Higher Diploma Programmes

Semester 1, 2019-20

Final Written Assignment

Course Code : CCIM 4004

Course Title : Airport and Airlines Operations

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Submission Date :
on or before 23 Dec 2019
Total Marks : 100 marks
Assessment
: 50% of the course total
Weighting

Student Name :
Student Number :

Class Number : NL( 03 )

Remark: - Please attach this page as the assignment Cover Page.

This essay is going to talk about an organization intend to operate a Flying & Training
school and club house for entertainment. The organization will purchase four aircraft
which are Cessna 172 and Diamond DA40 for their daily operation and each type will
purchase two aircraft. The essay will include which two runway the organization will
build and what kind of material they are going to use. Also, the essay will talk about
the arrangements of different facilities such as the club house, approach system and
firefighting equipments. Through the essay, reader can clearly understand what the
organization will going to plan for the fly training school and club house for public.

Question 1) Runway (Size, Designation number, Length, Width, Pavement type

and Location)

1- 1) Firstly, the organization is going to develop two runways. The first one is use for
professional training and the other one is use for normal take-off or landing training.
According to the research, the aircraft take-off distance requirement or reference field
length of Cessna 172 are 381m and the numeric code number will be 1 and the
wingspan of it is 11m so the letter code will be A. Another aircraft which is Diamond
DA40, the maximum take-off distance is 590m and the landing distance is 632m,
that’s why the numeric code should be 1. The letter code of the DA40 is 1 because of
the wing span of the aircraft is A. So, both of the aerodrome reference codes are Code
1A.

Aeroplane Reference Field Wing Span

Length

Cessna 172 381m < 800m = Code 1 11m < 15m = Code Letter A

Diamond 390m < 800m = Code 1 11.63m < 15m = Code Letter
DA40 A

1- 2) The organization is going to construct two runways. The runways designation

number are 08L/26R and 08R/26L. The first reason the organization design the
runway designation number is followed by the Hong Kong International Airport's
runway which are 07L/25R and 07R/25L ( Figure 1&2). If the runways are almost
parallel with the HKIA runway, it can reduce the probability of air accident
happening. Since the runway are parallel can make sure the aircraft won’t cross with
each other before they landing or take-off, and lower the psychological pressure for
the new cadet pilot. The second reason of follow the HKIA runways to construct is
allow cadet pilot can practice well the surrounding of the runway early. It is because
the new runways of the designation number are similar with the HKIA, if the cadet
become the pilot few years later, they can flight the plane similar when it take-off or
landing.
Those are the HKIA runway:

Figure 1

Figure 2
1- 3) The two runway length will be 1000 meters or 1 kilometer. The reason that the
organization decide to build this length is because provide more extra take-off or
landing distance for cadet when they are training or citizen are flight an aircraft. Most
of the cadet cannot measure or predict well the distance when they are landing or
take-off. For example, some cadet descent the aircraft too late or forgot the reduce the
throttle. So, the aircraft cannot land near the threshold strips and slip over the runway
will cause out some accident. For the safety, the length will become 1000 meters. And
the width will be 15 meters. The reason why the organization build the runway for
15m width is because they want to let pilot has enough flexible area or space to
control their aircraft.

1-4) The pavement type of the 08L/26R runway is going to use concrete and the other
will use grass for the runway. For the 08L/26R runway, it will use the concrete which
is a rigid pavement [R]. Even though the concrete cost of preparation and overall
maintenance are higher than asphalt, the organization will invest huge amount of
capital for the Flying & Training school and club house. There are few benefit of
using concrete material for the runway. For the sustainability, concrete have a longer
design life with lower maintenance cost. Since using concrete material can resistant
extremes of environmental conditions, unlike asphalt will get binder chemicals
breakdown by the annual rainfall. Hong Kong will rain always, and the training
school is located on the island. There will be more rain and moist on the runway.
From the safety side, permanent surface texture on the concrete can minimize
potential of aircraft skidding or hydroplaning. Additionally, aircraft will not rush out
the runway can reduce to accident from cadet or keep them in the safety situation.

1- 5) According to the figure, we can see that the map of the Australia National
Airline College. They will separate the runway with the flight school. Therefore, the
organization would like to consult the design and the location of the club house and
the apron will stay next to each other. It is because after cadet or pilot flight the
aircraft, they can arrive to the club house easily or convenient.
Hangar is also available in the flying and training school. Since the aerodrome site is
an island located 20nm South West from Hong Kong and the surrounding of the
aerodrome is the sea and the annual rainfall will increase. Too much rainfall will
cause the four aircraft get ravage. Therefore, hangar can give a cover for the aircraft
and make sure the aircraft will not get any damage by the heavy rain. Additionally,
the school can also provide extra area for aircraft engineering cadet or people who
interested about aircraft.

Question 2) The RFFS Category, Fire flighting equipment and Extinguishing

agent

In the Airport Rescue and Fire-fighting Service (RFFS) Category which designed by
ICAO, there are 10 categories. The aerodrome with fly training school will be the
Category 1. From my research, the overall length of Cessna 172 is 8.28 and the
Diamond DA40 is 8.06, those airplane overall length will up but not include 9 will
count on Category 1.

Normally, there should not have any foam-producing vehicles. It is because refer to
the CAP168 Licensing of Aerodrome show that the minimum category should having
at least one vehicle is category 3. However, the location of the designed aerodrome is
at the Island. Therefore, it should require one foam-producing vehicles beside the fly
training school and the fire fighting equipment are available. For example, if there are
no any vehicle next to the Island and some fire accident happen, the time between the
initial call to the RFFS will take a long time to arrive the Island. Refer to the principle
objective of RFFS, through respond as quick as possible to aircraft accident to create
maximum opportunity for saving life. According to the operational objective, the
response time should not exceeding three minutes normally. Therefore, the
organization should purchase one vehicle for the aerodrome.

The aerodrome will also install different kind of equipment of fire fighting equipment.
The first is the fire hose reel with carbinets. The fire hose will connect to the valves
and risers when it apply to the fire accident in the aerodrome necessary. The valves
and risers will connect to the sea, it can get the sea water easily because of the
surrounding are sea. When some fire accident really happen, the staff on the
aerodrome can use the fire hose reel immediately.

The extinguishing agent is available. About the usable amount of extinguishing agent,
the designed aerodrome will use the protein foam. The reason why we choose to use
the protein foam is because it will form a thick vapor-suppressing seal for rapid and
control the spill fires which cause with the hydrocarbon such as diesel, gasoline and
kerosene. In airport category 1, the foam meeting performance in level A should
require to have 350L and the discharge rate foam solution per minutes should require
350L either. For the complementary agents, the dry chemical powder should have
45kg and the carbon dioxide CO2 should require to have 90kg. However, they are still
not enough. It is because a the airport should maintain minimum reserve supply of
200% of the quantities for the vehicle replenishment.

Question 3) Navigational Aid

As I mentioned before, there are two runway will be develop. However, the 08L/26R
runway will have some navigational aid to provide a nearly professional runway for
the pilot and the other runway will only have some basic airfield ground marking.
Firstly, the organization will apply the lateral transmitter of the instrument landing
system on the 08L/26R runway and the grass runway will not have any instrument
landing system. The instrument landing system is used for provide an approach path
for exact alignment for the cadet and also make sure cadet can descent of an aircraft to
a precision approach runway during the final approach. The reason the organization
choose this localizer is because the Island did not have enough area or space to
expand too much equipment, so the lateral transmitter is suitable. It located beyond
the approach end of the runway.

Secondly, the organization will also apply the Visual Approach Slope Indicator
(VASI). It is a system of light which locate on the side of the Runway 08L/26R
threshold to provide visual descent guidance information to the cadet or pilot during
approach. The system will apply the triangular prism, which the cost is cheaper than
the precision approach path indicator. The VASI will show all red in the far bar and
the near bar when the pilot flight the aircraft below the glidepath; The far bar show
red and the near bar show white mean pilot flight on the glidepath; The far and near
bar show white that mean the pilot above the glidepath or too high.

Thirdly, in runway marking aids and sign. The organization will mark the blast pads
or the stop way in the beginning of the 08L/26R runway. It will mark with the yellow
chevrons but cannot use for taxi, take-off and landing. In displaced threshold on the
runway which use for taxing, take-off and landing rollout. The runway will also mark
the runway centre line, runway side strip and threshold. For the runway centre line,
the organization will design by dashed 1000mm (1m) wide white line same as normal
international airport to allow cadet can in touch with the international runway mark
style. For the runways side strip, it can define area such as runway and stop way. It is
also use for reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off the runway and protect
aircraft flying over the runway during take-off or landing operations. The runway
strip will design by a continues 1000mm wide white line. For the threshold, there will
be four threshold strips which are total 60ft. The reason why the organization only
choose using four strip is because it is just a training runway and it don’t have to mark
some useless threshold strips. About the 08R/26L runway with grass will only have
the center line, the airfield ground marking will not provide.

Fourthly, about the Airport Lighting and Airport Visual Aids. Even though the
organization want to provide the best or nearly professional runway, they will not
construct an approach lighting system. It is because if the aerodrome have to construct
the approach light system, the area or the surface will need more. However, the
approach light system have to use too much territory. Without the approach lighting
system, the airfield will still provide a runway edge light which use for outline the
edge of runways during period of darkness or restricted visibility condition and allow
the cadet know how many meter left to the runway end. There are three colour of it
which are variable intensity white for 600m from runway end, variable intensity
yellow for the final 600m and the variable intensity red for runway lights beyond the
far end displaced threshold. For the runway centreline light system, the airfield will
also have it and the system will apply by the bi-directional inset light. And the the
08R/26L runway with grass will not have any lighting system.

Question 4) Kind of Pavement strength

The strength of pavement is Medium strength [B] (Figure 3). Since the Cessna 172’s
maximum and minimum weight are 11kN and 7kN (Figure 6). From 11kN transfer to
CBR, it should be 10 CBR. And 10 CBR equals to 80 MN/m2. The maximum
allowable tire pressure category will be very low [Z] which is the pressure the limited
to 0.50 MPa because of Cessna 172’s tire pressure is 0.19 MPa.
Another Runway 08R/26L will not apply any pavement classification number. Since
the organization just use the grass to build the runway.

Figure 3

Figure 4
 Figure 5

Figure 6

Question 5) Setup House rules for daily operation

For the first house rules, the operation hour of Flying and Training School and the
clubhouse will open at 9AM and close at 6PM. The reason why the operation will set
by 9 hours is because for the morning period, the primary purpose is allow people can
come to flight the aircraft or allow cadet can train early. And the evening period is
mainly for the clubhouse which can allow cadet take a rest or have some
entertainment after the training in the morning.
The second house rule in the Flying and Training School and the clubhouse is people
require to have permit before they walk through the runway or go to the apron. To
ensure the safety of the training school and the flight club, people will get a permit on
the specific counter for to confirm they have some main purpose to walk through the
airfield . And they will also get a basic security check and make sure people who
come in will not bring any dangerous stuff.

The third house rule is cadet or people cannot throw their rubbish anywhere. The
organization will provide some food, snacks or drinks in the club house for cadet, they
can take how many they want. But after they finished the meal or take some snack
away. They have to make sure that they won’t throw the rubbish anywhere such as the
runway or apron. It is because if some cadet take some food from the club house, and
they throw the rubbish on the runway after they finished. Just because of the rubbish
will cause out some serious accidents according to the Swiss cheese model. When
some aircraft take-off or landing on the runway and crush on the rubbish, the aircraft
may lost some balance and get crash or slip out the runway. So this rule is protect
people safety and also keep the environment of the school in a clean situation.
If someone throw the rubbish and got catch they have to pay $500HKD for the school
for the punishment.

The fourth house rule is cadet and pilot have to show their licence and check the
health situation before they get on the aircraft. This rule is make sure pilot have a
perfect health state and the licence can make sure they know how to flight a plane
without instructor. For example, the apron will have a staff to check did they have the
pilot licence. If they did, the staff will allow to flight the aircraft; if not, they will. It
allow to flight the aircraft. Additionally, staff will make sure some people did not
have any sick. If cadet flight in the sick state, they will take some medicine and it will
effect their performance.
The last rule is staff have to clean the whole school four times a day. The time are
9AM, 12PM, 3PM and 6PM. Staff have to clean up the club house area, runway. For
example, if they see some rubbish on the grass runway they have to pick it up. Or
after raining they have to make it dry as possible on the runway. To make sure the
runway can operation normally.

Reference List
Question1
1.1: https://www.bazl.admin.ch/dam/bazl/de/dokumente/Fachleute/Flugplaetze/
ICAO/icao_doc_9157_aerodromedesignmanual-part1.pdf.download.pdf/
icao_doc_9157_aerodromedesignmanual-part1.pdf

https://www.yumpu.com/la/document/read/47034625/da40-new-generation-factsheet-
diamond-aircraft-uk

1.2: https://www.google.com/maps/@22.2968915,113.9000342,417m/data=!3m1!1e3

1.4: https://www.quora.com/An-asphalt-runway-vs-a-concrete-runway-Which-one-is-
better-in-terms-of-initial-costs-maintenance-and-aircraft-handling

https://www.ccaa.com.au/imis_prod/documents/
CCAA_Market_Info_Sheet_Concrete_Runway.pdf?hkey=df05767d-f831-4e33-95d4-
682703418932
1.5: https://www.google.com/maps/@-
37.9726996,145.0671638,675a,35y,101.08h,70.23t/data=!3m1!1e3

Question 2: https://www.chemguard.com/fire-suppression/catalog/foam-
concentrates/Protein

https://www.naffco.com/uae/en/markets/airports-aviation#cookieagree

Question 3: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_approach_slope_indicator

Question 4: http://www.dca.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ASD-512-Strength-
of-Pavements.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_classification_number

https://www.eddh.de/x-files/dl_files/acn-tables.pdf

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/
attachment_data/file/552405/DMG_27.pdf