SECONDTERM E-LEARNI

NGNOTE

SUBJ
ECT:PHYSI
CS CLASS:SS1

SCHEMEOFWORK

WEEK TOPI C
1. Wor k,Ener gyandPower
2. HeatEner gy,Conc eptofHeatandTemper at
ure,Ef f
ectsofHeat
andUs es
3. Thermomet erandI tsType,Evapor ati
onandBoi ling
4. Expans ionofSol id,Ef f
ectandAppl icationsofEx pansion
5. Expans ivit
y and I ts Appl i
cat
ion – Li near,Area and Vol ume.
Anomal ousEx pans i
onofWat er.Real andAppar entExpansivit
y
6. HeatTr ans fer– Conduc ti
on,Convec tion,Radi at
ion and Thei r
Applications
7. El
ec tr
icChar ges–Pr oducti
on,Types ,Di st
ri
buti
onandSt orage
Gold LeafEl ect
ros cope and itsUs es .Lighti
ng and Li ghting
Conduc tor
8. Fi
elds–Conc eptandTypesofFi eld.Gr avi
tati
onalandMagnet ic
Fi
eld,For c
eofGr avity
9. El
ec tr
icFi eld – Li ne ofFor ces,Pr oper ti
esofLi ne ofFor ce,
Desc r
ipt i
onandPr oper ti
esofFor ceField
10. Pr oduc tionofCont i
nuousEl ect
ri
cCur rent
REFERENCEBOOK
 NewSc hool Phys icsByM. W Anyakoha
 Seni
orSec ondar ySc hool Phys i
csByP. NOkeke
WEEK1
TOPI
C:WORK,ENERGYANDPOWER
CONTENT
 Work
 WorkDoneinLi
ft
ingaBody&Fall
i
ngBodies
 Cons
ervat
ion&Trans
for
mati
onofEner
gy
 Worl
dEnergyResour
ces

WORK
Wor
kiss
aidt
obedonewheneveraf
orc
emovesabodyt
hroughac
ert
ain
distancein t he di r
ecti
on of f orce. Wor k done c an be defi
ned
mat hemati
c all
yast hepr oductofthef orceandt hedispl
acement.I
tisa
scalarquantity&meas uredinJ oul
es
Wor kW =For ceFxdi st
anc einthedir
ecti
onoft heforced…………1.
i
.e.W =Fd
Wor kW =mas sM xAc celduet ogravit
ygxhei ghtmovedh………2.
i
.e.W =Fh W =mgh whereF=mg
I
faf or
ceFi sappliedonabodyatanangl eθt ot hehori
zont
al,t
henthe
forcewhicht endst omovet hebodyhor i
zontall
yi sFx=Fcosθ
thef or
cewhi cht endst omovet hebodyver t
icallyisFy=Fsi
nθ

Workdonetomovethebodyont
hehori
zont
alplanefrom poi
ntAt
opoi
nt
Bbecomes;
(
Fcosθ)xd……………………………. .
3.
Workdonetorai
set
hebodytoanappr
eci
abl
ehei ghthbecomes
(Fsi
nθ)xh ………………………4.

Foramancl imbingas etofs teps(s t

air
cases);
Wor k=mgh
Wher e m =mas soft heman
h=Tot alHei ght=hei ghtofones t
epxnumberofs teps
g=ac c
elerationduet ogr avit
y.
Exampl e-Aboyofmas s50kgr unsupas etofs t
epsoft ot
alhei
ght3.0m.
Fi
ndt hewor kdoneagai ns
tgr avit
y
Soluti
on
2
m =50kg, h=3m,g=10m/ s
Wor kdone=mgh
=50x10x3
=1500J oules
Exampl e:Aboyofmas s50kgc ar
ries2bagsofr i
ceeac h25kgupas etof
st
airstotalheight,5m findthewor kdoneagai nstgravi
ty.
Soluti
on
Tot
almassofboyandr
ice=(
50+2)x25=100kg
Hei
ghtofst
air
s=5m
:
.Work=mgh=100x10x5=5, 000J

Cl
ass
wor k:
1. Wheni swor ksaidtobedone?
2. Givethreeconditi
onsforwhi c
hyoucans ayworkisnotdonei.
e.zero
3. Al oadofmas s80kgf elldownfr
om thefloorofalor
rywhichis1.3m
2
high.Calc
ulatethewor kdonebygravit
yont heload(
g=10m/ s)

Energy
Energyisdef
ined ast he abi
li
tyto do work.I
tisa scal
arquanti
ty&
meas ur
edi
nJoules.Therear emanyformsofener
gy.Thes
eincl
ude:
i
. Mec hanicalenergy
i
i. Thermalener gy
i
ii
. Chemi calenergy
i
v. El
ec tr
icalenergy
v. Nuc l
ear/AtomicEnergy
vi
. Solar/
Lightener gy
vi
i. SoundEner gy

TypesofMechanicalEner
gy
Mechani
calener
gyi scl
assi
fi
edas
1) Potenti
alenergy
2) Kineti
cenergy

POTENTI ALENERGY:-issi
mply“
storedenergy”i
.
e.ener
gypos
s es
sedbya
bodybyt hevir
tueofi
tsposi
ti
onstat
es:
Potenti
alEner
gy,P.
E=mgh ……………………………………………. 5.
Example:
An applehasamas sof5kg.Whati sit
senergyi ft
heheightis50m
(g=10m/s)
Solut
ion
Theappl
epos
ses
sespot
ent
ialener
gy
P.
E=mgh
 =5x10x50
=2500J
=2.
5kJ
Clas
swork
Fi
ndt hepotent
ialenergyofaboyofmass10kgs
tandi
ngonabui
l
ding
2
fl
oor10m abovethegroundlevel(
g=10m/
s) .

EXAMPLESOFPOTENTI ALENERGY
1. Gravi
tat
ional
Pot
enti
alEner
gy
2. El
ast
icPot
ent
ialEner
gy
3. Magnet
icPot
ent
ial
Ener
gy
4. El
ect
ri
calPot
ent
ial
Ener
gy
5. Chemi
calPot
ent
ial
Ener
gy

KINETIC ENERGY:i stheener gypos sessed byabodybyvi r

tueofits
mot i
on.Ex amplesincl
udeas t
udentrunningar ace,windorairmoti
on,
el
ec t
ri
calchargesinmot i
on, amovingbul l
etetc.
2
Kineti
cEner gyK.E=½mv ………………………………………6. Wher e
mi smas sand;visveloci
ty( s
peed).
Exampl e-Anobj ectofmas s5kgismovi ngatac onst
antvel
oci
tyof15ml
s.
Calcul
ateitski
neticenergy.
Soluti
on:
K.E=½mv2 =½x5x15x15=562. 5J

Cl
ass
work
Whatist
heener
gyofamovi
ngc
arofvel
oci
ty30m/
s.i
fit
smas
sis60kg.

POWER
Poweri
sdefi
nedasther
ateofdoi
ngworkort
her
ateoft
rans
ferofener
gy.
I
tisasc
alarquant
it
ymeasur
edinwat
t(W).
 wor kdone wor kdone F×S
Power= P= =
ti
me Time t
Butifdistanc eandtimearenotgi venbutvelocityi
sgivent
hen;
F×S S
PowerP= =Fx
t t
Power ,P=For ce,Fxvel
oci
t y,v i.
e.P=Fxv
Exampl e:-Aboyofmas s10kgc l
imbsup10s tepseachofhei
ght0.
2m i
n
20s econds. Calcul
atet
hepoweroft heboy.
Soluti
on
Heightc l
imbed=10x0. 2=2m
Wor kdone=mgh=10x10x2=200J oul
es
POWER=wor k= 10x10x2=10wat ts
Time 20

EVALUATION
1. Definepower.
2. Aboyofmas s960gcl
i
mbsupt o12s t
epseac
hofhei
ght20c
min20
s
econds.Cal
cul
atet
hepoweroftheboy.

WORKDONEI NAFORCEFI ELD&ENERGYCONVERSI ON

Wor kdoneinLif
ti
ngaBody&Fal li
ngBodi
es
Themagnitudeofworkdoneinli
ft
ingabodyi
sgivenby
Wor k=for
cexdistanc
e=mgxh=mgh
Als
o,theworkdoneonf al
l
ingbodiesi
sgi
venby
Wor k=for
cexdistanc
e=mgxh=mgh

EVALUATION
1. Ex pl
aint
hreetypesoff
orc
efiel
d.
2. Al oadedsackoftot
almass100kgf
all
sdownf r
om t
hefl
oorofal
orr
y
2m hi
gh.Cal
culat
etheworkdonebygravi
tyonthel
oad.

Conservati
on&Tr ansformationofEnergy
Energycanbec onvertedfrom oneformt oanotherinac loseds ystem. The
l
aw ofc onser
vati
onofener gys t
atesthatinanenc l
oseds ystem,ener gy
canneitherbec r
eatednordes t
royeddur i
ngtransformation.Ex ampl esof
suchc onvers
ions i
nclude (a)Mot orc onver
ts electri
calt o mec hanical
energy(b)Generatorc onvertsmechanic
altoelectric
alener gy( c)Electric
pres
s i
ngironconvertelect
ric
altoheatenergy
Wor l
dEnergyRes ources
Wor l
denergyresourcescanbec lass
ifi
edas
1.RenewableEnergyRes ources:Theyar eenergythatc anbereplac
edas
theyareusede.g.sol
arenergy,windener gy,waterenergy&biomas s
2.Non-renewableEnergyResour ces
:Ener gythatcannotbereplac
edaft
er
usee.g.nucl
earenergy,pet
roleum &nat uralgas

Tr
ansf
ormati
onofMechanicalEner
gy
I
tcanbeil
l
ustr
atedus i
ngt
hefoll
owing:
1. AFall
i
ngbodi es
2. TheSi
mpl ePendul
um

FALLI
NGBODI
ES

NB:Tot
alEner
gy:P.
E+K.E
Att
hetop:Tot
alEner
gy =P.
E
=mgh.
Att
hemi
ddl
e:Tot
alEner
gy =P.
E+K.
E
1
=mgh+ mv²
2
Atthebot
tom:Tot
alEner
gy =K.
E
1
= mv²
2
SI
MPLEPENDULUM
ATC&B
Tot
alEner
gy =P.
E
=mgh.
ATA
Tot
alEner
gy =K.
E
1
= mv²
2
BETWEENA&C
Tot
alEner
gy =P.
E+K.
E
1
=mgh+ mv²
2
CLASSWORK
-1
An objectofmas s5 Kg i smoving ata cons t
antveloci
tyof15ms .
Calc
ulateit
skinet
icenergy.
Abodyofmas s5Kgf all
sfrom aheightof10m abovetheground.Whatis
-2
thekinet
icenergyofthebodyjustbeforei
tstr
ikestheground?(
g=10ms ) .
WEEKTWO
TOPIC:HeatEner gy,ConceptofHeatandTemper at
ureandEf f
ectsof
Heat
CONTENT
 Conc eptofHeat
 Temper ature
 Ef f
ectofHeatonbodi es.
ConceptofHeat
Heatisac onceptofphys i
csthatdeal
swi
tht hes t
udyofr el
ati
vemot i
onof
fl
uid(l
iquidandgas )from onebodytoanother.Itisaform ofenergythat
canbet ransf
erredfrom onebodyduetotemper aturedif
fer
ences.

Temperat
ure
Temper
atureisthedegreeofhotnes
sandc ol
dnes
sofabodyoranobjec
t.
I
tisas c
alarquanti
ty,measured i
n Kel
vi
n.Heatand Temper
atur
ear e
si
mil
arbutnotthesame

Di
ff
erencesbetweenHeatandTemperatur
e
S/N HEAT TEMPERATURE
1 I
tisaform ofenergy I
tisnotaf orm ofenergy
2. I tist
het otali
nter
nalener
gyofI
ti sthe degr ee ofhotness or
abody col
dnessofabody
3. I tisaderivedquantit
y I
tisafundament al
quanti
ty
4. TheSIuni tisJoul
es TheSIunitisKelvin
5. Meas uredus i
ngCalori
met
er Meas uredus i
ngTher mometer
.

Ef
fectofHeat
Whenheati sappl i
edt oabodyt hef ol
lowi
ngef f
ec tmayoc c
ur
1. Ex pansion:when heati sapplied,volumesi nc r
eas
eswhi l
edens i
ty
decreases .
2. Change i nt emper ature:When heat i s added on a body,t he
temperat ureincreases
3. Changeofs tate:mel t
ing,fr
eezing,condensati
on,evaporat i
onet c
.
4. Ther mion emi ss
ion:Addi ti
on ofheaton met almay r esul
ti nt he
emissi
onofel ectronfrom thesur f
aceofthemet al
5. Phot oel ectri
cemi ssi
on:Theemi ssi
onofelec t
ronwhens uffi
ci
entlight
ofhighf requenc yisil
luminatedonamet alsurfacee.
g.zi
ncpl ate.
WEEKTHREE
TOPI
C:Thermomet erandIt
sType.Evaporat
ionandBoi
l
ing
CONTENT
 ThermometerandTheirTher
momet r
icSubst
anc
e
 Fi
xedPointofThermometer
 Evaporat
ionandBoil
i
ng

ThermometerandThei
rThermometri
cSubst
ance
Ther
momet ri
csubs
tancesar
es ubs
tanceswhi
chchangesi
npr
opor
ti
ont
o
temperat
ure.

S/
N THERMOMETER THERMOMETRICAL PHYSI CAL
SUBSTANCE PROPERTI ES
1. Liqui
di nglass Mercur
yoral
cohol Change i n vol ume
withtemper atur
e
2. Cons t
ant vol ume Gas Change i n pr essure
gasthermomet er withtemper atur
e
3. Thermoelec t
ri
c Twodi f
ferentmetal(
ir
on Change i n pot ential
thermomet er andcopper ) dif
ference due t o
temper ature
dif
ference
4. Resist
ant Resi
stantwire Change i nr esi
stant
thermomet er withtemper atur
e
5. Bimetall
ic Two di s
s i
milar metalDiff
erential
thermomet er (br
assandi ron) expans i
on of t wo
metals of t he
bimetalli
cs tri
pes

Ther
mometri
cli
quidsandt heirproperti
es
Ther
mometri
cli
quidsarel
iquidst hatareusedi
nthermomet
erswhichhave
measur
abl
ephysic
alproperti
est hatchangecont
inuous
lywi
thtemperat
ure.

Pr
operti
esofagoodthermometri
cliqui
d
1.I
tshoul
dhaveahighconducti
vi
ty.
2.I
tshoul
dhaveahighexpans
ivit
y.
3.I
tshoul
dbeopaquesothatitcaneasi
l
ybes
eenandr
ead.
4.I
tshoul
dnotwetglas
s.
 5.I
tshoul
dhavealowfreez
ingpoi
ntandahi
ghboi
l
ingpoi
nt.
6.I
tshoul
dnotvapor
izeeasi
ly

Mer
cur
yver
susal
coholast
her
momet
ri
cli
qui
ds

Mercury Alcohol
1 Doesnotwetgl ass Wet sglass
2 Opaque ( can eas il
y be Tr ansparent(ithastobec olour
ed)
seen)
3 Goodc onduc ti
vit
y Poorc onductivi
ty
4 Lowex pansivit
y Highex pansivit
y(about6t i
mes
thatofmer cury)
5 Doesnotvapor i
zeeasil
y Vapor izeseas i
ly
6 High f reezing poi nt(- Lowf reezi
ngpoi nt(-115oC)
39oC)
7 Highboil
ingpoi nt(357oC) Lowboi li
ngpoi nt(78oC)

Whywat eri
snotus edasat hermomet r
icliquid
i.Ithasas mallrangeofexpans i
on–i tfr
eezesat0oCandboi
lsat100
o
C
i
i.Itdoesnotex panduniformly.I tcont r
actsfom 0oCt
r o4oC:thi
sis
knownasanomal ousexpansionofwat er
ii
i.Itwetsglass
I
tistr
ansparent,makingthemeniscusint heglassdif
fi
cul
ttor
ead.

CONSTANTVOLUMEGASTHERMOMETER
1. I
tgivesmore accur
ate meas
ur ementoft emper
atur
ethan any
ot
her
ther
momet er
2. I
tisver
ysens
iti
veandcanmeas urewiderr
angeoftemper
atur
e

DI
SADVANTAGES
1. Iti
sver
yexpens
iveands
orequi
rehandl
i
ngwi
ths
pec
ialc
are
2. Iti
sver
ycumbersome

FI
XEDPOI
NTOFTHERMOMETER
Fi
xedt
emper
atur
epoi
ntar
etworef
erenc
etemper
atur
es(
usual
l
yupper
and lower f
ix poi
nts
)chos
en,when pr
epar
ing a s
cal
efor r
eadi
ng
temperat
ures
.

UpperFi
xedPoint
:isthetemper
atur
eofs
team f
rom pur
ewat
eratt
he
nor
malat
mospheri
cpress
ure.

LowerFix
edPoi nt
:isthetemperatureofmixtur
eofpureiceandwaterat
normalpr
essur
e.
FundamentalI
nter
vals:i
stheinter
v albet
weent heupperandlowerfi
xed
point
.
Fundamentali
nter
val:Theint
ervalbetweenthetwofix
edpoints
.
0 0
100C 373K 212F

00C 273K 320F

Cel
si
usScal
e Kel
vi
nSc
ale Fahr
enhei
tScale
Cent
( igr
ades
cal
e) (
Ther
modynami
csc
ale)

Scal
esoft emperat
ure
o
1.Fahrenhei
tscale(F)
I
nt hist
emperatur
esc al
e,theicepoi
ntis32o whi
l
ethes
team poi
nti
s
o o
212.Thef undamentali
nterval
is180;
o
2.Cel
siusorCentigr
ades cale( C)
I
nthi st
emperatures
c ale,thei c
epoi s0o whi
nti l
ethes
team poi
nti
s
o o
100.Thef undamentalintervali
s100.

3.AbsoluteorTher modynami corKel vins cale(K)

Thistemper atures c
alear isesbec aus eitwasf oundt hatt hereisa
l
owes tpos si
bletemper aturebelowwhi chnothingc anbec ooledand
thevolumeofal lgaseswi l
lbecomez ero.Thisisbec ause,aswec ool
thes ubstance,itsmol eculesmoves lowlyunt i
levent uall
yt heywi l
l
theoreti
call
ys t
opcompl etel
yandhavenoki neti
cener gy.Thi soc c
ur s
att helowes ttheoreti
c altemper aturepos si
blec all
ed theabs ol
ut e
o
zerotemper ature.Ont heCel s
iuss cale,thiscorrespondsto- 273 C;
 1
ont
heabs
olut
esc
ale,
iti
s0K.
o
Wat c
hout !Meas urementi snoti
n K,
butj
ustK
Summar ily,
o
Absolutez ero:0K( -
273 C)
I
cepoi nt:273K( 0oC)
Steam poi nt:373K( 100oC)
Fundament alint
erval:100

Conver
sionoftemperatur
escales
1. BetweenCel s
iusandKel
vins cal
es
T=θ+273
Wher e:
Ti
st hetemperat
urei
nkelvin
θi
st hetemperat
urei
ndegr eesCel
si
us

Example1
ConverttoKeln:50oC
vi
Solut
ion
T=θ+273
T=50+273
T=323K
Example2
Convertt
odegreesCel
si
us:470K

Sol
uti
on
T=θ+273 θ=T-273
θ=470-273
θ=197oC

2. BetweenCel
si
usandFahr
enhei
tscal
es
For
mula:

C=F-32
5 9

1
Al
lgas
esli
quefybefor
etheabs
olut
etemper
atur
eisr
eac
hed.Ox
ygenl
i
quef
i 183oC,Ni
esat- tr 196oC,hydr
ogenat- 253oC
ogenat-
o
andhel
ium at-
269 C.
 5
C= (F-32)
9

9C
F= + 32
5
Where:
Ci
stemper
atur
einoC
Fi
stemper
atur
einoF

Example3
Convert50oFt
odegr
eesCel
si
us
Solut
ion
5
C= (F-32)
9
=
5
C= (50-32)
9
=
5
C= (18)
9
=10oC

Exampl
e4
t250oCt
Conver odegr
eesFahr
enhei
t

Sol
uti
on
9C
F= + 32
5
=
9x250
F= + 32
5
=450+32
=482oF
CLASSWORK
Conver
t
 i
i
i)75⁰
Cto⁰
F
i
v)84⁰
Fto⁰
C

TypesofTher
momet
ers

1.Li
quidinglassthermometer
2.Gasthermometer
3.Resis
tancether
momet er
4.Thermoelect
ri
ct her
momet er
5.Pyrometer

1. Li qui dinglassthermomet ers

a.Clinicalthermomet er
Thec li
nicalthermomet erisus edt omeas uret het emper atureofthe
o o
humanbodywhi chis37 C( 98.6 F) .Thec ons t
ri
c ti
onandt heshort
rangeoft emperaturemeas uredifferentiatet hec l
inicalthermomet er
from ot hert ypesoft hermomet ers.Thec li
nicalt hermomet erisnot
steril
i
s edi nboili
ngwat erundernor malat mos phericpr essureforthe
foll
owi ngr easons:
a.Ther angeoft hec li
nicalthermomet eri s35oC t o 43oC;si
nc e
o
waterboilsat100 C,t hemer curyc anoverex pandandbr eak
t
hegl ass.
b.Theboi li
ngwat ermayc ausethegl asst oc rack.
b.Max imum andMi ni
mum orSi x’
sther momet er
Thet her momet erconsistsofaU- shapeds tem c onnec t
edt otwolarge
bulbsA andB. Bot hbul bsc ontainal coholandar es eparatedbya
columnofmer curyinthebendoft heU- shapeds tem.

Ast
het
emper
atur
echanges
,as
mal
li
ndexi
nbot
hli
mbsi
sus
edt
oregi
ster
thehi
ghes
torlowes
ttemper
atur
edur
ingt
heday.Thei
ndex
esar
eres
et
usi
ngamagnet
.

2. Gasthermomet er
s
Thebul
bwhichc ontai
nsHydrogen,Hel
i
um orai
rasthegasat
tac
hedtoa
merc
urymanomet erwhic
hisusedtomeasur
ethepress
ureoft
hegas
.

Asthegasi
sheat
ed,i
tex
pandsandt
hepress
ur eisreadf
rom t
hemer
cur
y
l
eveli
nthemanomet
erwi
ththeai
dofametr
er ule.

I
fӨi
stheCel
si
ust
emper
atur
ecor
res
pondi
ngt
oanygaspr
ess
urePӨ,

PӨ –P0 =Ө -0
P100–P0 100–0

Ө= PӨ –P0x100oC
P100–P0

ADVANTAGESOFTHEGASTHERMOMETER
i.Iti
smoreaccur
atet
hantheli
qui
dinglas
sther
momet
ers
i
i.Itcanmeas
ureverylow t
emper
atur
eandveryhi
ghtemper
atur
e
 thantheli
qui
dinglassther
mometer
i
ii
. Gasthermometerscanmeas ur
ewi
derrangeoft
emperat
ure.
i
v. The expansi
on oft he gl
assisnegl
i
giblecompar
ed withthe
expansi
onofthegas .

DI
SADVANTAGESOFTHEGASTHERMOMETER
i
.I ti
sbul kyanddi ffi
culttous e
ii
.i tcannotbeus edt omeas uret emper at
ureofs mal
lvolumeof
li
quid
iii
.I tc annotbe us ed t o meas urer api
dlyc hangi
ng t
emper at
ure
becaus egas esar epoorc onduc t
orofheat
Uses
a.I
t i s us ed t o c ali
br ate elec tr
ical thermometers (r
esis
tance
thermomet erandt hermoel ectri
cther momet er
s)
b.I
ti susedi nindus t
ryt omeas urehi ght emperatur
essuchasthatofa
furnace,mel ti
ngpoi ntsofmet al
set c.
I
fthegr aphofpr essur
ei spl ottedagai nsttemperature,t
heshapeoft he
gr
aphi sshownbel ow:

Exampl e1[WAEC/ SSCEJ une2010]

At hermometerrecords680mmHgats t
eam poi
ntand440mmHgati
ce
point.Thetemperatureitr
ecor
dsat380mmHgis___
_
Soluti
on
Ө =PӨ –P0x100oC
P100–P0

=380–440x100oC
680–440
 =-60x100
240
o
=- 25 C
CLASSWORK[ J
AMB/ UTME2013]
o
Cal
cul
at et
hel engthwhic
hcorr
espondstoatemperatur
eof20 Cifthei
ce
andsteam pointsofanungr
aduatedther
mometerare400mm apart
Sol
uti
on

LetXbet
hes
cal
eont
heunknownt
her
momet
er

Ө =XӨ –X0x100oC
X100–X0
=XӨ –X0x100oC
400
XӨ –X0=20x400
100
=80mm

3. Resi
stancethermometer
Theresis
tancethermometerusesthechangeinelect
ric
alresi
stanc
e
ofapuremet al
li
cconductors
uchasplat
inum wi
thtemperat
ure.
I
fӨi stheCelsi
ustemperatur
ec or
res
pondingtoanygivenresi
stanc
e
RӨ,
θ=Rθ-Ro x100oC
R100-Ro

Example3( SC/ GCE)

A pl at
inum r es i
stanc e thermomet er meas ures t emper at
ure on t he
assumpt i
on t hat t he c hange i n electri
calres i
stanc e of plati
num i s
proporti
onalt ot hec hangeint emperature.Ther esi
s tanceofthepl at
inum
o o
wireat0Ci s10. 40Ωand10. 71Ωat100C
a.Calc ulatet het emperat urewhent heresi
stancei s9.61Ω
b.Whatwi llbet her esi
stanceofthewi rewhent het emperatureis40oC?
Solut
ion
θ=Rθ-Ro x100
R100-Ro
Us i
ngR100=10. 71Ω;Ro=10. 40Ω;Rθ=9. 61Ω
a. θ=9. 61–10. 40 x100
 10.
71–10. 40
=-0.
79x100
0.31
o
=-254.8C
o
=-255C

b. θ=40oC;Rθ=?
40= Rθ–10. 40 x100
10.
71–10. 40
40= Rθ–10. 40x100
0.31
(Rθ–10.40)x100=40x0.
31
Rθ–10.40=40x0. 31
100
Rθ–10.40=0.124
Rθ=0.124+10.40
Rθ=10.52Ω
Rθ=10.5Ω

4. THERMOELECTRI CTHERMOMETERORTHERMOCOUPLE
Athermocoupleisac i
rcui
tismadeupoft
wodif
fer
entmetal
sorwires
j
oinedatt woj unctionsands ubj
ect
edtoext
remet emper
atur
est o
gi
veriset
ot hermoc urrent
.
Whenat hermoc oupleisusedtomeas
uret
emperatur
e,i
tiscal
l
ed
ather
moelec t
ri
ct hermomet er
.

Advantagesofthet hermoelectr
icthermomet er
i
. Iti s ver y s ensi
ti
ve and c an meas ure rapidl
y changi
ng
t
emperat ure
ii
. Unlikethegast hermomet er,itcan beus ed to meas
urethe
t
emperat ureofas mallsubstancealmostatapoint
Uses
a.I
ti susedinindus trytomeas urehightemper at
uressuchasthatofa
furnac
e
b.I
tisus edtomeas ureorc omparer adi
antenergyondiffer
entsur
fac
es
(
asat hermoc ouple)

5. Pyr
omet
er
 A pyr
omet erisat ypeoft hermometerusedtomeas
ureveryhi
gh
t
emper at
urewi t
houtphy
sicalcontac
t.
Apyromet erispoi
nteddir
ec t
lyonthes ur
fac
ewhoset
emperat
urei
s
t
obemeas ured.

As
signment
1.Thei ceands team pointsofac er tai
nthermometerar e-20°and100°
respec t
ivel
y.CalculatetheCel s
iust emperaturecorrespondingt o70°
ont het her
momet er.WAEC2002
2.Thei ceands team point sofaf aultymer c
ury-i
n-glassther mometer
are 0. 3 C and 99. 2C r es
pec t
ivel
y.When us ed to meas ur
et he
temper atureofamedi um,i trec or
ded 47.5°
C.Whati st hec orr
ect
temper atureofthemedi um?
3.Thef undament alinter
valofaCel s i
usthermometeri s250mm.Whati s
thet emperaturewhent hemer curyleveli
s45mm abovet heicepoint.
4.Ar es i
stanc
et hermomet erhasar esist
anceof10i 2at0°Cand700at
100°C.I fi
tr ecords 55ohms i nac er
tai
n medi um,c al
c ulat
et he
temper atureofthemedi um.
WEEKFOUR
TOPIC:HeatTr ansf
er– Conduct
ion,Convect
ion,Radi
ati
on and Thei
r
Appl
icat
ions
CONTENT
 Conduc t
ion
 Convec t
ion
 Radi ati
on
 Ther moFl ask
Heatcanbetransfer
redbyc
onduct
ion,c
onvecti
onorradi
ati
on.

CONDUCTI ON
Thisisthepr oc
essoft ransferofheatt hroughamat er
ialbyvibr
ati
onof
themol ecul
esfi
xedinpos iti
on.N. B.Metalst hatal
l
owheatt opassthrough
them ar esaidto begood c onductorsofheat .Though allmetalsare
classi
fi
edasgoodc onduc tors,theydif
ferinanabi li
tyt
oc onductheat.Non
met al(
wood/pl as
tic
)ar ebadc onductorst hatdoesnotall
owheatt opass
throughit.Ther
malc onduc t
ivit
yi ssi
mplyt heabi l
i
tyofamet altoconduct
heat.

PRACTI CALAPPLI CATIONOFCONDUCTI ONOFHEAT

1. Ket t
le,pansand ot herut ensi
lsmadeofmet al
sarepr ovi
ded wi th
wooden oreboni te utensil
ss ot hatheatf r
om t o utensi
lsi snot
conduc ted.
2. Hous eol dsourcepansar emadeofmet al
sbecausemet alsaregood
conduc torsofheatandel ect
ric
ity.
3. Thi ckbr i
ckwallsareusedi nthec onstr
ucti
onofstor
ager ooms .Bricks
arebadc onduct
orsofheat ,soi twillnotal
low heatt oent erthe
storager oom.
4. As tonef l
oorfeel
sc ol
dt othefeett hanarugorac arpetont hes ame
fl
oorf eelswarm.

CONVECTI
ON
Convecti
onistheproc essbywhi c
hheatenergyi stransf
err
edinaf l
uid
(l
i
quidorgas)byactualmovementoft heheat
edf l
uid.Thedir
ecti
onofthe
motion ofa fil
ter paper indi
cates t
he ci
rcul
ati
on ofheat ed water
.
Cir
culat
ionofali
qui
di scall
edCONVECTI ONCURRENT.

APPLICATIONOFCONVECTI ON
Convecti
oninli
quid
1. Domes t
icwater
-boil
ers
.
2. Cool i
ngprocessofamot or
carvehi
cl
e.
3. Landands eabreez
es.

Landands eabreezes
Convect
ionalcurr
entsetupi
nlandands
eabr
eez
es.Theyoc
curmai
nlyi
n
coast
alregions.

Seabr eeze
Duringt hehots
eason,heatfrom thesunpas
sess
trai
ghtf
rom t
heairwit
h
l
it
tleeffect.
Thel
andi sheatedbythesunmorequi
cklyt
hantheseabec
ase:
(i
) I tisagoodabsor berofheat
.
(i
i
) I tisagoodradiator.
(i
i
i)I thaslowspeci
ficheatcapaci
ty.

Theai
rneart
helandthuswarmsupandr iseswhil
eai
rfr
om thesaemoves
i
ntotheland t
or epl
acetheris
enai r
.Airf r
om thehigherat
mosphere
movesfr
om theseaandt henac i
rcul
ati
onc urr
enti
ssetup.Thebreeze
fr
om t
heseaisknownastheseabreeze.
Landbr eeze
Dur i
ngt henight,landi snotheat edbyt hes un,soi tcool
sveryquickly.
Temper atureofthes eadr opsonlys l
ight
lyands i
nceithasbeenheatedt o
aver yhi ghtemper ature,itret
ainsmor eheatasaf orm ofener
gy.Asa
resultoft his
,the s eai swar mert han thel and atnight.Convec
t i
onal
currentistheref
ores etintheoppos i
tedirec
tionint hedayasar esultof
breezebl owingfrom l andt othes ea.Thi
sbr eezef r
om t hel
andisc al
led
l
andbr eez e.

Convect
ioni
ngases
1. Chimneysi
nKit
chens
2. Vent i
lationofi ndus tr
ialbuil
di ngs(up-cas tanddownc ast)
3. Bonf i
res
4. Room r adiators-wheni nus e,thehotai rrisi
ngf r
om itcanproducea
shadowi nther oom byt hes unduet oc onvec ti
on.
5. Gli
derl i
ft-li
ftforai r c
raftus edi nfl
yings port.I
tisdonebypos i
ti
oning
theai rcrafttowar dst her oof soffactori
eswher eairaboveiswar mer
thananyot herpl ac e.Ther i
s i
ngc onvectionc urr
entiscall
edthermal
6. Wi nd-c onvectionc ur r
entsi nairwhenhotai rri
sesfrom theequator
andr eplacedbyac olderordens erai rf r
om thepol arregi
on.Wi nd
dependsonear th’ srotation,largemas sesofl andands eaoverwhi ch
i
tpas sesandt emper ature.
7. Airc ondi ti
onalar epl acedatt hetopofwal li
nt heroom andnoton
thef l
oors othatt hehotai rwhi chareles sdens eri
sesandar ecooled
whi l
et he c older ai r whi ch are dens er si
nk down henc e.This
continuouspr oc es sofr isi
ngandc ool
ingofwar m andc oldai
rsetup
convec t
ional c
ur rent swhi chc oolstheroom.

ht
tps
://
www.
yout
ube.
com/
wat
ch?
v=dN2SB2J
g77o

RADI ATION
Radiationistheprocessbywhi chheati st
rans f
erredorc onveyedfrom one
place/poi nttoanotherwi t
houtheatingthei nt
er vi
ewmedi um.I nr
adiati
on
molec ulesarenotinvolved,i
tdi
ffer
sf rom anothermet hodbec auseitdoes
notr equi r
e a medium f orheatto be t ransferred.Heatf rom the sun
reachesusbyt hi
smet hod.Theener gygivenoutasr adi antheatisknown
as RADI ANT ENERGY.Thi s energy displace el ec
tricaland magnet i
c
proper t
iesandi tsaidt obeel ect
romagnet icr adiat
ionandt henamei s
I
NFARED.

RADIATI
ONCANBEDETECTEDBY
1. Radiomet er
2. Thermo- pil
e
3. Lesli
ec ube
Dar
ks ur
faceisgoodabsor
berofheatandpooremit
terofr
adiat
ion.Hi
ghl
y
pol
is
heds ur
facearegoodemit
terofradi
ati
onandpooremit
terofheat
.

APPLI
CATI
ONOFRADI
ATI
ON
1. Itisnotadvis abletowearadar kshi
rti
nt hetropicalsun.
2. Roof soffactor i
esarec oatedwi thal
umi num paint
.
3. Shi nni
ngr oofsandout sidewal lsar
epai nt
edwi t
hl i
ghtcolourinhot
cli
matetokeept hehous ec ool.
Cookingutensil
sar edar keningatt hebottom andpol i
shedint heupper
sur
face.Thebl ackings urf
ac ewi l
lallow t
heheatwhi let hesil
versurf
ace
won’tall
owt heheatt ogoout .
htt
ps://
www. youtube. com/wat ch?v=_Si
SDcN9TBE,

EVALUATI
ON
1. Defi
nethef
oll
owingter
msA. conduc
tionB.
Convec
tionC.
Radi
ati
on
2. Stat
etwoappl
icat
ionofradi
ati
on.

Ther
mosFlask
Athermosfl
askisus
edt
okeept
het
emper
atur
eofi
tsc
ont
entc
ons
tant
.
Thees
senti
al

Feat
ureofat hermosfl
as kareasfoll
ows :
1. Cor ks topper– Pr eventheatl os
sbyc onduct
ion,conducti
on and
Evaporation
2. Vac uum i nthedoublewal l–Reduceheatl ossorgainbyc onducti
on
andconvec ti
on
3. Silver
edwal lsurf
ace–Mi ni
mizeheatlossbyr adi
ati
on
4. Cor ksuppor t–Preventheatlossbyc onducti
on
Ther
mosf l
as kisals
oknownasvac uum fl
as k.
WEEKFI VE

TOPI
C:Ex
pans
ionofSol
i
d,Ef
fectandAppl
i
cat
ionsofEx
pans
ion
CONTENT
 Ef
fectandApplic
ati
onofTher
malExpansi
onofSol
id
 AdvantagesandDis
advant
agesofTher
malExpans
ionofSol
i
d

ht
tps
://
www.
yout
ube.
com/
wat
ch?
v=QNoE5I
oRheQ,

Ef
fectandAppl i
cationofTher malEx pansionofSolid
1. Whenhotwat erispour edinaglas stumbl
er,itmightcrackduetothe
unevenexpans i
onoft heinnerwal lofthetumbler.
2. Thec racki
ngnoi seofz i
ncr oofduringthedayandni ght.
3. Ther malexpans i
onofs oli
disus edint heconstruct
ionofbr i
dgesin
whichones i
dei sfix
edandt heot herisplacedonr oll
erstoal
low f
or
expansi
on.
htt
ps:/
/www. youtube.com/wat c
h?v=aUpvh7_ j
SA4,

4. Thes t
opperofabot tl
ecanber emovedduetot heexpansi
onofthe
glass
.
5. I
nt hec onst
ruct
ionofconcret
epavement,l
i
ttl
espacesareleftwi
thin
theconc r
etetoall
owforexpansi
on.
6. Gapsar elefti
nt heconst
ructi
onofrai
lwaytrac
kstogi veroom for
expansi
on.

ht
tps
://
www.
yout
ube.
com/
wat
ch?
v=9J
uKqkZVgTU,

7. Bimetal
l
ics
tri
pesareuseint
her
mos
tatf
orc
ont
rol
l
ingorr
egul
ati
ng
thefl
owofelec
tri
ccur
rent
.

Advant
agesandDi
sadvant
agesofTher
malEx
pans
ionofSol
i
d
Advant
ages
1. Fir
ealarm e.
g.el
ectr
icbell
2. Thefit
ti
ngsofwheel sinri
ms
3. Bimetal
li
cthermomet er
4. Redhotr i
vetinshi
pbui l
ding
5. Bimetal
li
cs t
ri
pesusedint her
momet
ere.
g.el
ect
ri
ccookeret
c

Di
sadvantages
1. Crackingofdr inkingglasswhenhotl iqui
dpour edi nside
2. Ifthebal ancewheelofawat c
hex pandst het i
mewi l
lbef astandi f
thebal ancewheelofawat chcontr
aststhet i
mewi l
lbes l
ow
3. Expans ionofmet alofc oncret
ebr i
dgeswhi chcanl eadt oevent ual
afteral ongper iod
4. Saggingofov erheadwi r
eduet ocontrac
tioninwi nters eason
5. Expans ionofrai l
waytrackstherebyformingdistantr ail
wayt racks
.
6. Bur s
tingofwat ermetalpipes.

EVALUATI
ON
1. Mentionfoureff
ectoft
hermalex
pansi
onofsol
i
d.
2. Mention four the advant
ages and di
sadvant
ages of t
her
mal
ex
pansi
onofs ol
id.
WEEKSI X
TOPIC:Ex pansi
vity and Its Appl
icati
on – Linear
,Ar
ea and Vol
ume.
Anomalous
Expansi
onofWat er.RealandAppar entExpans
ivi
ty
CONTENT
 Li nearEx pansivi
tyofSoli
d
 Ar eaExpans i
vityofSoli
d
 Cubi cExpans i
vityofsol
idandLi qui
d
 Anomal ousBehavi orofWat er
Li
nearExpans i
vit
y

Theli
nearexpans
ivi
tyofamateri
ali
sdefi
nedasthei
ncreas
einlengt
hper
uni
tlengt
hforeachkelvi
nordegr
eeCels
iusr
isei
ntemperat
ure.
Incr
easeinl
engt
h
α=
Ori
ginall
engthxtemper
atur
eri
se

∆l
α=
l
1
∆θ
l-l
α= 2 1
l
1
∆θ
l-l
α= 2 1
l(
θ-θ1)
1 2

Wher e:
α=l i
nearex pansivi
ty
l
2
=newl engt hattemperatureθ2
l
1
=origi
nal l
engthatt emperatureθ1
θ=t emper atureris
e
SIunit:perkel vi
n(K-1or1/K)
O -
Otherunit:perdegr eeCels
ius( C1or1/
o
C)

Li
nearex
pans
ivi
tyi
sal
soc
all
edt
hec
oef
fi
ci
entofl
i
nearex
pans
ion.

Exampl e1[WAEC/WASCE,1992]
Steelbars
,eachoflengt
h3.0m at22oC,aretobeus edforcons
truc
tinga
-
5o
rai
lli
ne.Iftheli
nearexpans
ivi
tyofst
eelis1.
0x10 C,whati sthesafet
y
gapt hatmustbeleftbet
weens uc
cessi
vebarsi
fthehi ghes
ttemperatur
e
ex
pec
t s40oC?
edi

Sol
uti
on
Thesaf
etygapisthec
hangei nl
engthorex pansi
on,∆l
∆l
α=
l(θ-θ1)
1 2
∆l
1x10-5=
3x( 40-22)
-5
∆l= 1x10 x3x( 40-22)
-5
∆l= 1x10 x3x18
∆l= 0.
00054m
∆l= 0.054cm
4x102c
∆l= 5. -
m

Exampl e2[WAEC/ SSCE, 2016]

An aluminium r od ofl engt 8 m at10 oC i
h 1. sheat
ed to pr
oducea
dif
ferenceinl engthof0. 007 m. Cal
cul
at et het
emper
atur
et owhic
his
heated.
(Li
nearexpans ivi
tyofalumi ni
um =2.3x10-5K-1)
Soluti
on
∆l
α=
l (
θ-θ1)
1 2

0.
007
3x10-5=
2.
1.
8x(θ2-10)

8x(
3x10-5x1.
2. θ2-10)=0.
007

0.
007
θ2-10=
3x10-5x1.
2. 8

0.
007
θ2-10=
14x10-5
4.

θ2-10=169.
08
θ2= 169.
08+ 10

θ2= 179.
08

θ2= 179℃

Ex
ample3
Ex
plai
nthes
tat
ementt
hatthel
inearex
pansi
vi
tyofbrassis0.
000019perK.
o
Abras
srodi
s100cmlongat110 C,whatwil
lbethelengthat10oC?

Soluti
on
Api eceofbr
assofunitl
engt
h(1m)whenheat edt
hroughat
emper
atur
e
changeof1K, i
ncr
easesby0.
000019m i
nlengt
h.

∆l
α=
l
1
θ

l -l
2 1
α=
l(
θ-θ1)
1 2

l
2
-l
1
= αl(
θ -θ1)
1 2

l
2
=l
1
+ αl(
θ -θ1)
1 2

l
2
=l1
[1+ α(θ2-θ1)
]
1[
l 1+α(θ2-θ1)]= l
2

l
2
l =
1
[1+α(θ2-θ1)]
100
l =
1 [ 000019x(
1+0. 110-10)
]

100
=
[ 000019x100]
1+0.
 100
=
1+ 0.
0019

100
=
1.
0019

=99.
8cm

l
1
=0.
998m

Areaex pansi
vit
y
Thear eaors uperfi
c i
alexpans
ivi
tyβofas oli
dist
heincreas
einar
eaper
unitareaforeac hkelvi
nordegr eeCels
iusr
isei
ntemperat
ure.
Increaseinarea
Ori
ginalareaxt emperatur
er i
se

∆A
β=
A1θ

A2-A1
β=
A1θ
A-A
β= 2 1
A1(
θ2-θ1)

Butβ=2α(
Rel
ati
ons
hipbet
weenαandβ)
Or
1
α= β
2

Uni
t:Thes
ameasl
i
nearex
pans
ivi
ty

Vol
umeorc
ubi
cex
pans
ivi
ty

Thevol
umeorcubicexpans
ivi
tyγistheinc
reasei
nvolumeofas ubst
anc
e
peruni
tvol
umeforeac
hkelvinordegreeCels
iusr
isei
ntemper
ature.
 I
ncr
eas
einvol
ume
γ=
Or
igi
nal
vol
umextemper
atur
eri
se

∆V
γ=
V1θ

V2-V1
γ=
V1(
θ2-θ1)

But
γ=3α(
Rel
ati
ons
hipbet
weenαandγ)
Or
1
α= γ
3

Uni
t:Thes
ameasl
i
nearex
pans
ivi
ty

Example4[WAEC/ SSCE2012]
Amet alsheetofarea100c m2 washeat
edthrough70oC.Cal
cul
atei
ts
-
1
newar eai
ftheli
nearexpans
ivi
tyoft
hemetali
s0.000017K .
Solut
ion

∆A
β=
A1θ

A2-A1
β=
A1(
θ2-θ1)

A2-A1= βA1(
θ2-θ1)

A2=A1 + βA1(
θ2-θ1)

1+β(
A2= A1[ θ1)
θ2- ]

Butβ=2α
 1+2α(
A2= A1[ θ1)
θ2- ]

A2= 100[
1+2x0.000017x70]
A2= 100[
1+0.
00238]

A2= 100x1.
00238

A2= 100. m2
24c
EXPANSI
VITY(
II
)(cont
inued)

Realandappar entc ubicexpans i

vity
i. Ther ealc ubicex pansi
vity(γr)ofaliquidistheincreaseinvol umeper
unitvol umef oreac hkel vin ordegr eeCel si
usr i
seint emper atur
e
whent hel iquidisheat edinani nexpans i
blevessel
.
i
i. The appar entc ubicex pans i
vit
y( γa)ofa l i
quidi sthe incr easein
volumeperuni tvolumef oreac h kelvin ordegr eeCelsiusr i
sein
temper aturewhent hel i
quidisheatedi nanex pansibl
evessel.
Realexpansiv i
ty=appar entexpans i
vit
y+ex pansi
vit
yoft hecontainer
γr =γa+γ

Wher
e:

Volumeofli
qui
dexpel
l
ed
γa=
Vol
umeofli
qui
dremai
ningxt
emp.r
ise

Massofli
qui
dexpel
l
ed
γa=
Mas
sofl
i
quidremai
ningxt
emp.r
ise

γ=3α

Whichisgreater?RealorAppar entCubicExpansivit
y?
Therealcubicexpans i
vityismor ethantheappar entc ubi
cexpansivi
tyofa
l
iqui
d.
Reason: Ther ealcubi cex pansi
vit
ymeas urest het r
ueex pansi
onoft he
l
iqui
di naninex pansibleves sel
;butinappar entc ubi
cex pansi
vi
ty,asthe
vess
elexpands ,thel iquidf i
ll
st heextraspac eorvol umec reated.Thi
s
makestheac tualexpans i
onoft heli
quidles
snot iceabl
e.
Example5[WAEC/ SSCE,2007]
Ar el
ati
vedensi
tybot tl
eofvol ume50c m3 i
sc ompl
etelyf
il
ledwit
hal i
qui
d
3
at30℃. I tist henheat edt o80℃ s ucht hat0.
75c m oft heli
qui
dis
expell
ed.Cal
culatetheappar entcubi
cexpans i
vi
tyofthel
iqui
d
Solut
ion
Volumeofl iquidexpel
l
ed
γa=
Volumeofliquidremai ni
ngxtemp.ri
se

0.
75
γa=
(
50-
0.75)x( 30)
80-

0.75
γa=
49.
25x50

0.
75
γa=
2464.
5

0003K-1
γa= 0.

Example6
Adens i
tygl
assbott
lecont
ains44.
25gofaliquidat0oCand42.02gat50
℃.Cal c
ulat
etherealc
ubicexpans
ivi
tyoft
heliqui
d.[Takeα f
orglas
s=
-5 -
1
1.
0x10 K ]
Solut
ion

γr
= γa+ γ
γr
= γa+ 3α
But
Massofli
qui
dex pel
l
ed
γa=
Mas
sofl
i
quidremai
ningxtemp.r
ise

(44.25-
42.02)
γa=
42.02x(50-0)

2.23
=
42.
02x50
 2.23
=
2101
-
3 -
1
γa=1.
0614x10 K

-
3 -
5
∴ γ
r
= 1.
0614x10 + 3x1.
0x10

0614x10-3 +3 x10-5
= 1.

0914x10-3K-1
γr= 1.

Anomal
ousEx
pans
ionofWat
er

Thisi
st heirr
egul
arexpans
ionofwat
erwhenheat
edinsuchawayt hat
o o
water contr
actsfrom 0 C to 4 C befor
ei tst
art
s expandi
ng at
o
temperatur
esbeyond4 C.
1. Whenasoli
dpi
eceoficei
sheated,duri
ngmelt
ingat0oC,t
her
eisa
s
harpi
ncr
easei
ndensi
tyatcons
tanttemper
atur
e.
2. Aftermelt
ing,wi t
hf ur
therheat
ing,t
hewaterc
ontract
sinvolume
o o
fr
om 0 Ct o4 C,c orr
espondi
ngt ot
hemini
mum volume,bef
orei
t
beginst
oex pand.
3. At4oC,
whent
hevol
umei
smi
nimum,t
hedens
ityi
smax
imum.
Whenc
ool
ed,
wat
erbehavesi
nther
ever
seddi
rec
tion

EVALUATION
1. Wi t
ht heaidofadiagr
am,ex
plai
ntheanomal
ousbehavi
orofwater.
2. Des cr
ibeanex per
imentt
odetermi
netheappar
entcubicexpansi
vi
ty
ofali
quid
Readi
ngAs si
gnment
NewSc hool
Physi
cspg38–40,
43–46

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT
4. The anomal ous ex pans ion of wat er takes pl ace bet ween/at
0 0 0 0 0 0
………………. .A.1Cand4CB.0Cand4CC.4Cand25CD.al l
temper ature
5. The SIuni tofl inearex pans i
vityi s……… A.perCel siusB.per
Fahr enhei tC. perKel vinD. perJ oul es
6. Ifthel inearex pans ivityofas olidi s1.8X10-6k-1,t hear eaex pansi
vi
ty
willbe
A.0.9X10-6B. 6X10-6C.
3. 1.8X10-6D. 5.4X10-6
7. Amet aloflengt h15. 01m isheat edunt ilit
st emperatur eri
s esby600C.
Ifitsnewl engt hi s15. 05,
c alculatei tsli
nearex pansi
vi ty
A. 0.0004/ KB. 0.00004/ KC. 0.004/ KD. 0.04/K
3
2. Thei nc r
easei nvol umeof10c m ofmer curywhent het emper at
ure
0 3
ris
esby100Ci s0. 182c m. Whati st hec ubi
cex pansivityofmer c
uryA.
0.000182/ K
B. 0.0000182/ KC. 0. 000187/ KD. 0. 000178/K

THEORY
1. Explai
ntheanomal ousbehaviorofwater
2. Ifac ubemet alboxmadeofi ronofs i
de2cmi sto beused f
or
0
constr
ucti
on,andt heexpectedt emperat
uredif
fer
encei
s90C.What
wil
lbet heexpectedc hangei nvolumeoft hecubeboxift
heli
near
-5
expansi
vit
yofironis1.25X10 .
WEEKEIGHT
TOPI
C: ELECTRIC CHARGES→ Pr
oduct
ion, Types
, Di
str
ibut
ion and
Storage
CONTENT
 Pr oducti
onofCharges
 TypesofChar ges
 Di st
ribut
ionofCharges
 St orageofCharges

 Pr oducti
onofChar ges
I
fapl ast
icpeni srubvigorouslyont hehairoronac oatandi tisholdnear
averys mallpieceofpaper ,thepaperwi l
lbeat t
rac
t edbyt hepen.Some
subs
tancesar efoundt opos estheabili
tytoat t
ractl
ightobjec t
sonc ethey
arerubbed.Thel ightobjectaswel lasther ubbedmat eri
alar esaidtobe
char
gedorel ec t
ri
fiedwithstati
celectr
ici
ty.

El
ectrost
ati
csi
sthes
tudyofchar
gesatres
t.I
tisatypeofel
ect
ri
ci
tyt
hat
doesnotmovef r
om onepoi
nttoanot
herinthesubst
ancei
nwhichi
tis
produced.

 TypesofChar ges
Therearetwot ypesofc harges–posi
ti
veandnegat
ivecharges.
Posit
ive c
harge isobt ained when a gl
assr
od isrubbed wi t
hs i
l
k,or
cel
lul
oseac et
ate
wit
hs il
k,whil
enegat i
vec hargei
sobtai
nedwhenaneboni t
er odisr
ubbed
wit
hf urorpolythenewithf ur
.

Thes
etwor odswit
hpos i
ti
veandnegat
iveel
ect
ri
fi
cati
onat
trac
teachother
whenbroughtcl
ose.Repul
sionoc
cursi
ftwosi
mil
arrodsar
ebroughtcl
ose.

FUNDAMENTALLAW OFELECTROSTATI
CS
Thel
awst
atest
hatl
i
kechar
gesrepel
,unl
i
kechar
gesat
trac
t.

CONDUCTORSANDI NSULATORS
Conductor
sarematerial
sthatal
lowelect
ronstopasst hr
ought hem easi
ly.
Examplesofconduc
torsaremetals
,dampai r
,graphi
te,aci
ds,sal
tsol
utions,
theeart
h,andthehumanbody.
I
nsulat
orsaremateri
alsthatdonotallow el
ect
ronstopas sthroughthem
easi
l
y.Ex ampl
esofinsul
ator
sar e pl
ast
ic,pol
ythene,Bakel
i
te,eboni
te,
paper,dr
yhair
,si
l
k,oi
l
s,gl
ass,s
ulphurandwood.

EVALUATI
ON
1. Stat
ethef
undamentall
awofel
ect
ros
tat
ic.
2. Whatisel
ect
ros
tat
ic?

 Di st
ri
but i
onofChar ges
Experi
mentalwor kshaves hownt hatchargesaredist
ributedwherethere
i
sas harpc urve.Thedensit
iesofthesec hargesaregreateratthesur
face
ofsharpc urve.Thecxharg
xep
xexru
xnitar
x xx
eao
x fac har
geds ur
fac
ei scal
led
x
surf
acedens i
ty. xx x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x x x x xx x

Fi
g.2.3Char geDist
ributi
onisgreaterattheedge( s
harpedge)
 St orageofChar ges
The el
ectrophorusi sa devicef ortransf
erri
ng and st
oring c
harges.It
produceselectr
icchargesbyelectrost
ati
cinducti
on.Anot
herdevicefort
he
st
orageofel ect
ricchargesi
sthec apacit
or

EVALUATI
ON
1. Withtheai
dofadiagram,expl
ainchargedi
str
ibut
ion.
2. Namet wodevi
cesthatcans
torecharge.

Readi
ngAs si
gnment
NewSc hool
Physi
cspg56–58,
63–65

TOPI
C:Gol d LeafElectr
oscope and I
ts Us
es.Li
ght
ing and Li
ght
ing
Conductor.
CONTENT
 Gol dLeafElect
roscope
 Li ght
ingandLightingConductor
.

Gol
dLeafEl
ect
ros
cope
Thegol d-leafel ectroscopei sani ns
trumentus edfortest
ingpos i
tiveand
negat i
vec harges .Itc onsist
sofamet al(brass
)rodtowhi chat hingol d-
l
eaf( oral umi nium leaf)isat t
ached.Therodi ssurmountedbyabr assdisc
orc ap and i ns ul
ated f r
om t hemet alcas e.Theleafispr ot
ected from
outs
idei nfluenc es(likedr ought)byenc l
osingiti
nanear thedmet alc
as e
wit
hgl asswi ndows .
Gener all
y,t hegol d-leafc analsobeus edt otestt
heconduc t
ingproperties
ofmat erials.

Fi
g.2.1Gold-l eafel ect r
oscope
UsesofElec troscope
1. Itisus edt ot es twhet heramat erialisac onductororani nsul
ator .The
materiali smadet ot ouc ht hec ap.Rapi dc oll
aps emeanst hatt he
chargeses capeeas i
lyandhenc et hemat eri
alc oncernedi sagood
conduc tor.A s low c oll
aps emeanst hatitisapoorc onduc tor.No
col
laps emeanst hatitisani nsulator .
2. Us et ot estc har geswhet hert hec hargeispos iti
veornegat ive.The
goldleaveel ec troscopet ot estt hes ignoft hec hargeofanobj ect.I
f
anunknownc har gei sbroughtneart oac hargedel ectrosc
opeand
theleafdi ver gesmor e,theunknownc hargeiss imil
artot hec harge
ontheel ec t
ros c ope.

CHARGINGANI NSULATEDBODY
Aneutr
ali
nsulatedbodyc anbec hargedbyt womethods
i
) Cont actmet hodand
i
i) Byinduction
1. ContactMet hod:-Themet hodisac hi
evedbybr ingingac harged
objectinc ontac
twi thit.Bys o doi
ng theneutralinsul
ated body
acquir
edt hesamet ypeofchar geasthatonthechargedobject.
2. Induct
ionMet hod:-Thi smet hodi ssi
mplyapr ocessofc har
ginga
neutr
albodybypl acingachar gedbodyneari twithoutanyc ontac
t
betweent hetwo.
Thi
spr ocessisasex plainedi nthefoll
owingstepsbel ow:
i
) Br ingapos i
ti
vec hargec l
osetoani nsulatedbodyt obec harged.
(Note:ins ul
ati
onasus ed hereisbypl acing bodyonani nsulat
ed
stand to avoidt he c harge i
nduced fr
om l eaking away)
.Negat ive
chargesoni nsulatedbodyar eatt
ract
edt owar dstheinduc
ingc har
ge
whi l
ethepos i
ti
vec har
gesar erepel
ledawayf rom it.
i
i) Ear tht he insulated bodybymoment ari
lyt ouching i
tsot hatthe
pos i
ti
vec hargec onduc t
saway
x x x x
-x -x

--
-
-
++
+ --
-
-
-

(
ii
)
I
nsul
ator
(
i)
--
-
- -
--
-
-
-

I
nsul
ator Ear
th

(
ii
i)

Fi
g.2.
2char
gingbyi
nduct
ion
i
i
i) Removei nducingcharge:From obs
ervat
ion,thenegati
vechar
gewi l
l
spreadroundl eavi
ngt hebodyi sanegativel
yc har
gedbody.Ift
he
i
nduc i
ngc hargeisnegat i
ve,thenthebodywi l
lacqui
reanegati
ve
chargeaftert
akingthes t
epsabove.

EVALUATI
ON
1. Stat
etwousesofanel
ect
roscope.
2. Drawawelll
abeldi
agr
am ofanelect
ros
cope.

 Li ght
ingandLight
ingConduct
or
Theat
mos pher
eisknowntocontai
nionsorc
har
gedpar
ti
cl
es,whi
chhave
been
produced byradi
ati
onfrom t
hes unand bywhatisknownasc
osmi
c
radi
ati
on,whic
henterst
heatmospher
efr
om out
erspac
e.

Li
ghti
ngisasuddendis
char
georneutr
ali
zi
ngofel
ect
ri
cchar
ges
,andi
t
occur
swhenc
hargesbui
ldupinac
loud.

Thelightingc onduc torsarelongmet alstr

ipsrunningf r
om thes pikeendof
ac onduc toront het opofabui l
ding.Theyar eusedt opr eventbui l
ding
fr
om des tr
uctionwhens t
ruckbyt hunderorl ightni
ng.Thec onduc t
orisa
l
ongmet alrodi ns t
all
edorc onnectedtot heear thbymeansofac able.
Thes harpout erpoi ntofthet opgainsani nduc edc hargeoppos itetothat
i
nt het hunder cl
oud.Thec hargeionizesthenear byairandt hec hargedai r
molec ul
esf l
owupwar dsfrom thepoi nt
.Thisdischargesthec l
oudbef orea
l
ightningf l
ashoc c urs.

EVALUATI
ON
1. Whatisthefunc
tionofl
i
ght
ingc
onduc
tor
s?
2. Defi
neli
ghti
ng.
WEEKNINE
TOPI
C:FIELD –CONCEPTAND TYPESOFFI
ELD.GRAVI
TATI
ONALAND
MAGNETICFIELD.FORCEOFGRAVI
TY
CONTENT
 ConceptofFi el
d
 TypesofFi el
d
 Gr avit
ati
onalFi
eld

 ConceptofFi el
d
Fi
eldcanbedef i
nedastheregionorspaceundert
heinfl
uenc
eofs
ome
physi
calagenc
ysuchasgravi
tat
ional
,el
ect
ri
ci
tyandmagnet
ism.

 TypesofField
Fi
eldsar
eofvar
ioust
ypesnamel
y:gr
avi
tat
ional
,magnet
icandel
ect
ri
cfi
eld.

 Gr avit
ati
onalFi
eld
Gr
avi
tat
ionalfi
eldisanyregion orspac
ear
ound amas
sin whi
cht
he
gr
avi
tat
ionalf
orceofthemas
si sf
elt
.

I
fwet hrow upmas si
veobjec t
s,itisourc ommonobs ervat
ionthatthey
moveupt othei
rhighestpoints
,stays t
ationaryverybri
efl
yandeventuall
y
movedownwar ds,fal
l
ingfasterandf asteruntilt
heyhitthegroundlevel.
Theupanddownmovement sobjectsont heear t
h’ssur
facearesubj
ectto
thei
nfl
uenceofthegravit
ati
onalfi
eld.

For
ceofGravi
ty
Theforc
eofgravit
yist
hepul
lofat
trac
tionbet
weent
heear
th,i
tsel
fand
obj
ectsonorneari
t.

Newt on’
sLawofUni versalGravi
tat
ion
Newt on’
slawofgravit
ationstatesthatt
hef or
ceofattract
ionbetweentwo
bodiesofmas sM1 andM2 i sinver
selyproport
ionaltothesquareofthei
r
di
s t
anceR,bet weent heircentresand itisdirect
lyproporti
onaltothe
productofthei
rmas s
.

Mat
hemat
icalex
pres
sion
M M GM1M2
Fα 12 2 F=
R R2
WhereFi sthegravi
tat
ionalforc
eonei t
herpar
ti
cl
e,M1 andM2 ar etheir
masses,Risthedi
stanc
ebet weenthem,andGisauniversalgravi
tat
ional
cons
tant,whosenumericalval
uedependsontheuni
tsinwhi chtheforce,
mass,andlengt
hareexpressed.

Accel
erati
onDuet oGravi
ty
Theacc el
erat
ionofobjectsduet otheeart
h’sgravi
tat
ionalatt
rac
tioni
s
cal
l
edt heac cel
erat
ionduet ogravi
ty.I
tisrepr
esent
edbyt hesymbolg
−2
whoseaveragevalueisabout9.
81ms .

Wit
houtai
rresi
stance,di
ff
erentmas
sorobj
ectsr
eleasedfrom r
estatt
he
s
amepointwil
lfal
ltothegroundatt
hesameti
me(freefal
l
).

EVALUATI
ON
1. Defi
nefi
eld.
2. Stat
eNewt on’
slawofgr
avi
tat
ion.

Magnet icFi el
d
Ther egionors pacear oundamagneti nwhichthei nf
luenceoft hemagnet
canbef eltordet ectedisc al
ledamagneti
cf i
eld.I
fawhi tes heetofpaper
i
splac edoveramagnetandi r
onfi
l
li
ngsares pri
nkledont hepaper ,i
twil
l
beobs erved thatt hei r
on fil
i
ngswillar
ranget hems elvesi n adefini
te
patt
er n whi chi l
lust
ratest hemagneticli
nesoff orceoft hemagnet .A
si
milarpat ternc anbeobt ai
nedbyusingthec ompas sneedl etoplotthe
magnet iclinesoff or
c e.

N S

Fi
g3.
0Magnet
icLi
nesofFor
ceRoundaBarMagnet

EVALUATI
ON
1. Def
inemagnet
icfi
eld.
2. Def
inegr
avi
tat
ionalfi
eld.

Readi
ngAs si
gnment
NewSc hool
Physi
cspg67-70

WEEKENDASSI GNMENT( THEORY)

1. DefineA.gravi
tat
ionalfi
eldB.accel
erat
ionduetogr
avit
y.How does
acceler
ati
onvarywithlat
it
ude
2. A.Ex pl
ainwhatismeantbyaf iel
dasus edi
nphysic
s.B.Mention
thr
eet ypesoff
iel
dknownt oyou

TOPIC:Electr
ic Fiel
d – Line ofForces,Pr
oper
ti
esofLi
ne ofFor
ce,
Descri
pti
onand Pr opert
iesofForceFiel
d
CONTENT
 El ectri
cField
 Li neofFor ceandproperti
es

 El ectri
cFiel
d
El
ectri
cf i
eldisdefinedasanyregi
onwhereachar
geexper
ienc
esaf or
ce
ofelectr
icalori
gin.Ther
earetwot ypesofc
har
gesnamel
y:pos i
ti
veand
negati
vec harges.

LinesofFor ce
Anel ectri
cfieldhasbeendef i
nedasar egi
onwher eanel ect
ri
cforceis
experienced.Electri
cfi
eldscanbemappedoutbyel ec t
rost
ati
clinesof
force.Anelec t
rostat
icl
i
neoff orcemaybedefinedasali
newhos etangent
i
si nt hedi rect
ionoft heforceons mal
lpos i
ti
vechargeatt hatpoint.
Arrowsont helinesofforc
es how thedir
ect
ionoftheforceonapos i
ti
ve
charge. Theforceonanegat i
vec har
geisi
ntheopposit
edi r
ect
ion.

Si
ncet
hedi r
ecti
onofaf
iel
dvar
iesf
rom poi
ntt
opoi
nt,l
i
nesoff
orc
ear
e
usual
l
yc ur
ves.
Fi
g4.
1:Li
nesofEl
ect
ros
tat
icf
orc
e

(i
)Is
olatedpos
iti
vec har
ge (i
i)I
sol
atednegat
ivechar
ge
(i
i
i)Unlikec
harges–pos i
tiveandnegati
vechar
ges (
iv)l
ikec
har
ges–
posi
tiveandposit
ivecharges

Pr
operti
esofLi nesofFor ce
1. Linesoff orceneverint ers
ect.
2. Linesoff orceareus uallycurves,asthedirect
ionofaf i
eldvariesfr
om
pointt opoint.
3. Inauni formf i
eld,t
hel inesoff orc
ear estr
aight,par
all
elanduni f
ormly
spaced.
4. Nol inesoff orceor iginateort erminateinthes pacesurroundinga
charge.
5. Everyl inesoff or
cei n an electrost
ati
cf i
eldi sa conti
nuousl ine
terminatedbyapos i
tivec hargeatoneendandanegat i
vec hargeat
theot herend.

WEEKTEN
TOPI
C:PRODUCTIONOFCONTI NUOUSELECTRI CCURRENT
CONTENT
 Pr oduc
tionofCont
inuousCur
rentFrom Mechanic
alEnergy.
 Pr oduc
tionofCont
inuousCur
rentFrom ChemicalEnergy
 Pr oduc
tionofCont
inuousCur
rentFrom HeatEner gy
 Pr oduc
tionofCont
inuousCur
rentfr
om SolarEnergy.
 Pr oduc tionofcont inuousener gyfrom mechanicalener
gy
Whenaf orc eisappl i
edatapr imemover ,thepr i
memoverdr i
vesthe
amature/r otar.Ast heamat ur
ei srotat
ingint hemagnet i
cfiel
dsyst
em ,
theamat ur ec ut
st hemagnet i
cfluxproducebyt hemagnet.HenceE.M.F
wil
lbeinduc edinthec oiloftheamat ure
basedonf araday’slawofel ectr
omagnet ici
nduc t
ion.
TheinducedE. M.Fc anbes uppli
edt oanex t
ernalload.

 Pr oduc tionofContinuousCurrentfr
om Chemi calEnergy
Ac el
lc onsistoft wodi ssi
mil
armet al
ss eparatedbys ol
utionofvar i
ous
acidsors alt.Themet alareknownast heel ectr
odesandt hes ol
uti
onsare
theel ectr
olyte.Thepos i
ti
veelect
rodeisknownast heanode.Thenegat i
ve
electrodeist hecathode.
Ac ellisadevi ceforconvert
ingchemicalenergyintoelectr
icalenergy.

EVALUATION
1. Wi ththeai
dofadi agram,descri
behow c
ont
inuousc
urr
entc
anbe
gener
atedf
rom mechanic
alenergy.
2. Wi ththeai
dofadi agram,descri
behow c
ont
inuousc
urr
entc
anbe
gener
atedf
rom chemi
calenergy.

 Pr oduc tionofCont i
nuousCur rentfr
om HeatEner gy
Theendsoft wodi s s
imil
armet alj
oi nedareinsertedinc oldandhotwat er
andagal vamomet ertodetec tthef l
ow ofcharges.Duet ot emperature
dif
fer
enc eatbot hendc urr
entwi llflow i
nthec onnection.Thegr eat
ert he
dif
fer
enc eint emper atur
ebet weent hehotandc ol
dj unction,thegreater
thecurrentflow.
 Pr oduc tionofCont i
nuousCur rentfr
om SolarEner gy
I
fs ol
arener gyi smadet ofallonaphot oelec
triccell
,s ol
arener gywil
lbe
convert
edt oel ectr
icenergydirectlybyphot oelectr
iceffect.

EVALUATION
1. Wi ththeai
dofadi agram,descri
behow c
ont
inuousc
urr
entc
anbe
gener
atedf
rom mechanic
alenergy.
2. Wi ththeai
dofadi agram,descri
behow c
ont
inuousc
urr
entc
anbe
gener
atedf
rom chemi
calenergy.
Readi
ngAs si
gnment
NewSc hool
Physi
cspg75-77