PLANT ANATOMY

By

Hem Raj Aryal, Instructor, Faculty of Botany,

What is Anatomy?
Study of internal structure
of body of living thing is
called Anatomy.
Who is father of Plant Anatomy?

➢Nehemiah Grew
 Who is father of Modern Plant
Anatomy?

➢Carl Nageli
 What is tissue?
Tissue is basic unit of anatomy.
Study of tissue is called histology.
Tissue is defined as group of similar or dissimilar
cells of common origin that perform or help to
perform common functions.
 Types of Tissues
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Group of cells that Group of mature

are in continuous cells that has lost
state of division. power of division.
 Meristematic Tissue
• Cells are in active state of
division.
• Cell wall is thin and made
up of cellulose. Only
primary cell wall is present.
• Reserve food material is
absent.
• Metabolic rate is very high.
• Cells may oval , rounded or polygonal.
• Plastids and Vacuoles are
• Cells are compactly arranged so no
absent.
intercellular spaces.
• Proplastids are present
• Cytoplasm is dense.
instead of plastids.
• They contain more amount of salts.
 Types of Meristem on the Basis of Origin
Promeristem : Also called primordial or embryonic meristem. Originates
from embryo. It is present in the very beginning stage of life. It give rise to
primary meristem. Eg. Tip of Plumule and Radicle.

Primary Meristem : Originates from promeristem. It give rise to

primary permanent tissue. On the basis of position it may be apical , intercalary
and lateral. Eg. Intrafascicular Cambium.

Secondary Meristem : Originates from primary permanent tissue. Eg.

Interfascicular Cambium, Cork Cambium.
 Differentiation and De-Differentiation

Meristem

De-Differentiation Differentiation

Permanent
Tissue
Pro-meristem 2° Permanent Tissue

Modification

1° Meristem Re-Differentiation

Differentiation

De-Differentiation
1° Permanent Tissue 2° Meristem
Types of Primary Meristem on the Basis of Position
3. Lateral meristem :
1. Apical meristem : • Present in along side(lateral position) of organs.
• Present in root and shoot tip. • Responsible for increase in girth of plant .
• It is responsible for apical growth.
• It is terminal in shoot and sub-terminal
in root due to presence of root cap.

2. Intercalary meristem :
• Lies between regions of permanent
tissues.
• It is remnant of apical meristem.
• It is ultimately consumed up and
responsible for internodal elongation.
• Present in internodes or base of
leaves.
 Types of Meristem on the Basis of Functions
• Primary meristem of root and shoot is divided into following
categories on the basis of functions.

Protoderm Forms epidermal tissue system.

Procambium Forms Vascular tissue system.

Ground
Forms ground tissue system.
Meristem
Theories of Shoot Apex
Organizations
 Apical Cell Theory
• Apical cell theory was given
by Nageli.
• According to this theory ,
single apical cell is
responsible for development
of all areal part of plants.
• It is applicable for lower
plants only i.e. for higher
algae, bryophyte and some
Pteridophytes only.
 Histogen Theory
• Histogen theory was given by Hanstein.

• According to this theory , main body of plant

arise from three histogens.

1. Dermatogen – It is outer histogen. It gives

rise to epidermis.

2. Periblem – It is middle histogen. It gives

rise to general cortex and endodermis.

3. Pleurome – It is inner histogen. It gives rise

to vascular bundles and pith.
Tunica Corpus Theory
• Tunica Corpus theory was given by
Schmidt.
• According to this theory , shoot apex is
dome shaped protected leaf primordia
and consists of two distinct zones i.e.
tunica and corpus.
• It is most accepted theory of shoot
apex organizations.

Tunica : It is outer zone. It is Corpus : It is the inner zone. It is

generally single layered and gives rise
to epidermis by anticlinal division. If
tunica is multilayered outermost layer
forms epidermis and inner layer forms
leaf primordia and cortex.
multilayered. It divides anticlinally as well as
periclinally and produces bulk of cells. It gives
rise to cortex, endodermis, pericycle,
vascualar bunldes , pericycle and medullary
rays.
Permanent Tissue
 Types of Permanent Tissues

Simple Complex
permanent tissue permanent tissue

Made up of similar Made up of Dissimilar

cells. cells.
 Types of Simple Permanent Tissues

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

 Parenchyma
•Also called universal tissue and
fundamental tissue.
•It is made up of thin walled living cells
that may be oval ,spherical or
polygonal in shapes.
•Cell wall is made up of cellulose ,
hemicelluloses and pectin.
•Intercellular space is present.
•It is specialized for food storage.
•Each cell contains large central
vacuole.
Types of Parenchyma
 1. Prosenchyma
•It has elongated cells with
tapering ends.
•It is present in pericycle of root.
•It is meant for providing rigidity
and strength along with food
storage.
 2. Aerenchyma
Aerenchyma is a
specialized Parenchyma
with air spaces that is
typically found in the
roots and stems of
aquatic or waterlogged
plants.
 3. Chlorenchyma
Parenchyma containing chloroplast
is called chlorenchyma.
Chlorenchyma of leaf is called
mesophyll.
In dicot leaf mesophyll may be
pallisade (parallel and packed) or
spongy (having air chamber)
 4. Mucilage parenchyma

It contain large vacuole and

mucilage.
It is found in succulent xerophytes.
Primary function of mucilage
parenchyma is storage of water.
 5. Idoblastic parenchyma

Parenchyma containing
eargastic substances (waste
material) such as tanin, resin,
gum, latex etc. is called
idoblastic paremchyma.
 Collenchyma
•Collenchyma is also called living mechanical
tissue.
•Cell wall is made up of cellulose , hemicellulose
and pectin.
•collenchyma cell walls are unevenly thickened,
especially at the corners. This uneven thickening
and hydrophilic nature of collenchyma allows the
cells to stretch and bend without breaking easily.
•Collenchyma is never found in monocot and
root.
Types of Collenchyma
 1. Angular Collenchyma

➢Thickening occurs only at the corner of the cell and the side wall
remains thin.
➢It is most common type of Collenchyma .
➢Examples: Stem of Tomato,Cucurbita,Solanum.
 2. Lacunar Collenchyma

➢Lacunar Collenchyma specifically refers to a subtype of Collenchyma in which

large intercellular spaces, called lacunae, are present between the cells.
➢Examples : Stem of Salvia, Malva.
 3. Lamellar Collenchyma

➢In this type, thickening is plate like and occurs in tangential wall.
➢Examples : stem of Sunflower
 Sclerenchyma
•The cell walls of sclerenchyma cells are thickened
with lignin, a complex polymer that imparts rigidity
and strength.

•Sclerenchyma cells are usually dead at maturity, as

their protoplast disintegrates, leaving behind a rigid
cell wall.

•Cells are connected by pits.

•It provides rigidity to plant.

•It is also called mechanical tissue.

•Cells are highly elongated and spindle
shaped.

•Pits are narrow and unbranched.

•They are directly derived from meristem.

•They provide mechanical support as they

can bear pull , bending and shearing.
 Cotton Fibre is obtained from
seed of cotton. Cotton contains
90% cellulose.
Therefore cellulose is extracted
from cotton.
Cotton fibre is also called Surface
Fibre, (Obtained from epidermal
layer of seed coat) False fibre
(Being non-lignified) and
Cellulosic fibre(Having
cellulose).
Flax Hemp Jute
Hemp, Jute and Flax fibres are obtained from secondary phloem.
So they are also called bast fibre.
@Hem Raj is Flexible [Hem = Hemp Fibre, Raj = Jute Fibre,
Flexible = Flax Fibre
Commercial coir fibre is
obtained from
mesocarp of coconut.
 Bast fibre of
cannabis is
obtained from
pericycle called
perivascular
fibre.
•Lignified wall is thick
and lumen is narrow.
•Pit is branched.
•Also called stone
cell(may be as hard as
stone).
 Guava Brachysclereids Coconut

It is most common type of sclereid and found in pulp of

pear and guava as well as endocarp of coconut.
Macrosclereid is found in seed coat of legumes.
It is found in Subepidermis of legume seed.
It is found in
Petiole of
Lotus and
Tea Leaves.
Types of Complex Permanent Tissues

Xylem Phloem
xylem
 What is function of xylem?
➢Xylem transports
water and minerals
from roots to other
plant parts, provides
structural support, and
stores substances.
 Conduction of xylem is unidirectional.
What does it mean?

The unidirectional conduction of xylem

originates in the roots, where water is
transported. As water moves through the xylem,
it is released through transpiration in the leaves
and stem. This one-way flow of water through
the xylem, starting from the roots and ending in
the leaves, characterizes the unidirectional
nature of the process.
Secondary
xylem is
called
wood.
Which of the following is living component
of xylem?

a. Tracheid b. Xylem fibre

c. Vessel d. Xylem parenchyma
 Components of xylem

Xylem Xylem
Tracheid Vessel
Fibre Parenchyma

Out of four components of xylem only

living component is xylem parenchyma.
Tracheid
 Tracheid

•Most primitive element of xylem.

•It is found in Pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperm.
•Lumen is narrow and lignified wall is thick.
•Thickened wall of Tracheid also provides structural support to plant.
•Tracheids have closed, overlapping end walls, which contain small pores
called pits.
•Pits allow water to move laterally between adjacent tracheids, facilitating
horizontal water transport.
Thickening in Tracheids
Simple Thickening Annular and Spiral

Advanced Thickening Scaliform ,reticulate ,pitted

 Annular Thickening

Ring like thickening

of Tracheid.
 Spiral Thickening

Spring like thickening

of Tracheid.
 Reticulate Thickening

Net like thickening of

Tracheid.
 Pitted

Deposition of lignin all

over the Tracheid
except pits.
Vessel
 Vessel

•Vessels are advanced conducting element of xylem.

•Vessels are characteristic feature of angiosperms.
•Vessels are multicellular (Tracheid being unicellular)
•End wall may be wholly or partially dissolved. Sometimes
end wall may have perforation.
•Lignified wall is thinner and Lumen is wider than Tracheid.
 Xylem Fibre

•Sclerenchymatous fibre associated with

xylem.
•They are generally absent in gymnosperm.
 Xylem Parenchyma

•Living component of xylem.

•Helps in storage of food
and radial conduction of
water and minerals.
 Vessel

Vessels are absent in three

Vessels are absent in
angiospermic family;
leaf and stem of Yucca
Winteraceae, Tetracentraceae
and Dracaena.
and Trochodendraceae.

Gymnosperm containing vessels Pteridophytes containing

are Gnetum, Ephedra, vessels are Selaginellla,
Welsitschia.[GEW] Equisetum and Mrsilea.
 Endarch xylem:
Protoxylem towards
center, Metaxylem
towards periphery.
Eg : Stem
Exarch xylem:
Protoxylem towards
periphery, Metaxylem
towards center.
Eg :Root
Phloem
 What is function of phloem?

Phloem helps in translocation

of prepared food material
from leaf to different plant
parts.
Unlike xylem conduction of
phloem is bidirectional.
Secondary
phloem is
called
bast.
 Components of Phloem

Sieve Companion Phloem Phloem

Tube cells Fibre Parenchyma

Out of four components of phloem only

dead component is Phloem Fibre.
Sieve Tube and Companion Cells
 Sieve Tube

➢ Sieve tubes are primitive conducting element of phloem.

➢ Sieve cells are present in Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms instead of sieve
tube.
➢ Sieve tube are enucleated at maturity.
➢ Pores are present in transverse wall of sieve tube called sieve pore.
➢ Perforated transverse wall is called sieve plate.
➢ P- proteins(phloem proteins) are present in sieve area which help to repair
the damaged tube element.
➢ In the winter sieve pore is plugged with polysaccharide called callose.
 Companion cell

➢Companion cells are advanced conducting element of phloem.

➢Albuminous cells are present in Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms instead of companion cells.
➢Nuclear function of sieve tube is performed by companion
cells.
➢Companion cells provides metabolic energy to sieve tube.
 Phloem Parenchyma

➢Parenchymatous cells associated with

phloem.
➢Helps in storage and lateral conduction of
food.
➢Absent in most of the monocots.
 Phloem Fibre

➢Sclerenchymatous fibre associated with phloem.

➢Provides mechanical support.
➢Flexible fibre (commercial).
➢Flax , Jute and Hemp fibres are obtained from phloem fibre.
TISSUE SYSTEM
Epidermal Tissue System

Ground Tissue System

Vascular Tissue System

Epidermal Tissue System
 Epidermis

❖ It is single layered.
❖ In case of Nerium and
Ficus leaf multilayered
epiderm is present.
 Epidermis

Velamen tissue is present in aerial absorbing root of epiphytes.

Velamen tissue is actually multilayered dead epidermis.
 Epidermis

Some cells of upper

epidermis (Example:
Grasses) are larger, thin
walled and water filled.
They are called bulliform
cells or motor cells.
These cells are helpful for
the rolling and unrolling
of the leaf according to
the weather change.
 Epidermis

In grasses and Equiesetum silica is present in epidermal cells. Silica

deposition in the epidermis of grass serves to provide structural support, deter
herbivores, protect against pathogens, and enhance drought tolerance.
 Epidermal Hair/ Trichromes
Epidermal hair in
stem(stem hair) is
multicellular whereas
epidermal hair of
root(root hair) is
unicellular. Root hair
is specialized for
absorption and stem
hair is specialized for
protection as well as
checking water loss.
Stem Hair Root Hair
 Cuticle

Cuticle Epidermal cells

The cuticle of the epidermis in plants is a waxy, protective layer

covering the outer surface of epidermis. Cuticle helps to minimize
water loss and provides protection against environmental stress.
 Stomata

Stomata are tiny

openings or pores
found in the
leaves, stems, and
other aerial parts.
Stomata are
embedded within
the epidermal
tissue.
VASCULAR Tissue System
What is Vascular bundle?
Bundle of xylem and phloem
with or without cambium is
called vascular bundle.
Q. Vascular bundle in monocot stem is
a. Scattered
b. Arranged in ring
c. Radial
d. All of the above
 In monocot stem
vascular bundles are
scattered in ground
tissue.
In dicot stem and
root vascular
bundles are
arranged in ring.
Types of Vascular Bundle
 1. Radial Vascular Bundle

In Radial Vascular
Bundle Xylem and
Phloem are
present in different
radii alternating
each other.
Example: Root
 2. Conjoint Vascular Bundle

Xylem and Phloem are

united to form single bundle
and present in same radius.
 Types of Conjoint Vascular
Bundle

Conjoint Collateral Conjoint Bicollateral

Xylem lies towards inner Xylem is surrounded by

side and phloem lies cambium and phloem
towards periphery. form both sides.
Types Of Collateral Vascular Bundle

phloem phloem

Xylem Xylem

Cambium is absent between Cambium is present between

xylem and phloem. xylem and phloem.
Example: Monocot Root Example : Dicot Root
 Bicollateral Vascular Bundle

Xylem is surrounded by
cambium and phloem
form both sides.
Examples:
Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae
 3. Concentric Vascular
Bundle

xylem and phloem tissues in a

circular pattern.
 Types of Concentric Vascular Bundle

Ampbicribral/ Hardocentric Amphivasal/ Leptocentric

Xylem is central and phloem is Phloem is central and xylem is

peripheral. peripheral.
Example: Fern Examples : Dracaena, Yucca
Ground Tissue System
The ground tissue system in plants is responsible for storage,
support, and photosynthesis, comprising parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
Ground tissue system includes:
Hypodermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Medullary Ray
Pith
 In dicot stem ground tissue is
differentiated into cortex, endodermis,
pericycle, Medullary ray and pith.
In monocot stem ground tissue is not
differentiated into cortex,
endodermis, pericycle, Medullary ray
and pith.
 Hypodermis

Hypodermis
is absent in
root.
 Hypodermis

Hypodermis is collenchymatous in dicot

stem; sclerenchymatous in monocot stem.
Cortex
 Endodermis
Endodermal cells are barrel shaped
without intercellular spaces.
Endodermis stores large volume of
starch so it is also called starch sheath.
Radial wall of endodermis is thickened
due to deposition of suberin, lignin and
cutin in the form of band called
casparian stripe.
It prevents the passive flow of water and
solutes through the apoplast (cell walls
and intercellular spaces) in the root
cortex.
endodermal cells without casparian
stripe is called pasage cells.
Well developed casparian stripe is found
in root.
 Pericycle
❖Generally pericycle is made up of parenchymatous
cells or sometimes sclerenchymatous as in Smilax.
❖In case of sunflower stem pericycle is
heterogeneous i.e. pericycle consists of both
parenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells.
❖Pericycle is absent in root of hydrophyte and
parasitic plants.
❖Sclerenchymatous pericyle is mechanical in function
whereas parenchymatous pericycle helps in storage.
 Pericycle

Lateral root arise from

pericycle.
So origin of lateral root
is endogenous.
 Pith and Medullary Ray

Centermost tissue of root and

stem is pith.
Pith is made up of
parenchymatous cells.
Pith is well developed in monocot
root and dicot stem @Mr. DaS
Extension of pith between
vascular tissue is called Medullary
ray.
Anatomy of leaf
Isobilateral Leaf Dorsiventral leaf
 Intrastelar and
Extrastelar Tissue
Extrastelar tissue

Stele/ Stelar tissue/Intrastelar tissue

Secondary Growth
 What is secondary
growth?
Increase in girth of
plant due to addition of
secondary tissues by
the activity of cambium
is called secondary
growth.
 Generally monocot stems are
thinner why?
The stems of monocots have lost the
ability to increase their diameter by
producing wood and bark through
secondary growth. It means secondary
growth is absent in monocot.
 Types of Secondary Growth

Intrastelar Extrastelar
Secondary Secondary
Growth Growth

Due to vascular Due to cork

cambium cambium
 Intrafascicular ,Interfascicular and Vascular Cambium
Cambium formed by promeristem and
present within vascular bundle is called
Intrafascicular cambium.

Cambium formed by Medullary

ray and present between
vascular bundle is called
Interfascicular cambium.

Cambium formed by union of Intrafascicular and Interfascicular

cambium is called vascular cambium.
 Intrastelar Secondary Growth
❖InterFC and IntraFC joins in the form
of ring(cambium ring) to form vascular
cambium.

❖Vascular cambium has two types of

cells i.e. ray initial and fusiform initial.

❖Ray initial forms secondary Medullary

ray which helps in radial conduction.

❖Fusiform initial divides outside to

form secondary phloem and divides
inside to form secondary xylem.

❖Secondary xylem lies inside of

cambium ring and secondary phloem
lies outside of cambium ring. ❖Growth of secondary xylem is 8-10 times more than secondary phloem.
 Intrastelar Secondary Growth

Cambium

More Active at Spring Less Active at Autumn

Forms secondary Forms secondary

xylem elements of xylem element of
larger size and smaller size and
number. number.

Called Early Wood Called Late Wood

Band of early wood and late wood

constitutes annual ring..
Annual Ring is distinct in the plant growing
on……region
a. Tropical
b. Subtropical
c. Temperate
d. Alpine
 Annual rings are more
distinct in the plant
growing on temperate
region due to more
climatic variation whereas
annual ring of tropical
region is less distinct.
 Extrastelar Secondary Growth

Cork cambium

Due to pressure exerted from intrastelar tissue , some cells of cortex start to
break which are replaced by new meristematic cells called cork cambium.
 Extrastelar Secondary Growth

Cork cambium divides outside to form cork and divides inside to form
secondary cortex.
Periderm
 Cork Also called Phellem
Cork cambium Also called Phellogen
Secondary Also called
Cortex Phelloderm
Periderm = Phellem + Phellogen + Phelloderm
 Heart Wood vs Sap Wood

Heat Wood is central

tough and darker
whereas peripheral
light colored wood is
sap wood.
 Heart Wood vs Sap Wood

How heart wood is formed?

As the tree grows , outer layer of sap
wood are actively involved in in
physiological processes such as
water transport and nutrient
circulation therefore secondary
metabolic compounds are formed.
These organic compounds like tanin,
resin , latex etc. are called
extractives which make wood darker
and heart wood is formed.
 Heart Wood vs Sap Wood

Why sap wood is

lighter in colour?
Sap wood is lighter due to
water content and lack of
extractives.
 Heart Wood vs Sap Wood

Which of the following

is insect resistant?
a. Heart Wood
b. Sap Wood
c. Wood with lot of fibres
d. Soft Wood
 Heart Wood vs Sap Wood

Heart wood is
insect resistant due
to presence of
extractives, low
nutrient content
and increased wood
density.
 Manoxylic vs Pycnoxylic wood

Manoxylic wood contains more amount of xylem parenchyma whereas Pycnoxylic wood
contains less amount of living parenchyma.
Manoxylic wood – cycas
Pycnoxylic wood – pinus
 Porous vs Non-porous Wood

Vessels are absent in non-porous wood as in gymnosperm.

Vessels are present in porous wood as in angiosperm.