________________________________________

Module 04:

City Growth
ARC1501 – Urban Design 1
Prepared by: Ar. Juwena Yu
________________________________________
 Module 4
Lecture Coverage
• Theory of Urban Structure
• Places
• Urban Morphology and its Drivers
• Elements of the Concept of Urban Space
 THEORY OF
URBAN STRUCTURE
CITY
• a pattern of human settlement.
• exhibit functional structure
Where are cities located?
• Site
- the physical/natural characteristics and exact location of the
community/settlement itself.
• Situation
- refers to the features of the region that surround the specific
settlement.
- The situation may include factors such as economic
capability, relation to other central places, transportation and
direction.
- The situation includes a much larger area than does the site.
The projected world population on Jan. 1, 2023, is 7,942,645,086
TERMS IN CITY STRUCTURE
• Central Business District (CBD)
• Urban Zone
• Central City
• Metropolis
• Hinterland
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
• (or downtown) is the core of the city.
• High land values, tall buildings, busy traffic, converging
highways, and mass transit systems mark the American
or European CBD.
https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/71404/14-nostalgic-
URBAN ZONE
• is a sector of a city within which land use is relatively
uniform (e.g., an industrial or residential zone).
CENTRAL CITY
• is often used to denote the part of an urban area that lies
within the outer ring of residential suburbs.
• A suburb is an outlying, functionally uniform part of an
urban area, often (but not always) adjacent to the central
city.
METROPOLIS
• a very large and densely populated industrial and
commercial city.
HINTERLAND
• a German word meaning the ““land behind“” the city (the
surrounding service area).
MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
• resulted from a study of
Chicago in the 1920s by
Ernest Burgess.
SECTOR MODEL
• By Homer Hoyt
• partly as an answer to the drawbacks of
Burgess’ concentric zone model.
• Hoyt discovered that land rent (for
residential, commercial, or industrial)
could remain consistent all the way
from the CBD to the city’’s outer edge.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
• Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
• refinement of first two, but
incorporates outlying shopping
malls, industrial areas and large
residential suburbs
• CBD no longer has a monopoly on
retail and commercial activities
since outlying malls and industrial
parks compete with it.
• industry also moves to the edge of
the city where land is cheaper
Three Generalizations of Urban Structure
URBAN REALMS MODEL
• components of giant
conurbations (connected urban
areas) that function separately
in certain ways but are linked
together in a greater
metropolitan sphere.
• In the early postwar period (1950s),
rapid population diffusion to the outer
suburbs created distant nuclei, but
also reduced the volume and level, of
interaction between the central city
and these emerging suburban cities.
By the 1970s, outer cities were
becoming increasingly independent
of the CBD to which these former
suburbs had once been closely tied.
Regional shopping centers (e.g.,
malls) in the suburban zone were
becoming the new CBDs of the outer
nuclei.
PLACES AND PLACEMAKING
• Regions
• Places and Districts
• Development Types
• Design Considerations
REGIONS
REGIONS
• are areas that have a
characteristic or group of
characteristics that distinguish
them from other areas
• For planning and urban design
purposes, regions may be defined
by political, biophysical,
ecological, sociocultural, or
economic boundaries.
 Country Intermediate Local
Italy 22 regions, 96 departments 36,772 communes
Japan 47 prefectures 655 cities, 2,586 towns
US 50 states, F.D. 39,000 counties and
municipalities, 44,000 special
purpose local authorities
Malaysia 13 states 143 city, municipal and district
councils
Philippines 17 regions, 81 provinces 1,489 municipalities, 105
cities, 42,824 barangays
Political Region
• These types of regions, Biophysical Regions
known also as • may be described as the
governmental pattern of interacting
jurisdictions, define biological and physical
areas that possess phenomena present in a
certain legislative and given area.
regulatory functions,
important to planners and
designers.
Ecological Regions
• are delineated through Sociocultural Regions
the mapping of physical • may be defined as
information, such as territories of interest to
elevation, slope aspect, people that have one or
and climate, plus the more distinctive traits
distribution of plant and that provide the basis for
animal species. their identities.
PLACES AND DISTRICTS
NEIGHBORHOODS
 SCALE/SIZE
• Face Block - is defined as
the two sides of one
street between
intersecting streets.
• As a planning unit, the
face-block focuses on
the interpersonal and
provides a high level of
opportunity for
individual participation.
 SCALE/SIZE
• Residential Neighborhood -
focuses on neighborhoods as
places to live.
• provides an opportunity to
engage residents in planning
through different kinds of
local governance
mechanisms that can
incorporate direct
participation and potentially
operate as a link to the larger
local community.
 SCALE/SIZE
• Institutional Neighborhood - a
larger unit that has some
official status as a subarea of
the city.
• provides the opportunity to
focus on organizational and
institutional collaboration and
may require the construction
of formal mechanisms for
citizen participation if
individual res-idents are to be
directly represented.
HISTORIC DISTRICTS

• are groupings of buildings and

structures, noteworthy for
their age, architectural
integrity, or aesthetic unity.
• is an important tool for
preservation-based
revitalization
WATERFRONTS
• part of a town that is next to an area of water
• Types:
- River waterfronts
- Ocean and Bay
- Lakes
 RIVERFRONT
• promote activities enhancing
connections across the two riverbanks
• Physical and visual connections are
equally important in this kind of
waterfront.
OCEAN AND BAY
• connect the urban fabric to activity
nodes along the water and promote the
use of piers for recreational activities.
LAKE
• promotes activities around
the edge, invites points of
activity along the shore,
and is a great setting for
water-related sports.
ARTS DISTRICT
• is a recognized mixed-use
area of a community in which
high concentrations of
cultural facilities serve as
economic and cultural
anchors.
• attract and retain arts and
culture, engage the
community in cultural life,
and have a positive
economic impact.
INDUSTRIAL PARKS
• are areas within a community
designated for activities
associated with industrial
development, including
materials processing,
materials assembly, product
manufacturing, and storage
of finished products.
OFFICE PARKS
• is designed specifically to
serve the office space needs
of a wide variety of
businesses.
• Types:
- Campus Style
- Urban Style
CAMPUS STYLE
• typically a large, relatively self-
contained development that could
cover several hundred acres, is the
more traditional type
• these types of office parks are
more likely to be constructed in
communities where there is an
abundant supply of undeveloped
land.
URBAN STYLE
• is typically located within a more developed area of a
community, where developable land is at a premium.
• Because of high land costs, these types of office parks are more
likely to require higher-density development, including high-rise
office buildings, to make them economically feasible.
DEVELOPMENT TYPES
MIXED USED DEVELOPMENT
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
• is generally defined as development that is
located within a 10-minute walk, or
approximately .5 mile, from a light rail,
heavy rail, or commuter rail station. It also
includes development along heavily used
bus and bus rapid transit corridors.
• four principles for achieving optimal use and
function of the site should be considered:
• Build densely.
• Mix uses.
• Mix housing types and prices.
• Reduce parking requirements.
CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT
• focuses development on each parcel as
it is being planned so at least 50
percent of the buildable land is set
aside as open space.
 INFILL DEVELOPMENT
• occurs on vacant or underused lots
in otherwise built-up sites or areas.
• Infill strategies have many benefits.
They can:
➢ preserve open space, agricultural land,
and forests by reducing development
pressures on greenfield sites;
➢ provide opportunities to revitalize a
neighborhood or downtown; increase the
tax base for jurisdiction by creating or
renewing a property’s value;
➢ make efficient use of abandoned, vacant,
or under-used sites;
➢ enhance sustainability by making efficient
use of existing community amenities and
infrastructure;
➢ promote compact development and
increase density; and
➢ create a mixture of uses.