AR BT 5L-BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

5:ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
LECTURE 02-PRE-CAST AND CAST IN PLACE: WALL PANEL
SYSTEM
MAY 28, 2022
WHAT IS A WALL PANEL SYSTEM?

• Wall panelling is a millwork product used to cover the

walls of a building. It is often made from rigid or semi-rigid
components, such as wood, plastic, or other materials.
Even thousands of years ago people used wall panelling to
make the interiors of stone buildings more comfortable and
livable.
PRE-CAST WALL PANEL SYSTEM
CAST-IN-PLACE WALL SYSTEM
• Cast-in-place (CIP)
concrete walls are made
with ready-mix concrete
placed into removable
forms erected on site.
Historically, this has been
one of the most common
forms of building
basement walls.
• Cast-in-place concrete or Cast-in-situ concrete is a technology of
construction of buildings where walls and slabs of the buildings
are cast at the site in formwork. This differs from precast concrete
technology where slabs are cast elsewhere and then brought to the
construction site and assembled.
PRE-CAST WALL PANELS

• Precast concrete walls are constructed by casting

concrete in a reusable wall mold or form which is then
cured in a controlled environment, transported to the
construction site and lifted into place. The main function
of the precast walls is to speed up the construction process.
PRECAST CONCRETE WALL SYSTEMS
• INTRODUCTION
• Architectural precast concrete has been used since the early twentieth century and
came into wide use in the 1960s. The exterior surface of precast concrete can vary
from an exposed aggregate finish that is highly ornamental to a form face finish that
is similar to cast-in-place. Some precast panels act as column covers while others
extend over several floors in height and incorporate window openings.
• In most cases, the architect selects the cladding material for appearance, provides
details for weatherproofing, and specifies performance criteria. The structural
engineer designs the structure to hold the cladding, designates connection points,
and evaluates the effects of structural movement on the cladding. The precast
concrete manufacturer designs the cladding for the specified loads, erection loads,
connection details, and provides for the weatherproofing, performance and
durability of the cladding itself.
• Precast concrete wall systems offer a wide variety of shapes, colors,
textures, and finishes to the designer. As a result, the assessment of
samples is a key component in the use of precast concrete. The
majority of the review and approval process is conducted at the
precast plant prior to precast panel production. This assessment is in
addition to the quality control and field testing that takes place during
the production phase.
• Typically, each precast panel is independently supported to the
building structure using an assemblage of metal components and
anchors. Joints around each of the precast panels are usually filled
with sealant.
• DESCRIPTION
• Precast Panel Types For Building Envelopes
• There are generally four types of precast panels used as part of
building envelopes:
1.Cladding or curtain walls
2.Load-bearing wall units
3.Shear walls
4.Formwork for cast-in-place concrete
• 1. CLADDING OR CURTAIN
WALL
PRECAST CLADDING OR CURTAIN
WALLS ARE THE MOST COMMON USE
OF PRECAST CONCRETE FOR BUILDING
ENVELOPES. THESE TYPES OF PRECAST
CONCRETE PANELS DO NOT TRANSFER
VERTICAL LOADS BUT SIMPLY ENCLOSE
THE SPACE. THEY ARE ONLY DESIGNED
TO RESIST WIND, SEISMIC FORCES
GENERATED BY THEIR OWN WEIGHT,
AND FORCES REQUIRED TO TRANSFER
THE WEIGHT OF THE PANEL TO THE
SUPPORT. COMMON CLADDING UNITS
INCLUDE WALL PANELS, WINDOW
WALL UNITS, SPANDRELS, MULLIONS,
AND COLUMN COVERS. THESE UNITS
CAN USUALLY BE REMOVED
INDIVIDUALLY IF NECESSARY
• LOAD BEARING WALL
- Load-bearing wall units resist and
transfer loads from other elements and
cannot be removed without affecting the
strength or stability of the building. Typical
load-bearing wall units include solid wall
panels, and window wall and spandrel
panels.
• SHEAR WALL - Precast concrete shear wall panels are used to
provide lateral load resisting system when combined with diaphragm
action of the floor construction. The effectiveness of precast shear
walls is largely dependent upon the panel-to-panel connections.
• In some cases, precast panels are used as formwork for cast-in-place
concrete. The precast panels act as a form, providing the visible
aesthetics of the system, while the cast-in-place portion provides the
structural component of the system.
• Support And Anchorage Systems
• The connections for precast concrete panels are an important
component of the envelope system. Precast manufacturers utilize
numerous different types of anchors but they are often characterized
as gravity and lateral types of connections.
• The primary purposes of the connection are to transfer load to the
supporting structure and provide stability. The criteria used to design
precast connections including but not limited to:
• Strength
• Ductility
• Volume change accommodations
• Durability
• Fire resistance
• Constructability
• Joints And Joint Treatments
• The numerous joints in a precast concrete envelope are an
important aspect of the facade design. The joints between precast
units or between precast and other building components must be
maintained to prevent leakage through the precast wall system.
• Joint design should consider the structural, thermal, and all other
factors that affect the performance and movement of a joint. The
joint seal should of course be adequately designed to withstand
the movement of the joint.
• Common Backup Wall Elements
• In commercial construction, the most common back-up wall
element for architectural precast concrete wall systems is an
insulated, metal stud back-up wall assembly
• FUNDAMENTALS
• Structural Aspects Of Design
• Precast concrete wall systems are most often constructed as a
curtain wall or veneer, in which no building loads are transferred to
the concrete panels. Most typically the precast concrete wall
system must resist lateral loads directly imparted on it, such as
from wind and earthquake; as well as vertical loads resulting from
the self weight of the precast wall system.

• These loads must be transmitted through the wall system and

secondary structural elements to the building's structure. Other
loads such as erection, impact, construction related, and
transportation must also be taken into account in the design.
• It is important to evaluate the design, detailing and
erection of precast panels in order to avoid imposing
unwanted loads onto the panels.
• Performance Issues

• MOISTURE PROTECTION
• The most common moisture protection system used with
precast concrete wall systems is a barrier system incorporating
an adequate joint seal. In some cases where additional moisture
protection is needed, the application of a sealer or a concrete
coating is also used. Sealers can be either clear or pigmented if
used as an enhancement of the precast appearance. Film-
forming coatings usually offer a higher level of performance but
will have a significant impact on the appearance of the precast
concrete unit.
• The precast concrete panel should also be designed to provide
the appropriate level of durability for the planned exposure.
Durability can be improved by specifying minimum compressive
strengths, maximum water to cement ratios, and an appropriate
range of entrained air.
• Performance Issues
• THERMAL PERFORMANCE
• Precast wall panels
derive their thermal
performance
characteristics
primarily from the
amount of insulation
placed in the cavity or
within the backup wall,
which is commonly a
metal stud wall in
commercial
construction.
• FIRE SAFETY
• Precast concrete wall systems are not considered to provide any
improvement in fire safety over cast-in-place concrete. In fact, for
high-rise buildings precast concrete panels can pose a serious
safety hazard
• ACOUSTICS
• A precast concrete wall system and cast-in-place facade will
provide similar performance regarding sound transmission from
the exterior to the interior of the building. However, distressed and
open joints between panels can provide a condition in which
sound transmission to the interior may be increased.
• A precast panel with a highly architectural surface
will present challenges in development of a concrete
mix and placement of reinforcing steel. More
complicated profiles in the surface of the panel
usually require more workability in the concrete mix,
better consolidation techniques, and often more
post-production surface repairs.
• Precast panels with differing depths of surface
profiling also require more care in maintaining
sufficient concrete cover over the embedded
reinforcing steel. In summary, the more complicated
the appearance of a precast concrete panel, the
more challenging and important the review and
approval process and quality control program.
• MATERIAL/FINISH DURABILITY
• Precast concrete panels used in wall
systems have many different finishes and
shapes. Often the finish will include the
abrasion or modifying of the surface by
sandblasting, exposing aggregate, acid
washing, bush-hammering, or other
techniques. Each of these finishes presents a
different challenge in producing a durable
precast concrete panel.
• Sandblasting a concrete surface can produce
a surface that is less resistant to moisture
penetration. As a result, a surface treatment,
such as a sealer, should be considered where
this technique is used for finishing.
• MAINTAINABILITY
• When properly constructed precast concrete
panels systems require some maintenance.
The most important maintenance item for
precast panels is the sealant in joints and
protection system, if used. If a sealer or
concrete coating has been used for aesthetics
or to minimize moisture penetration into the
panel, the sealer or coating will require
reapplication. The time frame for the sealant
and surface protection systems varies widely
but usually ranges from every 7 to 20 years
• APPLICATIONS
• Precast concrete wall systems allow a wide
variety of colors, finishes and architectural
shapes. Precast concrete can be used in
environments that allow the use of
conventional cast-in-place concrete.
• In addition, precast concrete may be made in
a controlled environment and erected in an
environment that would not allow site casting
of concrete. The concrete used in precast
panels should be designed to be durable in
the environment in which it will be used.
TYPES OF WALL PANEL SYSTEM
1. FLAT TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM
• Wall panel is single piece • Watertight Guarantee
of material,usually flat and • Uniformity of appearance
cut into a rectangular
shape, serves as the visible
• Durability
and exposed covering for a • Ease of replaceability
wall. • Can reduce construction
• ADVANTAGES costs.

• Cost Saving Application of paints or

other finishing
• No more mold
• Extra Time
• An end to tough cleaning
1. FLAT TYPE WALL PANEL SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES • Economics of scale
• Decorative functions demand regularly shaped
buildings.
• Insulating functions
• Need for repetition of
• Soundproofing functions forms will affect building
• Very heavy members design.
• Very small margin for error • Joints between panels are
• Connections may be often expensive and
difficult complicated.

• Somewhat limited building

design flexibility
• APPLICATIONS
• Low and Mid-Rise Offices
• Mid-Rise Office Spandrel
Panels
• Convention Centers
• Performing Arts Centers
• Arenas
• Airport Terminal Buildings
• Schools & Universities
• Religious Facilities
Hospitals
• Commercial & Industrial
• Retail Buildings
• Hangars
• Prison Facilities
• Equipment Maintenance Buildings
• Manufacturing Facilities
• Warehouses
• Distribution Centers
• Self-Storage Complexes
• Utility Buildings
• IDEAL USES:
• Virtually any commercial or industrial building, from architectural applications to cold-
storage facilities Metal wall panel combines the aesthetics of a flat wall panel and high
insulation values of a urethane core.
• Insulated metal wall panels are well suited for exterior wall and interior partition
applications. The lightly corrugated profile on both faces of the panel ensures symmetry
from outside the building to inside, and from room to room in partition applications.
2.RIBBED TYPE WALL
SYSTEM
• It is the most economical
wall system. In fact, this
wall system is more
economican than wood,
concrete or masonry
alternatives.
• FEATURES & BENEFITS
• Attractive broad-ribbed design and embossed surface produces
interesting shadows and consistent texture
• Special interlocking joint design allows panels to easily lock into
place for faster installation
• Available in several visually appealing colors
WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
CURTAIN WALL
AND WINDOW
WALL SYSTEMS?
3. WINDOW TYPE PANEL SYSTEM

• A window wall system spans only a single floor, is supported by the slab
below and above, and is therefore installed within the slab edge.
• A curtain wall is a structurally independent/self-supporting system, typically
spanning multiple stories, and is installed proud of/beyond the slab edge.
WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CURTAIN
WALL AND WINDOW WALL SYSTEMS?

Window wall system on a residential building

Curtain wall system under construction
Both curtain walls and window walls are intended as all-in-one cladding systems. While most
people think first of the glazing or window component of these systems, they both encompass
many aspects and functions common to any exterior wall, including:
• Enclosure/Barrier – These systems inherently act as the primary air/vapor/weather-
resistive barrier for the building envelope.

• Cladding – Beyond clear glass, these systems can incorporate panels of metal, stone,
opaque glass, etc.

• Insulation – While they do not have the same insulation value as a solid or framed wall,
these systems do provide some degree of insulation value.

• Structural – While these are not bearing walls (i.e. they do not support the floors above,
and can be removed without any detrimental effect on the overall building structural
system), they transfer their loads to the main building structure, and need to be designed to
resist wind and other lateral loads.
• INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION
• There are two main types of systems: Stick Built and Unitized.
• A Stick-Built system arrives at the site as a kit of parts. The mullions/frames
are assembled on site, and the glass/glazing is installed in place.

• A Unitized system arrives at the job site in prefabricated panels. Sections of

the wall are completely assembled in the factory including the glazing and
then set into place.
COMPONENTS OF CURTAIN WALL AND WINDOW
WALL SYSTEMS
• Mullion – The metal extrusion between glazing
panels that supports the system. Mullions are used
both vertically (up & down) and horizontally (left
to right).

• Pressure Plate – A metal plate secured to the

mullion to retain the glass in place, typically 2 or
more inches wide, present at each horizontal &
vertical mullion. A snap cover, the exterior “cap” of
the mullion, covers the pressure plate and is the
visible portion of the mullion on the exterior.

• Structural Silicone – In lieu of a pressure plate, the

glass may be held in place via structural silicone to
give a more minimal appearance. There is either a
gasketed joint or wet-sealed joint a fraction of an
inch wide visible between glass panels on the
exterior, rather than a 2-inch or wider metal
pressure plate and cap.
• Insulated Glazing Unit (IGU) – Two or more panels of glass separated by
a spacer and filled with an inert gas (argon, krypton). Often referred to as
double-glazed or double-pane (though can include more than 2 layers),
an IGU provides improved insulation value over a single pane of glass.

• Spacer – The component that separates the glass panes at the edge of
the IGU. It often includes a desiccant material to absorb moisture. Better
spacer materials can improve the overall insulation value of the system.

• Setting Blocks – Used to separate IGU edge from the mullion/frame at

the perimeter.
• Gaskets – Extruded rubber used as a glazing seal between the IGU and
mullion. They are compressed into a joint between frame and window at
both the exterior and interior.
• Thermal Break – Separates exterior metal mullion components from
interior metal mullion components, the thermal break is a literal “break”
in between the inside and outside portions of the metal frame/mullion. It
reduces thermal conduction through frame/mullions by making the
metal discontinuous. The break needs to be contiguous throughout the
assembly to be effective. Typically, the wider the break, the better
performance.
• Wet Seals – In lieu of gaskets, field-applied wet sealant can be installed
between the IGU and mullion. Wet seals are typically silicone applied
over a backer rod or glazing tape.

• Fixed Glazing – As the name implies, these are glass panels that do not
move.

• Operable Panel/Operable Vent – These are hinged or sliding glazed

panels that allow for the introduction of fresh air into the building.
These require specialized hardware (hinge, latch, etc.) and a “frame
within a frame” to hold the glazing in place.

• Spandrel Panel – As opposed to vision glass, a spandrel is an opaque

panel of either obscured coated glass or another material (metal,
masonry veneer, thin stone). They are typically used to conceal
structural elements (columns, slab edges) or interstitial space (above
ceilings). There is often a “shadow box” or “backpan” behind the panel
to hold/conceal insulation to improve the thermal performance of the
overall system.
• Louvered Panel – A panel that incorporates louvers for the operation of
mechanical units (PTACs, exhaust fans). The louvered panel should be
integrated with a sleeve to allow for protection from water infiltration and
allows for drainage to the exterior.

• Anchor – Used with curtain wall systems, the anchor ties the curtain wall to
the slab edges or structural frame. The anchors can be embedded when the
slab is poured or fastened to slab after the slab is in place.

• Receptor – Used with window wall systems, a receptor is often a C-shaped

channel design to accept the sill, jamb, and head of the overall frame to
hold the system in place.

• Thermal Break – Separates exterior metal mullion components from

interior metal mullion components, the thermal break is a literal “break” in
between the inside and outside portions of the metal frame/mullion. It
reduces thermal conduction through frame/mullions by making the metal
discontinuous. The break needs to be contiguous throughout the assembly
to be effective. Typically, the wider the break, the better performance.
• Anchor – Used with curtain wall systems, the anchor ties the curtain wall
to the slab edges or structural frame. The anchors can be embedded
when the slab is poured or fastened to slab after the slab is in place.

• Receptor – Used with window wall systems, a receptor is often a C-

shaped channel design to accept the sill, jamb, and head of the overall
frame to hold the system in place.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG?

• Structural Failure – This may be a result of inadequate design for anticipated

loads, inadequate design for deflection, improper or insufficient anchoring,
or a catastrophic event (storm, tornado, earthquake).

• Water Infiltration/Air Infiltration – This may be a result of defects inherent

to the window system itself; penetrations in the system; interfaces with
adjacent building systems; installation deficiencies; insufficient or obscured
drainage; gaps in gaskets; or degraded/failing seals or gaskets.
• Glass Breakage – This may be caused by physical impact either during construction or post-construction;
weakening of the glass; unintended contact between the glass and frame; impurities in glass; or insufficient
strength/thickness of glass for the size of the opening.

• Fogging of IGUs – This is a result of condensation occurring between the panes of glass, which is caused by a
failure in the seal at the spacer of the IGU. While IGUs have a finite expected useful life, premature fogging may
be an indication of a manufacturing defect or physical damage to the unit.

• Indoor Condensation – This is a result of the surface temperature of the interior frame and/or glass dropping
below the dew point. There may be various possible contributing factors including air leakage; inadequate
specification of the system; excess indoor humidity; or thermal bridging.

https://vertexeng.com/insights/curtain-wall-and-window-wall-
systems/
4. TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM

• Tilt-Up construction features series of concrete panels tilted up

into place to form a building's exterior wall. These panels are
created at the work site using wood forms, rebar and concrete. The
forms are shaped and rebar cut to match final designs. Next,
concrete is poured into the forms and finished.
• Tilt-up concrete gets its name from the manner in which construction
occurs: by lifting or tilting panels with a crane to form the walls of
buildings. Panels can be produced in many shapes and sizes,
including flat and curved sections. Concrete placement is fast and
easy because it is done on the ground.
• Floor surfaces serve as casting beds or sometimes separate casting
beds are built. Panels can be stacked on top of each other if space is
limited. Because the panels are cast on site, their size is not limited by
trucking considerations. Panels are typically rather large in size so
that there are relatively few joints in buildings.
• Tilt-up structures are built at
reasonable cost, require little
maintenance, and provide long term
durability and speed of construction
with minimal capital investment.
Panels usually serve as structure
and finish and can be insulated as
needed for energy efficiency.
The following points describe tilt-up
concrete panels for low-rise buildings:
• Advantages
• Sizes
• Manufacturing and Physical Properties
• Installation, Connections, and Finishes
• Sustainability and Energy
• Advantages
• Tilt-up construction is rapid and economical. While it became popular for
large buildings with simple floor plans (“big box construction”), new
techniques have expanded the market to improve the design flexibility,
making it suitable for small buildings and ones that have more involved
layouts. The key to success is planning. Now schools, retail, commercial and
civic projects, religious structures, and residences are common applications,
too.
• Contractors appreciate that much of the work is done at ground level and is
fast and efficient, with repetition providing time savings. Making tilt-up
concrete panels is essentially like casting slabs instead of walls. Formwork
placement is faster and simpler, including block-outs for door and window
openings. Panels are cast on site and if space is tight, they can be stack-
cast to minimize site disturbance.
• Finishing concrete on a tilt-
up panel following casting
• For owners, the appeal of tilt-
up is durability and the
strength to resist disasters,
water, and insects. The heavy
mass and large panel size also
leads to good energy efficiency
and sound performance due to
thermal mass and airtight
enclosures.
• Sizes
• Uninsulated panels are typically seven to 12 inches thick. Insulated panels
are sandwich-type construction. The outer face is two to three inches thick,
the insulation is two to six inches thick, and the inner layer is the structural
portion of the wall with a thickness similar to uninsulated panels. Connectors
are inserted through the insulation to tie the two concrete faces together.
• Advancements in lifting inserts means that there are fewer limitations on
panel size: 50-foot- tall panels are common. The floor footprint may be one
constraint on size. And since panels must be lifted into place by a crane,
their weight versus crane capacity is another limiting factor and the crane
should have a safety margin of three to one for this purpose. But panels do
not have to be shipped to a site by truck, so this is not a limitation on size.
• Manufacturing and Physical Properties
• The foundation and floor (or casting) slab should be prepared for concrete
placement. Formwork is commonly lumber but may be reusable plastic or
metal. Reinforcement is conventional steel used in other concrete work.
• Lift inserts, weld plates, and other hardware are all termed “embeds” and are
placed in advance of concrete. Bond breakers are used to coat the casting
slab to facilitate lifting panels. If the lifting crane will sit on a portion of the
slab, its thickness may need to be increased more than the building would
otherwise require.
• Concrete is commonly ordered from a ready-mix producer. Mixes may be
specified to have high strength or early strength to meet the project needs.
Concrete can be placed directly from the truck chute or by pump for more
precise placement. It is consolidated, trowel finished, and cured.
• Installation, Connections, and Finishes
• Following facedown casting, panels are installed by lifting off the slab
and attaching to the foundation/slab. The combination of dowels from
the slab and attachment to adjacent panels provides the structural
integrity of the building.
• During placement, panels are braced until they are all tied together to
make the walls.
• Operations are scheduled for lifting the panels in quick succession.
Connections that were cast into the concrete allow panels to be
welded together. Then vertical joints are filled with sealants.
Tilt-up wall panel is attached to the concrete slab. Tilt-up wall panels are braced in position
• Architectural concrete treatments add rich detail and surface appearance to panels.
Rustications and reveals can create the appearance of various panel sizes and
shadow lines. Finishes and panel configurations have seen much development in
recent years so that these panels offer the same versatility as other concrete wall
systems.
• Common finishes include colored concrete, exposed aggregate, and form liner
textures. Facing mixes can make any of these finishes more economical by placing
the special concrete mixture in the outer 1 or 2 inches of the panel’s face. Special
inserts are available to create thin brick or thin block masonry surfaces.
• Alternately, the surface can be painted or plastered with a stucco texture, although
these finishes may require periodic maintenance unnecessary with the cast-in
treatments.

• Casting techniques have advanced enough so that it is now possible to cast curved
panels. This requires special formwork to be built on the ground, but following the
first casting, these can be stacked like flat panels if necessary.
• Sustainability and Energy
• Tilt-up panels can be solid concrete, or they may be sandwich-type construction.
Insulation can be incorporated into tilt-up to provide energy efficient construction
with hard exterior wall surfaces. It is common to use extruded polystyrene at 2 to 6
inches thick. Walls can range from R-values of about 2 for uninsulated panels up to
about 32 for walls containing thicker layers of insulation. As building codes require
greater energy efficiency, the thickness of insulation increases. But like all concrete
systems, tilt-up offers high thermal mass, and airtight construction. The panelization
also means fewer joints and reduced air infiltration.

Energy performance is an important part of tilt-up’s environmental friendliness, but

that’s not all it has to offer. All the other aspects of sustainability that apply to any
type of concrete construction apply to tilt-up. There is potential for recycled content
in tilt-up concrete. Wall panels can be demolished and the concrete recycled at the
end of its life. It’s locally produced. It is durable and low maintenance.
LIFTING CONCRETE PANELS IN PLACE

• Typically, the crane is two to

three times the size of the
largest panel. The crew will
also attach braces to the
panel. The crane then tilts
up, or lifts, the panel from
the floor slab until it's in a
vertical position above the
footings
PRECAST VS. TILT-WALL CONCRETE: WHICH IS RIGHT FOR
YOUR PROJECT?
• Tilt-Up Vs. Precast Concrete
• Tilt-up concrete panels and components are poured and cast on-
site before they are lifted into position. By contrast, precast
concrete is fabricated off-site and transported to the construction
area. Each of these construction methods offers certain
advantages and drawbacks for your project.
• Transportation
• Because tilt-up panels are created on your worksite, they do not
typically require transportation. The cost of transporting precast
concrete can sometimes be figured into the overall cost of the
parts to reduce the amount you would otherwise pay for delivery.
• Size Limitations
• The size and weight of precast concrete components can be a
limiting factor for transporting these panels to your worksite.
Because they are fabricated on the spot, tilt-up panels typically do
not suffer from these restrictions and can be poured to suit your
precise requirements.
• Weather Conditions
• In most cases, precast concrete can be poured and cured indoors,
eliminating these issues and ensuring that your components can
be completed and delivered.
• Insulation Factors
• The larger size of tilt-wall panels can reduce the number of joints
necessary in the outer walls of your building, limiting the areas
through which thermal energy can escape. This can make tilt-wall
buildings much easier to insulate and can boost the energy
efficiency of your finished project, allowing you to ensure the
lowest utility bills possible for these buildings.

https://gra-gcc.com/blog/precast-vs-tilt-wall-concrete-which-is-
right-for-your-project/