Statistics and SENIOR

Probability
HIGH
SCHOOL

Formulating Hypothesis Module

2
Quarter 2
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Formulating Hypothesis
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ma. Trixia Camille C. Jayme Nenet
Editors: M. Peñaranda
Reviewers: Ma. Lourdes D. Espino and Louela A. Dolotina
Layout Artist: Clifchard D. Valente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera, Ed. D.
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Victor M. Javeña, Ed. D.
Chief - School Governance and Operations Division OIC
– Chief Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon, Ed.D., EPP/TLE
Liza A. Alvarez, Science
Bernard R. Balitao, Araling Panlipunan Joselito
E. Calios, English
Norlyn D. Conde, Ed.D., MAPEH
Wilma Q. Del Rosario, LRMS
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera, Ed.D., Filipino
Perlita M. Ignacio, Ph.D. ESP/SPED Dulce O.
Santos, Ed.D., Kinder/MTB Teresita P.
Tagulao, Ed.D., Mathematics
Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module

2
Formulating
Quarter 2

Hypothesis
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Module on
Formulating Hypothesis!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the
Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N.
Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Module on Formulating Hypothesis!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATION

At the end of the learning module, you are expected to formulate the
appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population mean.

PRETEST

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the correct answer and write it on the space
before each number.
For numbers 1-3, refer to the given statement below.
“MANILA - The country’s COVID-19 testing laboratories have performed an
average of 24,695 tests per day in the past week, a health official said Wednesday.”
~ DOH Public Health Service Director Beverly Ho (Source: Philippine News Agency,
July 22, 2020)

1. Which among the statements represents a null hypothesis?

A. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is 24,695.
B. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is not 24,695.
C. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is less than 24,695.
D. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is more than 24,695.
2. Which among the statements represents a non-directional alternative
hypothesis?
A. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is 24,695.
B. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is not 24,695.
C. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is less than 24,695.
D. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is more than 24,695.
 3. Which of the following statements represents a directional alternative
hypothesis?
A. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is 24,695.
B. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is not 24,695.
C. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is greater than 24,695.
D. The average number of daily tests performed by COVID-19 testing
laboratories is greater than or equal to24,695.
4. What is the correct form of null and alternative hypotheses in symbols
given this statement?
“The mean age of Senior Citizen who tested COVID-19 positive is 71 years
old.”
A. H0: µ ≠ 71 H1: µ = 71 C. H0: µ ≥ 71 H1: µ < 71
B. H0: µ = 71 H1: µ ≠ 71 D. H0: µ ≤ 71 H1: µ > 71
5. Which of the following statements represents a directional alternative
hypothesis?
i. “The mean age of Senior Citizen who is tested COVID-19 positive is
greater than or equal to 71 years old.”
ii. “The mean age of Senior Citizen who is tested COVID-19 positive is less
than 71 years old.”
iii. “The mean age of Senior Citizen who is tested COVID-19 positive is
greater than 71 years old.”
A. ii only C. i and iii
B. i and ii D. ii and iii

RECAP

Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is
false, change the underlined word to make it correct.

1. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposition that attempts

to explain a set of facts or natural phenomenon.
2. Alternative hypothesis states that NO difference exists
between a parameter and a specific value, or between two
parameters.
3. Null hypothesis states that there is a difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or between two
parameters.
4. Type I error happens when the researcher fails to reject the
false null hypothesis.
5. No error is committed when the decision is against a false null
hypothesis.
 LESSON

Hypothesis Testing is the process of using statistics to evaluate the utility

and validity of the research theory, and this activity always begins with formulating
statement or expectation to a certain phenomenon.
These are the things to consider in formulating hypotheses:

1. It should be reasonable, stated in definite terms;

2. It should follow the findings of the previous studies;
3. It should be testable, stated in well-defined operational form (mean
or proportion).

These are the steps in formulating null and alternative hypothesis:

1. Check the type of measurement used on the given. Use “µ” for
mean/ average and “p” for proportion.

2. Assess whether the statement denotes a direction.

Hint: a directional hypothesis contains greater than, less than, at
least, at most, and other similar terms.

3. Use the following symbol for null

hypothesis: For non-directional statement:
H 0: µ = H 0: p =
For directional statement:
H 0: µ ≥ H 0: µ ≤
H 0: p ≥ H 0: p ≤

4. Use the following symbol for alternative hypothesis:

For non-directional statement:
H 1: µ ≠ H 1: p ≠
For directional statement:
H 1: µ <
H 1: µ >
H 1: p < H 1: p >

Illustrative Example 1: (Non-Directional Hypothesis)

The mean number of years Filipinos work before retiring is 34.

Null Hypothesis:
H0: The mean number of years Filipinos work before retiring is 34.
H0: µ = 34
Alternative Hypothesis:
H1: The mean number of years Filipinos work before retiring is not 34.
H1: µ ≠ 34
*note that we used the “µ” since it’s an average measurement, otherwise we
will be using “p” as symbol for proportion.
**we used ≠ for this given example since the given does not require certain
direction.

Illustrative Example 2: (Directional Alternative Hypothesis)

Private universities' mean tuition cost is more than ₱110,000 per year. Null
Hypothesis:
H0: The mean tuition for private universities cost less than or equal to
₱110,000 per year.
H0: µ ≤ ₱110,000
Alternative Hypothesis:
H1: The mean tuition for private universities cost more than ₱110,000 per
year.
H1: µ > ₱110,000

*note that we used the “≤” for the null hypothesis, to negate the given
statement which is already the alternative hypothesis;
**always pay attention to the given, often it is in the form of null
hypothesis, but it can also be in alternative hypothesis form.

Illustrative Example 3: (Directional Alternative Hypothesis)

The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is less than 3 hours
daily.
Null Hypothesis:
H0: The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is greater than
or equal to 3 hours daily.
H0: µ ≥ 3
Alternative Hypothesis:
H1: The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is less than
3 hours daily.
H 1: µ < 3
 ACTIVITIES

Complete the following task using the reference statement inside the box.

1. The mean starting salary of nurses in Metro Manila is ₱12,500

per month.
2. The mean number of cars a person owns in her lifetime is not more
than ten.
3. The average IQ of students in Pasig City is assumed to be 100.
4. The average laptop battery can last for more than 15 hours of
active usage.

A. Determine whether the given statement is an example of null hypothesis or

alternative hypothesis.

1.
2.
3.
4.

B. Write the following statements in symbols.

1.
2.
3.
4.

C. Determine whether the given requires a directional or non-directional

hypothesis.

1.
2.
3.
4.
 WRAP–UP

1. How can we say if the given is a directional or non-directional

hypothesis?
2. How do you assess if the statement is an example of null hypothesis or
alternative hypothesis?
3. What are the things to consider in formulating hypotheses?
4. What are the steps to formulate null and alternative hypothesis?

VALUING
We make decisions every day, and the first step for every
decision-making process is laying down every option that we have.
Weighing alternatives before taking action is a good practice that can
be applied in our daily dealings. Can you exercise this type of habit?
Cite a particular situation in this time of pandemic crisis where you
applied this good habit.

POSTTEST

Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is
false, change the underline word to make it correct.

Use the following statements as reference:

A. Teenagers spent more than 7.25 hours of sleeping on an average daily.

B. According to the latest survey, the average time that Filipinos spent in
social media is 4.12 hours daily.

C. Statistics instructor believes that fewer than the average of 20 learners

participated in the “Palarong Pinoy”

1. Statement A is an alternative hypothesis.

2. Statement B requires directional alternative hypothesis.

3. Statement C is the only null hypothesis among the 3 given.

4. The correct form of null hypothesis for statement B is H0: µ = 4.12.

 5. The correct form of null hypothesis for statement A is H0: µ ≠ 7.25.

KEY TO CORRECTION

: µ ≤ 7.25 05. H 5. TRUE 5. D

4. TRUE 4. TYPE II 4. B

3. B 3. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS 3. C
2. NON-DIRECTIONAL 2. NULL 2. B
HYPOTHESIS
1. TRUE 1. TRUE 1.
A
POST-TEST RECAP PRE-TEST

4. Directional : µ > 15 o4. H 4. Alternative Hypothesis

3. Non-directional : µ = 100 o3. H 3. Null Hypothesis
2. Directional : µ < 10 12. H 2. Alternative Hypothesis
1. Non-directional : µ = ₱12,500 o1. H 1. Null Hypothesis

C. B. A.

ACTIVITY

REFERENCES
Hanneman, Roberta A; Kposowa, Augustine J; Riddle, Mark D. Basic Statistics for
Social Research. (San Francisco, CA 94104-4594) 247 – 302.
Sevilla, Consuelo G. Research Methods. (C.M. Recto Avenue Manila, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore, 2009) 14 – 19.