ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC : WRITE EXTENSIVELY ON SUBDIVISION

COURSE TITLE: CADASTRAL SURVEY
COURSE CODE : SVI 213
STUDENT NAME: BRIGHT IZUCHUKWU EZENWA
LEVEL : 200LVL
REG NO: DIRECT ENTRY STUDENT
DEPARTMENT: SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS
FACULTY: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA,
AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,
ANAMBRA STATE.

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 LAND SUBDIVISION
DEFINITION OF LAND SUBDIVISION
The subdivision of land refers to the process of dividing a larger piece of land into
smaller lots or parcels. This process is commonly undertaken for various reasons, such as
urban development, real estate projects, agricultural purposes, or creating residential or
commercial properties.
HISTORY OF LAND SUBDIVISION
The history of land subdivision dates back thousands of years, with evidence of early land
divisions and settlements found in ancient civilizations around the world. Here is a brief
overview of the long history of land subdivision:
1.Ancient Mesopotamia: One of the earliest known examples of land subdivision can be
traced to ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) around 3000 BCE. The cities of Ur and
Babylon featured well-planned grids of streets and houses divided into individual lots.
2.Ancient Egypt: In ancient Egypt, land was divided into plots along the fertile Nile River
for agricultural purposes. The concept of cadastral surveys, which involved the systematic
measurement and recording of land boundaries, was developed during this time.
3.Ancient Rome: The Romans developed sophisticated land surveying techniques and
established legal frameworks for land subdivision. They introduced the concept of land
registry and divided land into parcels known as centuriae.
4.Medieval Europe: During the feudal period in Europe, land was subdivided among nobles,
clergy, and peasants. The manorial system led to the division of large estates into smaller
parcels called manors, which were further subdivided into individual holdings for farming
and settlement.
5.Enclosure Movement: In the 16th to 19th centuries, the enclosure movement in England
involved the conversion of common lands into privately owned plots. This led to the
subdivision of large tracts of land and the consolidation of smaller holdings.
6.Industrialization and Urban Development: With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
in the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a significant increase in urbanization and the need
for organized land subdivision. Cities and towns expanded rapidly, and land was divided into
lots for housing, commercial, and industrial purposes.
7.Land Ordinance of 1785 (United States): In the United States, the Land Ordinance of
1785 established a system for surveying and subdividing public lands in the Northwest
Territory. The rectangular survey system, known as the Public Land Survey System (PLSS),
divided land into townships, sections, and smaller parcels.
8.Modern Land Planning: In the 20th century, land subdivision became a more regulated
process, with the introduction of comprehensive land-use planning, zoning regulations, and
subdivision control ordinances. These measures aimed to ensure proper infrastructure,
environmental considerations, and orderly development.

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9.Contemporary Subdivision Practices: Today, land subdivision is a common practice
worldwide, guided by local planning and development regulations. The process typically
involves extensive surveys, engineering studies, environmental impact assessments, and
community consultation to ensure sustainable and well-planned subdivisions.
It's worth noting that the history of land subdivision is diverse and varies across different
regions and cultures. The specific practices, legal frameworks, and techniques employed have
evolved over time, influenced by social, economic, and technological factors.
HISTORY OF LAND SUBDIVISION IN AFRICA
The history of land subdivision in Africa is complex and varied due to the continent's diverse
cultures, colonial history, and post-independence developments. Here is an overview of some
key aspects of land subdivision in Africa:
Pre-colonial Era: In pre-colonial Africa, land ownership and land use systems varied across
different regions and societies. Many African communities practiced communal land tenure,
where land was collectively owned and used by the community. Land was often allocated to
families or individuals for cultivation or settlement within the communal framework. Land
subdivision, in the sense of dividing large tracts of land into individual lots, was not as
prevalent as in later periods.
Colonial Era: During the colonial period, which lasted from the late 19th century to the mid-
20th century, European powers imposed their administrative systems on African territories.
Colonial powers introduced land policies that often disrupted existing land tenure systems.
The focus shifted from communal land ownership to individual land ownership based on
European concepts of private property.
Colonial administrations introduced land surveying and mapping techniques to demarcate and
subdivide land for administrative purposes. In some cases, large tracts of land were surveyed
and subdivided into individual plots for European settlers or for commercial agriculture,
mining, or other extractive industries.
Post-Independence Era: Following African countries' independence movements in the mid-
20th century, land became a crucial issue in the process of nation-building, land reform, and
economic development. Many African countries sought to address historical injustices and
reclaim land for redistribution among indigenous communities.
Land reform programs were implemented to address issues of land inequality, landlessness,
and the concentration of land in the hands of a few. Governments initiated land redistribution
initiatives, aiming to subdivide large estates into smaller plots for agricultural development,
resettlement, or urban expansion.
In urban areas, rapid population growth and urbanization have led to informal settlements and
unplanned subdivisions, often lacking adequate infrastructure and legal recognition.
Governments and local authorities have made efforts to regularize informal settlements and
provide basic services, while also promoting planned urban development and formal land
subdivision.
Challenges and Contemporary Issues: The history of land subdivision in Africa is not without
challenges and complexities. Conflicts and disputes over land ownership, boundaries, and

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tenure have been persistent issues in many African countries. The legacy of colonial land
policies, combined with population growth, migration, and competing interests, has
contributed to ongoing land-related conflicts.
Additionally, land administration systems and institutions in some African countries face
capacity constraints, outdated legislation, and inefficient practices, which hinder effective
land subdivision and management. There is an ongoing need for comprehensive land reforms,
improved land governance, and the protection of land rights for local communities,
smallholder farmers, and marginalized groups.
It's important to note that land subdivision practices and experiences can vary significantly
across African countries due to their unique historical, cultural, and political contexts. Each
country has its own land tenure systems, policies, and challenges, which shape the history
and current state of land subdivision in that particular nation.
HISTORY OF LAND SUBDIVISION IN NIGERIA
The history of land subdivision in Nigeria is influenced by a combination of pre-colonial
practices, colonial policies, and post-independence developments. Here is an overview of the
history of land subdivision in Nigeria:
Pre-colonial Era: In pre-colonial Nigeria, land ownership and management were
predominantly governed by customary land tenure systems. Various ethnic groups and
communities had their own land tenure systems, which often involved communal ownership
and control of land. Land was allocated to families or individuals for cultivation, settlement,
or other productive purposes within the communal framework. Subdivision of land into
individual plots was not as prevalent during this period.
Colonial Era: During the colonial period, Nigeria was colonized by the British from the late
19th century until independence in 1960. British colonial policies significantly influenced
land administration and land tenure systems in Nigeria.
The colonial administration introduced a dual land tenure system, which recognized
customary land rights alongside the introduction of individual land ownership based on
English common law principles. This duality in land tenure systems created complexities in
land administration and led to conflicts between customary landowners and the colonial
authorities.
Colonial authorities conducted land surveys and mapping to demarcate and categorize land
for administrative purposes. Large tracts of land were surveyed and subdivided into
individual plots for European settlers, commercial agriculture, mining, and other purposes.
The subdivision of land during this period often favored the interests of the colonial powers
and the emerging capitalist economy.
Post-Independence Era: After gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria embarked on land
reform and development initiatives to address issues of land administration, land tenure, and
equitable land distribution. The Nigerian government initiated various land reform programs
aimed at improving land administration, resolving land disputes, and promoting land
redistribution.

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The Land Use Act of 1978, a significant legislation in Nigeria's land tenure system, vested
ownership of all land in each state's government, making it the custodian of all land within its
territory. The Act established the legal framework for land administration, including land
subdivision, by empowering state governments to allocate and regulate land use through the
issuance of Certificates of Occupancy (C of O).
In urban areas, rapid population growth and urbanization have led to the development of
informal settlements and unplanned subdivisions. These informal settlements, often lacking
basic infrastructure and legal recognition, pose challenges for effective land management and
subdivision.
PROCESS OF LAND SUBDIVISION IN NIGERIA
The process of land subdivision in Nigeria generally follows a similar framework as
described in the previous response. However, there are specific steps and considerations that
apply to land subdivision in Nigeria. Here is an overview of the process of land subdivision
in Nigeria:
1.Feasibility Study: Conduct a feasibility study to assess the viability and suitability of the
land for subdivision. Consider factors such as zoning regulations, land use plans,
environmental impact, infrastructure availability, and market demand.
2.Engage Professionals: Seek the services of professionals such as land surveyors, town
planners, civil engineers, and legal experts who are familiar with Nigerian land laws and
regulations. They will guide you through the process and provide necessary expertise.
3.Preliminary Design: Prepare a preliminary subdivision design or sketch plan that shows
the proposed layout of lots, roads, infrastructure, and any other relevant details. Ensure that
the design complies with local zoning regulations and land use plans.
4.Conduct Survey: Engage a licensed surveyor to conduct a detailed land survey. This
survey will accurately measure and demarcate the boundaries of the land, identifying the
areas for subdivision and ensuring compliance with legal requirements.
5.Prepare Subdivision Application: Prepare the subdivision application package, which
typically includes the preliminary design, survey plan, environmental impact assessment (if
required), copies of land titles or ownership documents, and any other supporting documents
as per local regulations.
6.Submit Application to Relevant Authorities: Submit the subdivision application to the
appropriate government agency responsible for land administration and planning. In Nigeria,
this is usually the State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development or a similar
department.
7.Review and Approval: The planning authorities will review the subdivision application.
They will assess compliance with zoning regulations, environmental impact considerations,
infrastructure requirements, and other relevant standards. The authorities may request
modifications or additional information before granting approval.
8.Infrastructure Development: Once the subdivision is approved, develop the necessary
infrastructure for the subdivision. This includes constructing or upgrading roads, installing

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utilities such as water supply, sewage systems, electricity, and telecommunications, as well as
providing for drainage systems and other required amenities.
9.Obtain Approvals and Permits: Obtain the necessary approvals and permits for the
infrastructure development, such as road construction permits, utility connections, and
environmental permits as required by local regulations.
10.Legal Process: Complete the legal process associated with the subdivision. This typically
involves obtaining new survey plans, registering the subdivided lots with the appropriate land
registry, and obtaining new Certificates of Occupancy (C of O) or titles for the individual
lots.
11.Subdivision Completion: Once all infrastructure is in place, the final survey of the
subdivided lots is conducted to establish the precise boundaries and sizes of each lot. The
individual lots are assigned separate titles, and the subdivision is considered complete.
Throughout the process, it is essential to adhere to Nigerian land laws and regulations, obtain
necessary permits and approvals, and engage with the relevant government agencies.
Consulting with professionals experienced in Nigerian land subdivision processes and
seeking legal advice is advisable to ensure compliance and a successful subdivision.
CHALLENGES OF LAND SUBDIVISION IN NIGERIA
Land subdivision in Nigeria faces several challenges. Here are some of the key challenges
associated with land subdivision in Nigeria:
1. Inadequate Land Documentation: Nigeria lacks comprehensive and up-to-date land
documentation systems. The absence of reliable land records and cadastral maps makes it
difficult to accurately determine land boundaries and ownership, leading to disputes and
conflicts during the subdivision process.
3. Complex Land Tenure Systems: Nigeria has a complex land tenure system, including
customary, statutory, and communal land ownership. The coexistence of multiple land tenure
systems often leads to overlapping claims, conflicting interests, and legal uncertainties,
making the subdivision process challenging.
4. Lack of Clear Land Policies and Regulations: The absence of clear land policies and
regulations creates ambiguity in the subdivision process. Inconsistent interpretation and
enforcement of existing land laws by different authorities and jurisdictions further compound
the challenges of land subdivision.
5. Corruption and Bribery: Corruption is a significant challenge in land administration in
Nigeria. The prevalence of bribery and fraudulent practices can influence the subdivision
process, leading to unfair land distribution, favoritism, and illegal land grabbing.
6. Inadequate Infrastructure and Services: Subdivided land requires infrastructure and
services such as roads, water supply, electricity, and sanitation facilities. However, in many
areas of Nigeria, particularly in rural and peri-urban regions, the lack of adequate
infrastructure poses a challenge to effective land subdivision and development
7. Limited Access to Finance: Access to finance for land subdivision projects is often
limited in Nigeria. Banks and financial institutions may be reluctant to provide loans for land

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subdivision due to the perceived risks associated with unclear land titles and the potential for
legal disputes.
8. Cultural and Traditional Practices: Cultural and traditional practices can impact land
subdivision in Nigeria. In some cases, cultural norms and customs may not align with formal
land laws, leading to resistance or challenges in implementing subdivision plans.
9. Lack of Capacity and Expertise: The shortage of skilled professionals, such as land
surveyors, planners, and legal experts, hampers the efficient implementation of land
subdivision projects. Insufficient capacity and expertise in land administration contribute to
delays, errors, and inefficiencies in the subdivision process.
Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive land reforms, including the
establishment of clear land policies and regulations, the improvement of land documentation
systems, the promotion of transparency and accountability, the development of infrastructure,
and the capacity building of land administration professionals. Additionally, public awareness
and education campaigns can help foster a better understanding of land rights and proper
subdivision procedures among the population.
SOLUTIONS TO CHALLENGES OF LAND SUBDIVISION IN NIGERIA
To address the challenges of land subdivision in Nigeria, several solutions can be considered:
1. Modernization of Land Administration Systems: Implementing modern land
administration systems, including digital land records and geographic information systems
(GIS), can help improve the accuracy, accessibility, and transparency of land documentation.
This would facilitate efficient land subdivision processes and reduce conflicts.
2. Land Policy and Legal Reforms: Clear and consistent land policies and regulations
should be developed and implemented at the national and state levels. This includes
reviewing and updating existing land laws to address the complexities of land tenure systems
and ensure secure property rights. Strengthening the legal framework can provide a solid
foundation for effective land subdivision.
3. Strengthening Land Institutions: Enhancing the capacity and resources of land
institutions, such as land registries, survey departments, and planning agencies, is crucial.
This involves recruiting and training skilled personnel, providing modern surveying and
mapping equipment, and establishing efficient processes for land administration and dispute
resolution.
4. Anti-Corruption Measures: Implementing anti-corruption measures in land
administration is vital to ensure fair and transparent land subdivision processes. This includes
promoting integrity, establishing accountability mechanisms, and prosecuting corrupt
practices. Emphasizing transparency and accountability can help combat bribery, fraud, and
illegal land activities.
5. Infrastructure Development: Prioritizing infrastructure development in areas undergoing
land subdivision is essential. This includes constructing roads, providing electricity,
improving water supply, and ensuring basic amenities are available. Adequate infrastructure
supports the effective utilization and development of subdivided land.

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6. Public Awareness and Education: Conducting public awareness campaigns to educate
the population about land rights, subdivision procedures, and the importance of proper
documentation can promote compliance and reduce conflicts. Providing information and
training to communities, traditional leaders, and stakeholders can enhance understanding and
cooperation.
7. Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement: Encouraging collaboration among
government agencies, community leaders, private sector entities, and civil society
organizations is crucial. Engaging stakeholders in the land subdivision process, including
consultations, dialogues, and participation, can foster ownership, reduce resistance, and
ensure inclusive decision-making.
8. Access to Finance: Facilitating access to finance for land subdivision projects is essential.
This involves working with financial institutions to develop tailored financial products,
providing guarantees or incentives to mitigate risks associated with land subdivision, and
promoting microfinance options for small-scale developers.
9. Strengthening Local Governance: Enhancing local governance structures and capacity-
building initiatives can contribute to effective land subdivision. Empowering local authorities
and communities to actively participate in land administration, planning, and decision-
making processes can lead to better outcomes and ownership of the subdivision process.
Addressing the challenges of land subdivision in Nigeria requires a multi-faceted approach
involving legal, institutional, technical, and socio-economic interventions. Collaboration
among various stakeholders, sustained political will, and long-term commitment to land
reforms are essential for achieving sustainable and equitable land subdivision practices.