CH.

NO#4
QUADRATIC
EQUQTIONS
Quadratic Equation: The second degree equation is
called quadratic equation.
The standard form of quad. equation is: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ,
where 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants, 𝑥 is a variable (i.e. unknown).
If b = 0 , then 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐 = 0 is called “pure quadratic”.
Methods of solution of quadratic equation:
(i): By factorization
(ii): By completing square.
(iii): By using quadratic formula.
Quadratic Formula:
State and prove Quadratic Formula.
Proof: Consider the quadratic eq. in standard form: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 0
To prove this formula, we use completing square method.
Step(i): Take constant on R.H.S. ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 = −𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
Step(ii): Dividing by 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 = − 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2(2𝑎)𝑥 = − 𝑎
𝑏 2 2 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
Step(iii): Adding 2𝑎 on both sides ⇒𝑥 +2 𝑥+ = −𝑎
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑏 2 𝑏2 𝑐 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 4𝑎2 − 𝑎 = 4𝑎2
Step(iv): Taking squaring root on both sides
𝑏 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒𝑥+ 2𝑎
= ± 4𝑎2 = ± 2𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒𝑥 = − 2𝑎 ± 2𝑎 = 2𝑎
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
⇒𝑥 = 2𝑎
, 𝑎 ≠ 0, which is called “quadratic formula”
 EXERCISE NO#4.1
Solve the following equations by factorization:
Q.No#1: 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
Sol: The given equation can be written as:
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
⇒3𝑥 𝑥 + 1 + 1 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
If 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
1
If 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 3
1
∴ the solution set = −1 , − 3
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Q.No#4: 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
Sol: The given equation can be written as:
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒𝑥 𝑥 + 1 − 2 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 = 0
If 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
If 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
∴ the solution set = −1 , 2
Q.No#5: 𝑥 𝑥 + 7 = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4 ⇒ 0 = 𝑥 2 − 4
⇒ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
∴ the solution set ±2
…………………………………………………………………………..
𝑥 𝑥+1 5
Q.No#6: + =
𝑥+1 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥 +(𝑥+1)(𝑥+1) 5
⇒ =
𝑥(𝑥+1) 2
2 2
⇒2 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 5𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
⇒ 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 − 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 0
⇒ −𝑥 2 −𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 +𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
⇒𝑥 𝑥 − 1 + 2 𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 = 0
If 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
If 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
∴ the solution set = 1 , −2
 𝑎 𝑏
Q.No#9: 𝑎𝑥−1 + 𝑏𝑥−1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑏 𝑏−𝑎𝑏𝑥+𝑎
⇒ −𝑏 + −𝑎 = 0⇒ + =0
𝑎𝑥−1 𝑏𝑥−1 𝑎𝑥−1 𝑏𝑥−1
1 1
⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 + =0
𝑎𝑥−1 𝑏𝑥−1
𝑏𝑥−1+𝑎𝑥−1
⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎𝑥−1)(𝑏𝑥−1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑎+𝑏
If 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏
2
If 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 2
∴ the solution set = 𝑎𝑏 , 𝑎+𝑏
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Formulas: (i): 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 2

(ii): 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 2
Solve the following equations by completing square:
Q.No#9: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 899 = 0
Sol: To solve this equation, we use following steps:
Step (i): Make coefficient of 𝑥 2 as 1 ( if not already).
Step(ii): Take constant on R.H.S.
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 899 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2(1)(𝑥) = 899
Step(iii): Adding 1 2 on both sides
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2 1 𝑥 + 1 2 = 899 + 1 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 2 = 900
Step(iv): taking of both side
⇒ 𝑥 − 1 2 = ± 900 ⇒𝑥 − 1 = ±30
If 𝑥 − 1 = 30 , ⇒ 𝑥 = 31
If 𝑥 − 1 = −30 , ⇒ 𝑥 = −29
∴ the solution set = 31 , −29
Q.No#12: 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 648 = 0
Sol: To solve this equation, we use following steps:
Step (i): Make coefficient of 𝑥 2 as 1 ( if not already).
Step(ii): Take constant on R.H.S.
3
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 648 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2 (𝑥) = 648
2
3 2
Step(iii): Adding on both sides
2
2 3 3 2 3 2
⇒ 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 2 = 648 +
2 2
3 2 9 2601
⇒ 𝑥− = 648 + 4 = 4
2
Step(iv): taking of both side
3 2 2601 3 51
⇒ 𝑥 −2 =± ⇒𝑥 − = ±
4 2 2
3 51 51 3 54
If 𝑥 − = , ⇒ 𝑥 = + = = 27
2 2 2 2 2
3 51 51 3 48
If 𝑥 −2
= − 2 , ⇒ 𝑥 = − 2 + 2 = − 2 = −24
∴ the solution set = 27 , −24
Q.No#14: 2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 110 = 0
Sol: To solve this equation, we use following steps:
Step (i): To make coefficient of 𝑥 2 as 1, divide both sides by 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 55 = 0
Step(ii): Take constant on R.H.S.
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 55 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2(3)(𝑥) = 55
Step(iii): Adding 3 2 on both sides
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2 3 𝑥 + 3 2 = 55 + 3 2 = 64
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 2 = 64
Step(iv): taking of both side
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 2 = ± 64 ⇒𝑥 + 3 = ±8
If 𝑥 + 3 = 8 , ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
If 𝑥 + 3 = −8 , ⇒ 𝑥 = −11
∴ the solution set = 5 , −11
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Q.No#14: 2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 110 = 0
Sol: To solve this equation, we use following steps:
Step (i): To make coefficient of 𝑥 2 as 1, divide both sides by 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 55 = 0
Step(ii): Take constant on R.H.S.
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 55 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2(3)(𝑥) = 55
Step(iii): Adding 3 2 on both sides
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 2 3 𝑥 + 3 2 = 55 + 3 2 = 64
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 2 = 64
Step(iv): taking of both side
⇒ 𝑥 + 3 2 = ± 64 ⇒𝑥 + 3 = ±8
If 𝑥 + 3 = 8 , ⇒ 𝑥 = 5
If 𝑥 + 3 = −8 , ⇒ 𝑥 = −11
∴ the solution set = 5 , −11
………………………………………………………………………………………….