OPTICS ICO 2012

1. Which of the following statements concerning prisms are: T and which are F?
a. Prisms can be used to measure fusion amplitude.
b. A prism cannot be used to double an image
c. A prism despite equals 2 degrees of deviation
d. A prism can be used to make a spectrometer.

2. The lenses are said to have the same effectivity if they form a real or virtual image of object
at the same point. In ophthalmic optics that point is usually the point of the eye. Which of
the following statements about lenses of equal effectively are true and which are false?
a. They must be of the same power.
b. They must have the same curvatures
c. They must have a different back vertex distance
d. They must have the same refractive index.

3. Concerning paralyzed light, which of the following statements are the and which are the
False?
a. It may be produced by anisotropic materials
b. It may be produced by gases
c. It may be explained by the wave theory of light
d. It may be observed in the human eye.

4. The refractive index of the cornea is greater than which of the following
a. Vitrines
b. Crystalline lens. nucleus
c. Aqueous
d. Poly methacrylate (PMMA)
e. Precision optics glass
5. The deviations of a ray of light passing through a prism made of precision (refractive index
1.55) is minimal when which of the following conditions are
a. The apical angle of the prism is less than 45 degree
b. The ray traverses the prism parallel to the base
c. The incident ray is at right angles to the surface
d. The incident and emergent rays are symmetrical about the prism.
e. The surrounding media has a lower index.

6. As a rectangle aquarium is filled with clear fresh water, how will a sense on surface of the
aquarium will appear?
a. Closer and larger
b. Closed and the same size.
c. The same distance away and larger.
d. Less clear
e. Closer and smaller.

7. About FEMTOSECOND lasers which of the following statements are the and false.
a. The gain media are solid states that is they are not gas/day etc.
b. The operate using ultraviolet wavelengths
c. They can cut corneal flaps with variable angle side cuts.
d. They cannot be used to perform penetrating keratoplasty.
e. They are more precise than conventional mechanical microkeratome.

8. Which of the following statements about intraocular lenses (IOLs) are T & F?
a. Silicone IOL have a lower refractive index than a acrylic IOLs.
b. One piece IOLs can be safety placed in the ciliary sulcus.
c. Three piece IOLs need to assembled in anterior chamber.
d. Compared to in the bag implantation, IOL power should be …. Implantation.
e. Posterior capsule opacification is more common with hydrophilic than hydrophobic IOLs.

9. The Goldman transmitter employs which of the following principle.

a. Diffraction.
b. Polarization of light
c. The optometric principle
d. Optical doubling
e. A split field prism

10. Tachymetry can be measured by which of the following methods.

a. Diffraction
b. Polarized light
c. The optemeter principle
d. Optical doubling
e. Ultrasound

11. The figure below represents a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope which of the
following statements are True and False?
a. Element A is a been splitter
b. Elements B and C are scanning mirrors
c. A printable placed in the plane P3 deceases the axial resolution of the system.
d. Planes P1, P3 and retina are conjugated
e. The detector is usually a CCP camera.

12. Regarding the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO), which of the following statements
are true and which are False?
a. The condensing lens held in front of the patient’s eyes forms a virtual, inverted image of
the retina.
b. The field of view is affected by observer’s pupil size and a aperture of condensing lens.
c. When examining a myopic eye, the image size decrease as the condensing lens is more
away from the patient’s eye.
d. A diopter condensing lens provides a magnification of approximately x5.
e. The eye piece of the BIO contains convex lenses.

13. A Galilean telescope consists of which of the following combinations of lens?

a. The concave lenses
b. One concave objective lens and one convex eye lens.
c. Two convex lenses
d. One convex objective lens and one concave eyepiece lens
e. Two convex objective lenses one eyepiece lens.

14. Concerning polarized light, which of the following statements are true and which are false?
a. Polarized light is safer to see than un polarized light.
b. The transmission axis of a wire grid polarized is parallel to the axis of the grid as depicted
in figure below.

c. The sky observed through a polarizer can appear blue because the blue part of spectrum is
the least polarized

d. The light from liquid crystal displays is polarized.

e. Birefringent materials affect light differently depending on its polarization

 15. An ophthalmology resident is standing in front of a concave mirror. The mirror back radius
of curvature of 0.25cms. he is holding an object 2cm long. It is 10cm from the mirror which
of the following statements are true and which are false?
a. The resulting size of the image is 1.1cm.
b. A concave mirror is the same as a convex lens in items of mergence.
c. A concave mirror exerts negative mergence.
d. Magnification is based on object distance from the mirror and the index refraction of the
object.
e. The magnification of the object is 5X

Refraction

16. An ametropic patient which macular degeneration has a visual acuity of eye “6160, 20/200,
D.1) in both eyes and uses magnifying spectacles of 12D give him asthenia, tired eyes
when reading and headaches which of following would be most likely to improve his
symptoms?
a. A lo diopter lens
b. A is diopter lens
c. A 5. Diopter lens
d. A base out prism
e. A base in prism.

17. Which of the following occur normally during the process of accommodation?
a. Relaxation of the ciliary muscle
b. Decrease in lens diameter
c. Mydriasis
d. Shallowing of the anterior chamber
e. Dissociated horizontal deviation
18. Concerning the refraction of children, which of the following statements are true and which
are false?
a. Cyclaplegia with atropine 1% eye drops is essential to full correct hypermetropia
b. The initial over correction of myopia may help control intermittent exodevition.
c. Hypermetropia is only corrected if the visual acuity is reduced or there is an isotropic
d. Astigmatism may be initially under-corrected to aid tolerance of new glasses.
e. Off axis errors of prescription are rare in cycloplagic refraction.

19. Regarding the facimeter, which of the following statements are true and which are false.
a. It contains a galileen telescope.
b. It measures the vertex power if the lens tested.
c. Lens power is linearly related to the position of the graticule.
d. It can be used to measure prism power.
e. It suffers from chromatic aberration

20. Regarding suppression, which of the following statements are the which are false
a. Only occurs for central “foven” vision
b. It is a mechanism used to avoid diplopia
c. It is a mechanism used to avoid retinal confusion.
d. It is a retinal phenomenon
e. Anomalous retinal correspondence is a feature of suppression.

21. Regarding spectacle lenses, which of the following statements are true and false?
a. Execute bifocals are free from image jump
b. Looking through a non-central part of a spectacle lens gives astigmatic aberration.
c. Changes in lens shape can reduce chromatic aberration
d. Negative cylinders on toxic lenses have less meridional magnification than cylinders
e. A meniscus lens is the best form lens for myopic errors greater than 20D.
22. Concerning convergence and accommodation and AC/A, Accommodative, convergence to
accommodation” ratio, which of the following statements are true and which are false?
a. Accommodative convergence is independent of inter-pupillary distance.
b. The normal AC/A ratio is 3-5
c. The AC/A ratio can only be measured reliably by stimulating accommodation.
d. In convergence excess esotrpia
e. Convergence insufficiency can be treated with base in prism.

23. Concerning refraction errors, which of the following statements True & False?
a. A person aged L/O has an amplitude of accommodation of approximately Lo D fellow 23
refractor
b. A person aged 60 would have a near point at …… meter
c. In anisometropia of 1. Diopter in children should not be fully corrected.
d. In eniseikania the torerable limit of difference in retinal image sizes is 5%
e. In aphakin the anterior focal point is closer to the cornea than in the phakia.

24. Regarding astigmatism, which of the following are true and which is false?
a. With the rule astigmatism indicates the axis of negative cylinder is 90 degrees
b. Oblique astigmatism can be corrected by an appropriate spheracylindrical lens.
c. The circle of least confusion lies mild way between the two focal times
d. Lenticular astigmatism in the eye is small
e. In compound myopic astigmatism, one focal point lies in front and the others behind the
retina.

25. Regarding myopia, which of the following statements are true and which are false?
a. The far points lie at infinity when accommodation is relaxed.
b. Myopia may have meant that presbyopia spectacles are never needed.
c. Most cases are due to axial myopia
d. Myopia can occur due only to changes in the lens
e. Myopia is decreased in the dark.

26. Concerning risk factors for myopia, which of the following statements true and which are
false?
a. The prevalence of myopia may be significantly influenced by light.
b. Myopia is more common in female humans
c. In highly developed societies, genetics factors are less important than factors.
d. Myopia is less prevalent is those who have received a post grade.
e. Prevalence of myopia are similar in early conventionally …. If prematurity.

27. An image reflected from the human cornea is

a. Real, upright, minified and at the cornea surface.
b. Virtual, upright, minified and behind the cornea
c. Virtual, inverted, minefield and behind the cornea
d. Virtual, inverted, magnified and behind the cornea
e. Virtual, upright, minified and at the corneal surface.

28. Which of the following kerometric readings is against the rule?

a. 0 at 000
b. +0 at 18000
c. +20 at 18000
d. +5.0 at 12000
e. +5.0 at 900

29. Which of the following statements about the cross cylinder “x cylinder true and false
a. The sum of the cylindrical power is 0. Zero
b. Are usually available is 0.50 Ds and 1.00 Ds power
c. Clinically, the cylinder axis is checked before the power.
d. It is the best used at forced choice technique.
e. Does not degrade the vision of an ametropic eye if placed inside.

30. Concerning ophthalmic prisms, which of the following statements true and false
a. Light rays are always bent towards the apex of the prism
b. Deviation of light can be expressed as prism diopters.
c. A prism disperses light because the refractive index changes
d. 2 prism diopters approximately equals / degree.
e. They present important chromatic aberrations.