Global Practices of Architecture

A. Sustainable Architecture in Developing Countries.

Seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by

efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space.

Local Materials in Sustainable Communication Constructions

According to the World Green Building Council, facilities are responsible for
39% of global carbon emissions, with 28% of it from operational emissions and 11%
from construction materials. A significant drop of 10% was recorded during the
COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The lesser energy demand during the pandemic and
the decarbonization efforts of the construction industry were highly responsible for
this drop.

Therefore, it is safe to say that resorting to sustainable construction practices

has the potential to further lessen the sector’s carbon footprint.

The Use of Indigenous and Locally Sourced Materials in Philippines Architecture.

The use of bamboo as a construction material for both interior and exterior
purposes remains just as relevant as it did in the days when the preferred style of
habitation was simply Bahay Kubo. Homes in the province often employ furnishings
such as bed frames, sofa sets, and tables comprised of bamboo, having the
material stand the test of time with its versatility even in modern homes today.

Aside from its versatility within modern homes for interior furnishing, a focus on
building homes with bamboo is resurfacing once again, as homes constructed from
the material have been proven to be safer than concrete and steel in withstanding
extreme climate conditions, namely earthquakes and typhoons, climate issues that
are rife in the Philippines. As well as bamboo's durability factor, there is also a great
reward that comes from locally sourcing materials. Since the economic disruption
of supply chains during the global pandemic, the value of local production and
value chains has been more so encouraged amongst consumers.

Advantages

 Cost-effective: Local sustainable materials can be more affordable than

imported alternatives, reducing construction costs.
 Environmental benefits: Using local materials reduces carbon emissions
associated with transportation and minimizes environmental impact.
 Supports local economy: Utilizing local materials supports local businesses and
communities, boosting economic growth and resilience.

Disadvantages

 Limited availability: Local sustainable materials may not be readily available in

sufficient quantities, leading to delays or compromises in construction projects.

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  Quality concerns: Local materials might not meet the same standards as
imported ones, potentially compromising the structural integrity or longevity of
buildings.
 Lack of innovation: Relying solely on local materials may limit opportunities for
incorporating innovative and more efficient construction methods and
technologies.

Energy Efficiency: Buildings and Industry

According According to Jens Martin Skibsted (2023), The road to energy

efficiency is, in theory, a sustainability sweepstake. More efficiency means that less
fuel is required to generate a given amount of energy, which in turn means lower
costs for the provider and cheaper prices for the customers

As energy efficiency is a cheap and abundant resource, possessed by all

countries, rich and poor alike, it is key to ensuring a safe and reliable reduction in
energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, Energy efficiency is
key to ensuring a safe and reliable reduction in energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) has stated that improved energy
efficiency in industrial processes, transportation, and buildings could lead to a 30%
reduction in the world’s energy needs by 2050 and help control global emissions of
greenhouse gases.

BERDE: A Locally-Tailored System for Philippine Sustainable Architecture.

The Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) was

specifically developed by the Philippine Green Building Council (PhilGBC) to suit the
local context. BERDE certification takes into account the unique environmental
challenges and cultural considerations of the Philippines.

Advantages

 Sustainable materials: Green buildings use renewable and efficient materials

like straw, recycled metal, and bamboo, reducing environmental impact.
 Recyclability: Materials used are recyclable, reusable, and nontoxic,
promoting a circular economy and reducing waste.
 Cost savings: Despite initial costs, energy-efficient buildings can lead to savings
on
 electricity and heating bills over time, providing financial benefits.

Disadvantages

 Higher initial costs: Efficient and renewable materials may be more expensive
upfront, posing a financial barrier to constructing energy-efficient buildings in
developing countries.
 Limited affordability: Higher costs may make energy-efficient buildings
inaccessible to lower-income communities in developing countries,
exacerbating socioeconomic disparities.

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  Market barriers: Lack of awareness and incentives may hinder the adoption of
energy-efficient materials and technologies in the construction industry of
developing countries.

B. Urbanization and Megacity Architecture.

Urbanization – is the population shift from rural to urban areas, the

corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the
ways in which societies adapt to this change. It can also mean population growth
in urban areas instead of rural ones (National Library of Medicine, 2016).

Megacity – A megacity can be defined as an “urban agglomeration with a

total population of 10 million people or greater, consisting of a continuous built-up
area that encompasses one or more city centers and suburban areas,
economically and functionally linked to those centers” (Safarik et al., 2016).

Rural Flight / Rural Exodus in Philippine Setting

Background

Rural Flight is an important livelihood strategy in the Philippines (Quisumbing,

2005). The 2000 census of population and housing showed that about forty-eight
percent (48%) of Filipinos were living in the urban areas compared to thirty-seven
percent (37%) more than two decades ago. It is estimated that by 2030, about
eight (8) out of ten (10) Filipinos will be living in cities and urban agglomerations
(Philippines National Statistics Office, 2020).

Farmers, farm workers or fisher folks left their farms or livelihood and tried their
luck in highly urbanized areas is called Rural Exodus. The main reason-abject
poverty. Rural exodus or rural flight refers to migratory patterns that normally
happen in a depressed region or province. Due to limited opportunities, there tends
to be a movement of people from the rural areas to the urban areas. The search for
better lives has always been their common denominator (Public-Private Partnership
Center, 2023).

Issues

Rural Flight has raised concerns about regional development. Local

governments are unprepared for the negative effects, including the "double
impact" of increased labor force and higher income in urban areas, as well as
overcrowding, congestion, traffic, flooding, and environmental degradation (Tirona,
2013).

Migration to hazardous and protected areas is also an emerging pattern in

the country as manifested land conversions of agricultural areas into residential
communities or commercial/recreational centers. Encroachments into resource-rich
mountains, forests and rivers have often led to environmental disasters thus
compounding the vulnerability of residents (Tirona, 2013).

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Advantage

Most rural folks will definitely stay where they are if opportunities to earn are
present and reachable. When all the necessities like food, shelter, clothing as well
as health and school facilities are available and the opportunities to improve their
lives exist, those who have remained in the rural areas will surely forever stay put
denominator (Public-Private Partnership Center, 2023).

Disadvantage

Just to name a few, in the urban areas they are faced with the threat of
urban slums rise, land-use conversion, overpopulation, etc. Meanwhile, in the rural
areas they are facing challenges in their transport systems due to low population
density and spatial dispersion (Gross-Fengels, 2018).

Solution

Balik-Probinsya Program – Executive Order No. 114: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE

BALIK PROBINSYA, BAGONG PAG-ASA PROGRAM AS A PILLAR OF BALANCED
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, CREATING THE BALIK PROBINSYA COUNCIL, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.

This program is geared towards addressing Metro Manila’s congested urban

areas by encouraging people, especially informal settlers to return to their home
provinces and assist them in this transition with support and incentives on
transportation, family, livelihood, housing, subsistence and education, among
others.

Urban Expansion or Urban Growth in the Philippine Setting

Background

Urban expansion in the Philippines has been a significant phenomenon over

the past few decades. With rapid population growth and increasing urbanization,
cities have expanded at an unprecedented rate, leading to various social,
economic, and environmental challenges. Therefore, planning of land use and
infrastructure in advance for a population that is projected to grow rapidly is highly
important for its sustainable development (Mishra et al. 2021).

Issues

According to the National Economic and Development Authority (2018),

issues brought by urban expansion are urban/settlement expansion and food
security, landuse conflicts, urban efficiency, capacity and disaster risk and
vulnerability, uneven distribution of economic development, lack of integration
between transportation and land use planning, and absence/ out-of-date CLUPs
and Zoning Ordinances of cities and municipalities.

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 Advantage

Urban growth allows more walkable streets and reduced local government
costs because of more geographically efficient provisions of services and
infrastructure (Riniz, 2011).

Disadvantage

According to Riniz (2011), Urban expansion cause shortage of affordable

housing, increased volumes of traffic, cities population will live in an apartment or
skyscraper condo, increase in population density, increase land prices, and
increase overall house costs.

Urban Blight or Urban Decay in the Philippine Setting

Background

Urban blight in the Philippines is essentially a result of the sudden

unprecedented exodus of people from rural to urban areas. Progressively
increasing difficulties in rural areas, exacerbated by the natural and man-made
calamities that the country continues to experience have resulted in massive
migration to the cities. In-migration, alongside natural population increase,
accounts for the burgeoning urban population and the disparate rise of primate
cities like Metro Manila (SanidadLeones, 2010).

Issues

Urban blight causes the issues in the country of unlivable cities, lack of clean
water, air is polluted, least forest area, high crime rates, elevated poverty etc.

Advantage

In the bright light, depopulation (Oy, 2017).

Disadvantage

Building abandonment, crime rates, environmental degradation poverty,

unemployment, etc. (Sanidad-Leones, 2010).

C. Cultural Heritage Preservation in Conflict Zones.

Intangible Cultural Heritage

The cultural manifestation of knowledge and skills that is transmitted from one
generation to the next.

Intangible: Unable to be touched or grasped; not having physical presence.

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in the context of architecture refers to the

traditions, knowledge, skills, and customs associated with the built environment,
which are passed down through generations and contribute to a community's
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identity and sense of place. This includes not only physical structures but also the
practices, rituals, and beliefs associated with their construction and use.

In the Philippines, intangible cultural heritage in architecture is rich and

diverse, reflecting the country's history, cultural diversity,and indigenous traditions.

Traditional Filipino architecture incorporates a blend of indigenous, colonial,

and modern influences, resulting in a unique architectural heritage.

Ifugao Rice Terraces

Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Ifugao rice terraces are
an iconic example of indigenous Filipino architecture and engineering. Constructed
over 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people, these terraces showcase the
sustainable farming practices and engineering prowess of the indigenous
communities in the Philippine Cordilleras.

Spanish Colonial Architecture

The Philippines has a rich legacy of Spanish colonial architecture,

characterized by ornate facades, Baroque and neoclassical elements, and
intricate craftsmanship. Examples include churches, government buildings, and
ancestral houses found in cities such as Manila, Vigan, and Cebu.

Muslim Architecture

In the southern Philippines, particularly in Mindanao, Muslim architecture

reflects the cultural and religious traditions of the region's Muslim communities. This
includes mosques, Islamic schools (madrasahs), and traditional houses
characterized by intricate woodcarvings and geometric patterns.

Problems

Loss of Traditional Knowledge

One of the primary challenges is the loss of traditional knowledge and

skills associated with traditional architectural practices. This can occur due to
urbanization, globalization, and the adoption of modern building techniques.

Threats to Heritage Sites

Intangible cultural heritage in architecture is often associated with

physical heritage sites that are susceptible to threats such as natural disasters,
urban development, and neglect

Lack of Awareness and Appreciation

Many people may not fully understand or appreciate the significance

of intangible cultural heritage in architecture, leading to its undervaluation
and neglect.

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 Social and Economic Pressures

Economic development, population growth, and social change can

exert pressure on traditional architectural practices and cultural landscapes.

Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries

Developed Countries

May have a stronger focus on heritage preservation as they already

have a solid economic base. They can invest in restoring historical sites and
promoting cultural traditions.

Developing Countries

Often prioritize development to improve living standards, infrastructure,

and economic opportunities. Preserving heritage might seem like a luxury
they can't afford.

The Balance

Preserves Cultural Identity and Memory

A living expression of a community's traditions, knowledge, and skills.

Promotes Diversity and Understanding

Safeguarding promotes cultural diversity, mutual respect,

understanding, and tolerance by celebrating the richness of the world's
diverse expressions.

Strengthens Social Cohesion

Practices involve shared activities and traditions that strengthens social

bonds and a sense of shared history within communities.

Economic Benefits

Contribute significantly to local economies. Safeguarding these

aspects ensures their viability and potential for economic development.

Sustainable Development

The preservation of knowledge on sustainable practices in agriculture,

resource management, and environmental adaptation can significantly
contribute to achieving sustainable development goals.

Promotes Creativity and Innovation

Space for continued creativity and innovation within communities,

ensuring cultural expressions remain relevant over time.
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 Preserving and promoting intangible cultural heritage in architecture is
crucial for maintaining cultural diversity, fostering sustainable development, and
promoting social cohesion. Efforts to safeguard intangible cultural heritage include
documentation, conservation initiatives, community-based revitalization projects,
and educational programs aimed at raising awareness and appreciation of
traditional architectural practices and values.

D. Disaster-Resilient Architecture.

Refers to the design and construction of buildings, infrastructure, and

communities with the aim of minimizing vulnerability and damage in the event of
natural or man-made disasters. It involves integrating principles of risk reduction,
structural safety, and adaptive design to enhance the ability of structures and
systems to withstand and recover from disasters such as earthquakes, floods,
hurricanes, tsunamis, wildfires, and terrorist attacks.

The resilient design anticipates future challenges through better site planning
and more robust construction practices.

Philippine Setting

Highly vulnerable to typhoons, earthquakes, floods, and landslides due to

geography.

Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire and typhoon belt - demands resilient
design considering climate change.

Strategic Selection of Building Materials

 Building materials are strategically chosen based on prevailing risks.

 Various materials from bamboo to vinyl are utilized, each tailored to specific
hazards.
 Lightweight and natural elements, like those found in traditional wooden
houses, offer resilience against earthquakes.
 In flood-prone areas, materials resistant to floodwater damage, such as
concrete and vinyl, are essential.

Seismic / Earthquake Resilient Design

Seismic resilient design in architecture focuses on creating buildings that can

withstand earthquakes while considering aesthetics and functionality. Architects
collaborate with engineers to design structures with flexible forms, modular
construction, and seismic isolation systems. They prioritize ductility, redundancy, and
lightweight materials to enhance resilience. Architectural details such as seismic
joints and shear walls are integrated discreetly, and historical preservation is
balanced with seismic safety. Community integration and urban planning are also
emphasized for overall resilience.

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 Flood Resilient Design

In architecture, flood resilient design aims to reduce the impact of flooding

on buildings and communities. Architects employ strategies such as site elevation,
waterproofing, and resilient materials to mitigate flood risks. They also focus on
sustainable drainage systems and safe evacuation routes. Community resilience
planning and compliance with regulations further enhance flood resilience.
Ultimately, flood resilient architecture seeks to create buildings that withstand
flooding while ensuring safety and sustainability in flood-prone areas.

Typhoon Resilient Design

Typhoon resilient design in architecture focuses on minimizing damage and

ensuring safety during strong typhoons or hurricanes. Architects employ strategies
such as reinforced structures, impact-resistant windows, and flood prevention
measures. They also consider building orientation, roof design, and emergency
systems. Collaboration with communities for resilience planning enhances
preparedness and response capabilities. Ultimately, typhoon resilient buildings aim
to withstand destructive forces, protect occupants, and contribute to community
resilience in typhoon-prone areas.

Coastal Resilient Design

Coastal resilient architectural design focuses on creating buildings and

infrastructure capable of withstanding challenges specific to coastal environments,
such as erosion, storm surges, and rising sea levels. Key strategies include elevated
foundations, the use of resilient materials, wind-resistant design, integration of
natural coastal barriers, and sustainable stormwater management. Adaptability,
community engagement, and long-term sustainability are also emphasized to
ensure buildings can withstand coastal hazards and contribute to the resilience of
coastal communities amidst climate change.

E. Smart Cities and Future Urbanism.

According to Krishna (2023), Smart cities and future urbanism represent a

transformative approach to urban development, driven by the integration of
advanced technologies and sustainable practices to address the challenges of
rapid urbanization. Globally, cities are grappling with issues such as congestion,
pollution, and resource scarcity, necessitating innovative solutions to create more
livable, inclusive, and resilient urban environments. In the Philippines, where
urbanization is occurring at a rapid pace alongside socio-economic disparities and
environmental vulnerabilities, the adoption of smart city strategies is imperative to
ensure sustainable and equitable urban growth.

A smart city is an urban development using Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) to provide useful information to
effectively manage resources and assets.

Future Urbanism called eco-city or sustainable city, the smart city aims to
improve the quality of urban services or reduce its costs.

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Smart / Intelligent infrastructure

Interconnected systems using sensors and automation for optimized resource

management.

Smart infrastructure integrates technology, sensors, and data analytics to

enhance efficiency, resource allocation, and environmental impact by collecting
valuable data and proactively addressing issues.

Sustainable development

Focusing on renewable energy, green spaces, and reduced emissions.

Improved mobility

Promoting efficient and accessible transportation options.

Citizen engagement

Utilizing digital tools for better governance and public participation.

Data analysis

Using vast amounts of urban data for informed decision-making.

Resilience

Building cities adaptable to natural disasters and climate change.

Technological Integration and Infrastructure

Technological integration and infrastructure play a pivotal role in shaping the

development of smart cities globally and in the Philippines. These initiatives aim to
leverage advanced technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), artificial
intelligence (AI), and data analytics to transform urban infrastructure, improve
service delivery, and enhance overall quality of life for residents. (Rabjohn, 2024).

Issues

 Interoperability: Ensuring compatibility and seamless integration of diverse

technologies from different vendors can be complex and costly.
 Cybersecurity: With increased connectivity comes heightened cybersecurity
risks, including data breaches and cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure.
 Digital Divide: Disparities in access to technology and digital literacy can
exacerbate social inequalities, leaving marginalized communities behind.
 Privacy Concerns: Collecting and analyzing vast amounts of data raise
concerns about privacy infringement and surveillance, necessitating robust
data protection measures.

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Advantages

 Efficiency: Smart technologies optimize resource usage, streamline processes,

and improve the efficiency of urban services such as transportation, energy
distribution, and waste management.
 Sustainability: By monitoring and managing energy consumption, reducing
emissions, and promoting green infrastructure, smart cities can contribute to
environmental sustainability and mitigate climate change impacts.
 Quality of Life: Enhanced connectivity, personalized services, and data-driven
decision-making can enhance residents' quality of life by improving access to
amenities, reducing congestion, and enhancing safety and security.
 Innovation: Smart cities serve as hubs for innovation and economic growth,
attracting talent, investment, and entrepreneurship to drive technological
advancements and create new opportunities.

Disadvantages

 Cost: Implementing and maintaining smart infrastructure requires significant

investment in technology, infrastructure upgrades, and skilled personnel, which
can strain municipal budgets.
 Dependency: Reliance on technology leaves cities vulnerable to disruptions
such as cyber-attacks, system failures, or technological obsolescence,
potentially compromising essential services.
 Exclusion: Unequal access to technology and digital skills may exacerbate
social exclusion, widening the gap between digitally literate and marginalized
populations.
 Privacy Risks: Collecting and analyzing vast amounts of data raise concerns
about privacy infringement and surveillance, necessitating robust data
protection measures.

Smart Grid : Energy and Sustainability

The Philippines is actively creating a smart grid strategy to improve its

electricity distribution sector, as evidenced by the issuance of DOE Circular DC
2020-02-0003 on February 6, 2020. This action is in response to the country's energy
problem, with the goal of upgrading the energy system through the use of Smart
Grid Technologies (Alano 2020). Smart grid development in the Philippines aligns
with Southeast Asia's trend of adopting Smart Grid Interoperability Standards. This
plan shows a comprehensive attempt to increase the country's energy resiliency
and address power distribution difficulties with creative solutions

Advantages

 Smart energy grids have advantages like reducing theft and losses in electricity
transmission, improving security and efficiency.
 They enable consumer participation in energy management, leading to
environmentally friendly connections.
 Smart grids use customer-owned generators to enhance energy resilience and
promote optimal electricity usage through pricing information, improving
consumption patterns for increased energy efficiency.
 Reduced Environmental Impact.
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  Cost Savings.
 Improved Air Quality.
 Resilience to Climate Change.
 Job Creation & Economic Growth.

Disadvantages

 Implementing smart grid technology faces challenges like high costs,

advanced technological integration needs, and infrastructure changes,
leading to increased labor costs and longer deployment times. This highlights
the significance of global adoption of smart energy grids.
 Initial Investment Cost.
 Technological Complexity.
 Potential for Displacement.
 Intermittency of Renewable Energay.
 Equity Concerns.

F. Architectural Tourism and Iconic Landmarks.

Traveling to places just to experience and appreciate the built environment,

which includes famous landmarks, old structures, and cutting-edge architectural
masterpieces, is known as architectural tourism. It includes going to popular
structures for their architectural value, aesthetic value, and cultural relevance,
including historic monuments, skyscrapers, bridges, and other sites of cultural
significance.

Usually serving as icons of a city, region, or country, iconic landmarks are

buildings or locations that are well-known and appreciated for their architectural,
historical, or cultural significance. These tourist destinations draw visitors from all over
the world because they provide chances to learn about architecture, culture, and
history while also boosting local economies through tourism-related activities. Iconic
landmarks and architectural tourism are important for encouraging appreciation of
architectural diversity, facilitating cultural interaction, and making destinations
more appealing to tourists looking for exceptional experiences.

Architectural tourism involves visiting destinations primarily to explore and

appreciate their architectural heritage, diversity, and innovation.

Focus
Broader spectrum of architecture, encompassing various styles, periods,
and functions of buildings and structures.

Iconic landmarks are prominent, recognizable structures or sites that often

serve as symbols of a city, region, or country. They typically have significant cultural,
historical, or architectural importance.

Focus
Landmark's cultural or symbolic value.
Role as a tourist attraction.

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 Architectural tourism and iconic landmarks both contribute to cultural
exploration and travel experiences, they offer distinct perspectives and
opportunities for engagement with the built environment and cultural heritage.

Buildings are valued according to their architectural qualities.

Good architecture is defined by the three:

 firmitas - firmness,
 utilitas - utility and
 venustas – delight,

The aesthetics of a building extends to ways in which buildings are able to

engage the mind.

Architecture plays a crucial role in tourism, often becoming a major

attraction for travelers. Historical landmarks, iconic buildings, and unique
architectural styles can draw tourists from all over the world. The impressive designs
and cultural significance of architectural wonders contribute to the overall appeal
of a destination.

Attracting Factors that motivate people to visit Architectural Sites

Emotional Experience

Experiencing the place emotionally.

Learning History

Represents their willingness to learn about the history and culture of the place.

Recreational Place

Has nothing to do with the content presented and is connected to the site as
a recreational place.

G. Post-Disaster Reconstruction and Recovery.

H. Climate Change Adaptation and Architecture.

Climate change has become an undisputable reality, presenting humanity

with some of the most significant challenges of the 21st century. Rising global
temperatures, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and rising sea levels
demand innovative, proactive responses across various sectors of society. Notably,
the field of architecture stands at the forefront of these adaptive efforts, evolving
rapidly to mitigate and respond to these environmental challenges.

Climate Responsive Architecture

The concept of climate-responsive architecture emphasizes designing

buildings that can adapt to varying environmental conditions and withstand
extreme weather events, using minimum energy for cooling or heating. This may
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involve incorporating features like solar panels for renewable energy, green roofs to
manage rainwater and reduce heat, or using materials that respond to
temperature changes, thus decreasing reliance on mechanical heating and
cooling systems.

Climate-responsive architecture also necessitates a return to local

architectural traditions and materials, which have often evolved in response to
local environmental conditions. Such an approach can reduce the carbon
footprint of structures, given the reduced need for transporting construction
materials.

Advantages Disadvantages

 Environmental Sustainability.  Cost Considerations.

 Enhanced Use Comfort.  Education & Awareness.
 Cost Saving.  Regulatory Barriers.
 Positive Impact on Communities.  Collaboration & Research.
 Resilience to Climate Change.

Passive Design Strategies

Passive design strategies refer to a set of design approaches that focus on

utilizing the natural environment to provide heating, cooling, ventilation, and
lighting to a building. Unlike active design strategies that rely on mechanical
systems and processes, passive design strategies depend on the laws of nature.

Passive design strategies aim to create a comfortable and energy-efficient

indoor environment while minimizing the use of mechanical systems and reducing
the building's energy consumption. They take advantage of the climate, site
conditions, and materials to create a building that functions in harmony with the
environment.

Advantages Disadvantages

 Energy Efficiency.  Climate Sensitivity.

 Cost Savings.  Design Complexity.
 Comfort and Well-being.  Maintenance Requirements.
 Resilience to Climate Change.  Performance Uncertain.
 Environmental Benefits.

Circular Economy

Circular economy architecture integrates principles of sustainability and

resource efficiency into architectural design and construction practices. Architects
also focus on waste reduction and management, energy efficiency, and
renewable energy integration. Life cycle assessment guides decision-making, while
collaboration and stakeholder engagement drive innovation and policy support.
Circular economy architecture aims to create buildings and environments that
minimize environmental impact, conserve resources, and support a more
sustainable future.

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 Advantages

 Less extraction of virgin raw materials.

 Reduced consumption of fossil fuels.
 Extending the useful life of products through actions such as recycling.
 Decrease in waste generation.
 Innovation and economic growth.
 Creation of new jobs.

Disadvantages

 Lack of regulations governing legal competition among companies.

 Lack of environmental awareness on the part of suppliers and clients.
 Economic barriers and access to financing.
 Technical skills and abilities that are not yet present in the workforce.
 Consumer acceptance problems.
 Performance Uncertain.

In conclusion, Architects play a crucial role in constructing resilient,

adaptable, and eco-friendly buildings that can withstand climate change. By
implementing extreme weather conditions, reducing carbon emissions, and
integrating renewable energy sources, architects can create buildings that thrive in
nature's harmony, symbolizing hope for generations. They must push the boundaries
of design to prioritize human and planet well-being.

I. Informal Settlements and Participatory Design.

The problems associated with informal settlements call for creative solutions
that go beyond traditional planning and design techniques. A promising
foundation for enabling communities to actively participate in the creation of their
built environment is provided by architectural participatory design. participatory
design encourages social cohesiveness, ownership, and sustainable development
by including the end users in our design and decision making process.

Informal Settlements - A mode of urban development that arises from the self-
organized and unauthorized efforts of residents to create affordable housing and
infrastructure.

Participatory Design - An approach to informal settlements recognizing that

residents possess knowledge about their own needs, preferences, and challenges.

Issues / Considerations

 Location  Density& Urbanization

 Corruption  Disaster Vulnerability
 Conflict & Disagreement  Diversity
 Adaptive Reuse  Language Barriers
 User Assemblage  Power Dynamics
 Lack of Basic Infrastructure  Resource Constraints
 Safety Measures

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 Advantages

 Community Engagement  Community Based Solutions

 Resource Pool  Ownership & Empowerment
 Policy Advocacy  Innovation

Disadvantages

 Limited Resources  Conflict & Disagreement

 Bureaucratic Challenges  Resistance to Change
 Inequality & Social Injustice  Time Consuming

J. Architectural Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange.

Architectural diplomacy and cultural exchange refer to the use of

architecture and its related fields to foster international understanding, cooperation,
and mutual respect. It leverages the power of built environments to Architectural
styles, materials, and spatial arrangements embody the values, traditions, and
history of a specific culture.

Sharing these aspects through architecture allows nations to showcase their

unique identities on the global stage and by experiencing the built environments of
other cultures, individuals gain insights into different ways of life, fostering empathy
and appreciation for diversity. This can be achieved through educational
exchanges, international exhibitions, or simply visiting historical and cultural
landmarks.

Architectural diplomacy encourages collaboration on projects between

architects and designers from different nations. This fosters knowledge sharing,
innovation, and the creation of built environments that address shared global
challenges like sustainability and social equity and can play a role in post-conflict
reconstruction and peacebuilding efforts.

Cultural Appropriation vs. Appreciation in Architecture.

Appropriation often involves a shallow engagement with cultural elements,

reducing them to mere aesthetic features without acknowledging their deeper
significance. It can be disrespectful to the source culture, trivializing their traditions
and potentially perpetuating negative stereotypes.

Cultural appreciation, on the other hand, involves engaging with another

culture's architecture with respect, understanding, and sensitivity.
a) Deep research and learning
b) Collaboration
c) Meaningful adaptation

Issues
 Overemphasis on stereotypes: The architecture relies heavily on easily
recognizable, but stereotypical, elements like pagodas and torii gates. This
simplifies the rich and diverse architectural landscape of Japan, potentially
perpetuating misconceptions.
Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024
  Lack of authenticity: Critics argue that the buildings lack the depth and
attention to detail found in traditional Japanese architecture. This can be seen
as a superficial imitation that doesn't capture the essence of the culture.

 Disrespectful representation: Concerns have been raised that the pavilion

doesn't accurately represent the cultural and historical context of the chosen
elements. This can be disrespectful to the source culture and its traditions

Considerations

 Understanding the Context: Architects should delve into the history and
meaning behind traditional design elements before incorporating them into
their work.

 Collaboration with Local Communities: Engaging with indigenous communities

throughout the design process ensures a respectful and authentic
representation of their culture.

 Innovation and Reinterpretation: Designers can find creative ways to

reinterpret traditional elements for a contemporary setting.

Digital Preservation of Architectural Heritage

Digital preservation of architectural heritage is a rapidly evolving field that

utilizes technology to document, analyze, and safeguard the cultural and historical
significance of buildings and sites. This approach offers several advantages over
traditional methods and plays a crucial role in promoting architectural appreciation
and understanding.

Digital preservation of architectural heritage is a powerful tool for

safeguarding cultural heritage, promoting appreciation, and fostering international
collaboration in this field. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect even
more innovative methods for documenting and sharing the stories embedded
within our built environment.

K. Health and Wellness Architecture.

According to the Global Wellness Institute, 2022, Health and Wellness

Architecture is a practice that integrates the art and science of designing built
environments with socially conscious systems and materials. Its goal is to promote a
harmonious balance between physical, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual well-
being, while also regenerating the natural environment.

To be capable of fully enhancing human health and well-being indoors,

buildings need to be designed with a changed approach. By optimizing
parameters such as light, materials, ventilation, green space and coherence,
architecture can support mental and physical health in a holistic way.

Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024

Health Architecture

 Minimize health hazards.

 Influence healthy behavior patterns.
 Nudge Architecture.

Wellness Architecture

 Socially conscious systems & materials

 Promote harmonious balance

Nudge Architecture

Nudge Architecture is the concept in behavioral science applied to the

design of the built environment that proposes positive reinforcement and indirect
suggestions as ways to influence the behavior and decision making of groups or
individuals.

Do not remove vending machines with unhealthy content (candy bars, soda).
Instead, add machines with healthier options such as bottled water, fruit, and other
low-sugar snacks.

Use taller or smaller containers for food and drinks. Taller (and thinner)
containers look like they are holding the same volume as a standard container.

Keep the salad bar open all day and close less healthy food sources after
lunch.
Display healthy foods in the cafeteria at eye level; make desserts harder to
reach or in places that require asking staff to access.

Offer free water as the default beverage in inexpensive or free cups.

Healing Architecture

“The term ‘Healing Architecture’, is used to invoke a sense of a continuous

process; in creating an environment physically healthy and psychologically
appropriate.” (Choudhary, 2020).

Healing architecture can help to reduce patient stress, anxiety, and length of
stay, while also improving staff satisfaction and well-being.

Focuses on designing healthcare facilities that promote healing and recovery

for patients.

This can involve features such as natural light, single-patient rooms, access to
nature, and calming color palettes.

Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024

L. Adaptive Reuse and Sustainable Preservation.

Adaptive Reuse
Adaptive reuse in architecture is an innovative design philosophy that
focuses on converting an old building into a functional space for contemporary
needs. This approach is rapidly gaining traction in the industry due to its sustainable
nature, as it preserves our architectural heritage and addresses the growing
demands of urbanization and resource conservation.

The concept of adaptive reuse finds its heart in the revival of historical assets.
For instance, when a community seeks to transform historic structures for modern
purposes, architects must unlock the potential within an urban perspective,
adaptive reuse is a valuable strategy for revitalizing post-industrial cities, creating
density and mitigating urban sprawl, or helping shrinking cities redefine themselves.
It offers a way to breathe new life into empty historic structures, which are often
found in many cities and countrysides, ranging from old warehouses to lighthouses.

Adaptive reuse is a powerful tool for achieving sustainable urban

development and regeneration. By conserving resources, reducing waste,
promoting social and economic vitality, and enhancing environmental resilience,
adaptive reuse projects contribute to the creation of sustainable and livable cities.

The multifaceted benefits of adaptive reuse make it an indispensable

approach in contemporary architecture and urban planning.

Involves rehabilitating buildings to enable the structure to host new and

different occupant.

The adaptation of structures is a practice that promotes sustainability as it

maximizes the embodied energy in historic buildings.

Issues
 Financial Constraints.  Structural Integrity.
 Ownership Issue.  Lack of Expertise.
 Community Acceptance /  Market Demand & Feasibility.
Engagement.  Heritage Conservation Concern.
 Lack of Awareness.

Urban Revitalization

The process of renewing or restoring urban areas to improve their economic,

social, and environmental vitality.

Pillars of Sustainable Development

Environmental Economic
 Preservation of  Job Creation
Resources  Tourism Development
 Energy Efficiency Social
 Reduced Carbon  Community
Footprint Revitalization
 Access to Service
Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024
 Historic Preservation
Adaptive reuse projects often involve repurposing historic buildings and
landmarks, which helps to preserve their architectural and cultural heritage for
future generations.

Importance

 Enhance Community Pride.  Provides Economic Benefits.

 Protects Cultural Heritage.  Foster Community Engagement.
 Offers Educational  Increase Property Value.
Opportunities.  Promotes Cultural
 Preserve Historic Structures. Understanding.

Sustainable Preservation

Sustainable Preservation is an endeavor focused on the conservation and

protection of cultural heritage and historical assets through environmentally
responsible practices.

The term "sustainable preservation" is also utilized to refer to the preservation

of global heritage, archaeological and historic sites through the creation of
economically sustainable businesses which support such preservation, such as the
Sustainable Preservation Initiative and the Global Heritage Fund.

Problems

 Urban Decay  Visual Eyesores

 Environmental Degradation  Safety Hazards
 Social Dislocation  Economic Decline

Adaptive reuse involves transforming existing structures (such as abandoned

buildings) into new functional spaces. Preserving abandoned facilities also
maintains a tangible link to the past within modern urban environments. It breathes
new life into neglected facilities while preserving their historical and architectural
value.

M. Residential Architecture and Affordable Housing.

According to Perrucci et al. (2016), residential architecture encompasses the

design and construction of homes, integrating aesthetic, functional, and
environmental considerations.

Affordable housing is housing that a household can pay for, while still having
money left over for other necessities like food, transportation, and health care. That
means that what’s considered “affordable” depends on a household’s income.

Tiny Home and Small Living Design

Tiny living promotes a minimalist lifestyle focused on experiences over

possessions and aligns with values of environmental stewardship and financial
freedom.
Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024
 It was not until 1999 that the modern movement gathered pace and tiny
houses were popularized with the work of Jay Shafer, who is regarded as the
godfather of tiny houses.

Advantages

 Less building costs.  Financial freedom.

 More sustainable construction  Eco-friendliness.
methods& material.  Energy efficient.
 Less build times.  Simpler life.
 Eliminating mortgage costs.

Disadvantages

 Cramped space.
 Not ideal for large families.
 Not ideal for people whose mental health would suffer in a confined space.

Affordable Housing

A social rented, affordable rented and intermediate housing, provided to

eligible households whose needs are not met by the market. housing policy refers to
the activities and legislation which a government, central or local authority
implements or intends to implement in relation to the construction of homes and
connected social issues.

Advantages

 Affordable Rent.  Stimulates Job Growth.

 Financial Stability.  Supports Community
 Increased Disposable Income. Development.
 Less Risk of Evictions.  Encourages Long Term
 Maintenance & Expences Residency.
Included.  Addresses Housing Shortages
 Increased Liquidity of Renters.

Disadvantages

 Location Limitations.  Limited Availability

 Higher Cost for Single Family  Quality & Maintenance
Homes. Concerns.
 Appreciation & Resale  Stigma & Community
Restrictions Resistance.
 Debt Limit Restrictions.  Potential for Overcrowding.
 Potential for Reduced Property  Limited Personalization &
Values. Control.

Sustainable Urban Farming Integration in Affordable Housing

This multifaceted approach aims to create environmentally conscious and

self-sustaining communities, addressing food security and environmental concerns.
Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024
 Issues

 Balancing Limited Space with Agricultural Needs.

 Educating Residents on Urban Farming Practices.

Advantages

 Fostering a Sense of Community through Shared Agricultural Activities.

 Educating Residents on Fostering a Sense of Community through Shared
Agricultural Urban Farming Practices.

Disadvantages

 Challenges in Implementing Farming Infrastructure in Urban Setting.

 Potential Resistance or Lack of Interest from Residents.

N. Cross-Cultural Collaboration and Global Design Partnerships.

O. Ethical Considerations in Architectural Practice.

Professional Practice 4 2ND TERM 2023 - 2024