Computer Programming

ELC 012

Dr. Usama Tharwat

9 dr.usama_tharwat@yahoo.com
Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology in Menoufiya
Preparatory Year (2021-2022)II – LEC01
 The Components of a Computer System
- Von Neumann architecture
 The Components of a Computer System
- Von Neumann architecture

• 4 major subsystems called memory, input/output, the

arithmetic/ logic unit (ALU), and the control unit.

• The stored program concept, in which the instructions to be

executed by the computer are represented as binary values
and stored in memory.

• The sequential execution of instructions, in which one

instruction at a time is fetched from memory and passed to
the control unit, where it is decoded and executed.
 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

• Memory is the functional unit of a computer that stores and

retrieves the instructions and the data being executed.

• All information stored in memory is represented internally

using the binary numbering system.
 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

• Computer memory
uses an access
technique called
random access

RAM
ROM
 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

Random access memory (RAM):

 divided into fixed-size units called cells

 each cell is associated with address (0, 1, 2, . .. , MAX).

 The cell is the minimum unit of access.

 The time it takes to fetch or store the contents of a cell is the same for all
the cells in memory.
 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

Read-only memory (ROM):

 It is random access memory into which information has been prerecorded

during manufacture.

 This information cannot be modified or removed, only fetched.

 ROM is used to hold important system instructions and data in a place

where a user cannot accidentally or intentionally overwrite them.
 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

 If there are N bits available to represent the address of a cell, then the
smallest address is 0 and the largest address is a string of N 1s:

1111 . . . 11

N digits
which is equal to the value 2N – 1.

 The range of addresses available on a computer is [0 . . (2N – 1)]

 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

• 210 = 1K ( = 1,024) 1 KB=1 kilobyte

• 220 = 1M( = 1,048,576) 1 MB= 1 megabyte
• 230 = 1G ( = 1,073,741,824) 1 GB = 1 gigabyte
• 240 = 1T ( = 1,099,511,627,776) 1 TB = 1 terabyte
• 250 = 1P ( = 1,125,899,906,842,624) 1 PB = 1 petabyte
 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

• Computers became faster, designers noticed that, more and more, the
processor was sitting idle waiting for data or instructions to arrive.
Processors were executing instructions so quickly that memory access was
becoming a bottleneck.

• To solve this problem, cache memory has being used

 The Components of a Computer System
- Memory and Cache

• A cache is typically 5 to 10 times faster than RAM but much smaller—on

the order of a few megabytes rather than a few gigabytes.
 The Components of a Computer System
- Input / Output and Mass Storage

• The input/output (I/O) units are the devices that allow a computer system
to communicate and interact with the outside world as well as store
information.

• RAM is volatile memory

• Nonvolatile storage is the role of mass storage devices such as floppy

disks, flash memory, hard disks, CDs, DVDs.
 The Components of a Computer System
- The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

• It is the subsystem that performs such mathematical and logical

operations as addition, subtraction, and comparison for equality.

Note: in all modern machines the ALU and the control unit have become fully
integrated into a single component called the processor.

• The ALU is made up of three parts: the registers, the interconnections

between components, and the ALU circuitry.
 The Components of a Computer System
- Control Unit

The task of the control unit is to:

 fetch from memory the next instruction to be executed,
 decode it—that is, determine what is to be done, and
 execute it by issuing the appropriate command to the ALU, memory, or
I/O controllers.

These three steps are repeated over and over until we reach the last
instruction in the program, typically something called HALT, STOP, or QUIT.
Thank You