biliary etiologies known to cause post-cholecystectomy syndrome include such

as bile salt-induced diarrhea, retained calculi, bile leak, biliary strictures, cystic duct
remnant, stenosis, and dyskinesia of the sphincter of Oddi

Extra-intestinal causes like psychiatric and neurologic disorders, intercostal neuritis,

wound neuroma, coronary artery disease, and unexplained pain syndromes can also cause
symptoms consistent with post-cholecystectomy syndrome

Epidemiology
Approximately 500000 cholecystectomies were performed each year in the late 1990s in the
United States; mostly laparoscopic. About 50000 or more cases of PCS occurred each year with
at least 10% of patients developing PCS. The frequency of PCS varies widely in the literature
with 5 to 30% of patients reported to have post-cholecystectomy syndrome. International
incidence of post-cholecystectomy syndrome is almost identical to the United States. One study
found that 65% of patients had no symptoms, 28% presented with mild symptoms, while only
2% had severe symptoms.[5] This study also found that the cause of post-cholecystectomy
syndrome was by functional disorders in 26% of patients. Previous investigations attempted to
evaluate the preoperative risk of cholecystectomy on the symptoms, but results were
contradictory due to variations of the study design.[6] Although no preoperative risk
stratification exists, certain factors make an individual more likely to develop PCS[7]:

Urgent surgery presents a higher risk of developing PCS

If cholelithiasis is present, 10-25% of patients develop PCS - if absent, approximately 30%

develop PCS

There is an exponential increase in the risk of developing PCS with increasing duration of
preoperative symptoms

About 20% of patients will develop PCS whether choledochotomy is performed or not

One study identified age and sex differences in the incidence of PCS with patients aged 20 to 29
years with an incidence of 43% while those aged 30 to 69 years had an incidence of 21 to 31%
and a female-to-male incidence ratio of 1.8:1.[8]

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology is related to alterations in bile flow suggested by the removal of the
reservoir function of the gallbladder altering bile flow. Bile is thought to be the main trigger in
patients with mild gastroduodenal symptoms or diarrhea. While our current knowledge about the
pathophysiology of post-cholecystectomy syndrome has improved since the introduction of

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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincter of Oddi

manometry (ESOM) in diagnostic circumstances, the pathophysiology is not yet fully
understood. Post-cholecystectomy syndrome is thought to be caused by organic or functional
disease of the gastrointestinal tract and can be further classified into patients with symptoms of
non-biliary and biliary origin for systematic evaluation.

History and Physical

An accurate history and physical is essential towards guiding the workup towards diagnosing a
patient with post-cholecystectomy syndrome as a wide range of symptoms may be noted. These
symptoms often correlate with the gallbladder with 90% of patients presenting with colic, 75%
presenting with pain, 38% with fever, 25% with jaundice, and about 35% with diarrhea or
nausea.[8] The cause of PCS is identifiable in most patients. The workup varies based on the
clinical presentation with a complete examination of the patient in an attempt to identify a
specific etiology for the symptoms and exclude serious postcholecystectomy complications.
Close attention is given to prior workup and diagnosis, surgical and pathologic findings, and any
postoperative problems. Further workup is aimed at the most likely diagnosis while excluding
other possible etiologies.

Evaluation
Initial post-cholecystectomy syndrome workup would usually include:

Complete blood count (CBC) to eliminate infectious etiologies

Complete metabolic panel (CMP), amylase, lipase, and prothrombin time (PT) to evaluate
for possible hepatobiliary or pancreatic diseases

A blood gas analysis if the patient is acutely toxic appearing

If the above are within reference ranges, repeating these studies when symptoms are present
should be considered. Also, other laboratory studies may be indicated to rule out other etiologies
including gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), hepatitis panel, thyroid function, and cardiac
enzymes.

Radiographic studies should also be pursued with chest radiography to screen for pulmonary and
mediastinal conditions. Abdominal films should also be obtained in most cases. An abdominal
ultrasound is a quick, inexpensive and noninvasive method to evaluate the hepatobiliary system,
pancreas, and surrounding areas. Common bile duct (CBD) dilation of up to 10mm is normal,
while dilation exceeding 10mm, in most cases, is diagnostic of obstruction distally suggestive of
retained stone, CBD stricture, or ampullary stenosis. Computed tomography (CT) can assist in
identifying pancreatitis or complications from pancreatitis such as pseudocysts. Nuclear imaging
such as a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan may demonstrate a biliary leak or help
identify sphincter of Oddi dysfunction as a potential cause although differentiation between
stenosis and dyskinesia is difficult. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a valuable tool for
determining which patients would require endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP); the use of EUS aided in reducing the number of patients who received ERCP by 50%
and may be useful in identifying cystic remnant stones.[9] Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
allows direct visualization of the ampulla of Vater and evaluates the mucosa throughout from the
esophagus to the duodenum for signs of disease. ERCP is considered the most helpful test for
diagnosis of the postcholecystectomy syndrome as about half the patients with PCS have a

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biliary etiology for the disease. Therapeutic maneuvers including stone extraction, sphincter
dilation, or sphincterotomy can be performed at the time of the ERCP. Percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography (PTC) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is an option
for those patients who are unable to undergo ERCP.

Treatment / Management
Post-cholecystectomy syndrome is generally a temporary diagnosis as further workup establishes
an organic or functional diagnosis. Upon determining the diagnosis, treatment should be guided
by the specific diagnosis made and may include pharmacologic or procedural approaches.

Pharmacologic approach

The goal of pharmacotherapy is to prevent complications and reduce morbidity. The following
approaches may be pursued in the management of patients with PCS[10]:

Administration of bulking agents, antispasmodics, or sedatives may be beneficial in

patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Cholestyramine may be helpful for patients with diarrhea alone

For patients with GERD or gastritis symptoms, antacids, histamine-2 blockers, or proton-
pump inhibitors may provide relief from symptoms

One study demonstrated that patients with dyspeptic symptoms correlated with the
concentration of gastric bile salt - however, this has not been reproducible; these patients
may benefit from bile acid binders such as cholestyramine.

Procedural approach

Procedural therapy should point towards the specific diagnosis, just like pharmacologic
therapy[3][11]. Surgery is an option when there is a well established and identifiable etiology
known to respond to operative intervention. ERCP is the most commonly pursued procedure as it
can be both diagnostic and therapeutic. Rarely, no cause of PCS is identifiable on initial workup
and ERCP. In these cases, that may also prove to be refractory to medical therapy; exploratory
surgery may be necessary. If exploration is unrevealing, the patient may respond to
sphincteroplasty.

In cases of post-cholecystectomy syndrome resulting from remnant cystic duct lithiasis or

Mirizzi syndrome, stone extraction by endoscopic therapy may be sufficient. However, surgical
excision of the remnant cystic duct may be necessary in some cases to prevent future
development of PCS[12].

Differential Diagnosis
As symptoms of post-cholecystectomy syndrome may originate from other organic diseases of
the gastrointestinal tract, differential diagnosis can be difficult and often extensive. To identify an
underlying organic disorder, a thorough history, physical examination, laboratory studies,
abdominal imaging, and/or endoscopy may be useful, which will help identify or rule out either
biliary or non-biliary etiologies of PCS.

Prognosis

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The outcome and prognosis in post-cholecystectomy syndrome vary by the patients and
conditions encountered including the procedures that may be performed. One study showed that
75% of patients demonstrated good relief of pain on long-term follow-up.[13] Follow-up care
should be emphasized by the physician to ensure appropriate postoperative management.

Complications
Complications after undergoing cholecystectomy include the development of diarrhea or bloating
due to alteration of biliary flow. There is also the possibility of having a cystic duct remnant that
could potentially lead to stone formation and cause Mirizzi syndrome. In patients with stent
placement during ERCP, it is crucial to ensure timely removal of the biliary stent within 3 to 6
months to prevent the development of occlusion, migration of the stent or cholangitis.

Deterrence and Patient Education

Post-cholecystectomy syndrome affects about 10 to 15% of patients who undergo
cholecystectomy. Patients should receive education on the possibility of development of PCS
before undergoing cholecystectomy. Effective communication between the patient and physician
regarding frequently associated postoperative problems will help reveal subtle symptoms of PCS.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Each patient requires an interprofessional team of healthcare professionals working in tandem to
provide the most effective and appropriate care. This cohesive effort is beneficial for the patient
presenting with symptoms consistent with post-cholecystectomy syndrome as the etiology can
vary greatly. Early recognition of the etiology can be essential to prevent worse outcomes for
these patients. an interprofessional approach with surgeons, nurses, and gastroenterologists
involved from the initial onset of symptoms is critical to the care of these patients. While nurses
may help prevent worsening outcomes by alerting physicians of any change in clinical status, the
technicians (surgical or endoscopic) may assist the physician in appropriately treating the patient.
Filip et al.[9] highlighted an algorithmic approach for the initial evaluation of the PCS patient
that decreased the number of unnecessary invasive procedures and resulted in decreased
morbidity and mortality. Further studies should evaluate the role of such an algorithmic approach
in the management of PCS patients.

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References
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[PubMed: 1990874]

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