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Section A [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

1. Which molecules show the structure of α-glucose and of β-glucose?

2. In unsaturated lipid molecules, where are double bonds located?

A. within glycerol only
B. within fatty acids only
C. between fatty acids and glycerol
D. within fatty acids and within glycerol

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3. The diagram shows some similarities between chloroplasts, mitochondria and typical
prokaryotes.

Which row is correct?

4. Which cells or tissues are not correctly paired with their function?

cells/tissues function

A. cartilage supports the trachea

B. goblet cells produce enzymes to destroy bacteria

C. smooth muscle constriction of some of the bronchioles

D. ciliated epithelial cells move mucus over the surface of the trachea

5. What best describes an electron microscope in comparison with a light microscope?

magnification resolution

A. higher higher

B. higher lower

C. lower higher

D. lower lower

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6. The fluidity of the cell surface membrane can be changed by a number of factors.
As the fluidity of cell surface membranes decreases, which process would be least
changed?
A. osmosis
B. diffusion
C. endocytosis
D. active transport

7. Many fresh water animals posses vacuoles which contract regularly, expelling excess water.
Why do plant living in fresh water not require such vacuoles ?
A. Plant cell walls are impermeable to water.
B. Water movement into plants is controlled by their roots.
C. The water potential is the same inside and outside the plant cells.
D. Plant cell sap has a much lower concentration of dissolved solutes than animal
cytoplasm.

8. The statements are about enzymes.

I. They are globular proteins.
II. They can be inhibited by competitive inhibitors.
III. They are formed in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
IV. They are only found attached to plasma membranes in the cell.

Which statements are correct for all enzymes?

A. I and II only C. I, III and IV only
B. II and III only D. I, II, III and IV

9. How many ATP are produced from the oxidation of one molecule of NADH in the
presence of potassium cyanide ?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

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10. What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the degree of inhibition of an
enzyme-controlled reaction?

Competitive inhibition Non-competitive inhibition

A. Decreased Increased

B. Decreased No change

C. Increased Decreased

D. No change Increased

11. Which statement describes the advantages of immobilised enzymes ?

I. The enzymes are more stable
II. The enzyme can be recovered and reused again
III. The end product does not contain enzymes and is easily separated
IV. The enzyme characteristics can be changed to increase their surface area of action

A. I, II and III C. I, III and IV

B. I, II and IV D. II, III and IV

12. Which statement about anaerobic respiration is correct ?

A. Yeast is able to respire ethanol for the production of ATP.
B. Animals are unable to use lactate for the production of ATP.
C. From one molecule of glucose, ethanol and lactate production yield the same amounts
of ATP.
D. From one molecule of glucose, ethanol production yields more energy than lactate
production.

13. Which molecule is common to both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle ?
A. NADP C. hexose phosphate
B. triose phosphate D. pentose phosphate

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14. It has been found that an aqueous suspension of isolated chloroplasts will evolve oxygen if
illuminated in the presence of a certain type of compound.
Which type of compound and which colours of light are required for maximum oxygen
evolution ?

type of compound colours of light which maximum oxygen evolution occurs

A. electron acceptor blue and green

B. electron acceptor blue and red

C. electron donor blue and green

D. electron donor blue and red

15.

The diagram shows stages in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

At which stage is most of the reduced NADP oxidized ?

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Section B [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

16. Fig. 16.1 shows the structures of four biological molecules A, B, C and D.

Fig. 16.1

(a) Give the letter, A to D, of the molecule in Fig. 16.1 which:

(i) is a nucleotide ...........................

(ii) can form peptide bonds ...........................

(iii) contains ester bonds. ...........................

[3 marks]

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(b) Some of the molecules in Fig. 16.1 can form polymers.

(i) Name a polymer which can be formed only from many molecules of C.
[1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) State one way, visible in Fig. 16.1, in which the part labelled 1 of molecule A
differs from the part labelled 2. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Molecule D can form macromolecules with other similar monomers.

These macromolecules have three dimensional shapes held in place by
interactions or bonds other than those between adjacent monomers.
Name two of these interactions or bonds. [2 marks]

1. ………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………………………………………………………………………

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17. (a) Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondrion.

Different stages of oxidative phosphorylation are listed below.
They are not listed in the correct order.
stage description of stage
Q protons diffuse through the channel protein into the matrix
R a proton gradient is set up across the crista
S hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
T protons combine with electrons and oxygen atoms to form water
U electrons are passed from carrier to carrier
V reduced NAD releases hydrogen atoms to cytochrome carriers
W energy from electron transfer is used to pump protons into the
intermembrane space
X ATP synthase produces ATP

Complete Table 17.1 to show the correct order of the stages.

Two of the stages have been done for you.
Correct order Letter of stage
1 V
2
3
4
5 R
6
7
8

(b) Mitochondria in brown adipose tissue (BAT) cells function differently from those in
other cells during periods of cold environmental conditions.
Fig. 17.1 shows part of a mitochondrion in a BAT cell.

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(i) Name structures A and B. [2 marks]

A : ……………………………………………………………………………..

B : ……………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Draw an arrow on Fig. 17.1 to indicate the direction of the proton gradient
that exists between the matrix and the intermembrane space. [1 mark]

(iii) State the two processes, shown in Fig. 17.1, that will be more active during
periods of cold external environmental conditions. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) State the by-product that is obtained as a result of processes 1 and 2. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………

(v) Suggest the main respiratory substrate for BAT cells. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………

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Section C [30 marks]

Answer any two questions in this section.
18.
a) Curious, three-year-old Danish puts his finger into some warm water that is being
heated in a metal saucepan. When he stirred the water with his finger, he did not feel
the heat. However, when he touched the suacepan itself, he got a nasty burn.
Explain why water in the metal saucepan heats up far more slowly than the pan itself.
[3 marks]

b) Differentiate amylase and amylopectin. [5 marks]

c) Describe the structure of a nucleotide [7 marks]

19.
a) A sample of water form a pond which has been contaminated with feaces, has been
taken by a scientist. The scientist later confirmed that the water sample contained
some bacteria and protists. One of the bacteria found is Escherichia coli (E. coli) and
one of the protist is Paramesium caudatum.
Differentiate the basic structure of E. coli and Paramesium caudatum. [5 marks]

b) In 1934, two American scientists, Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk have proposed
the Lineweaver-Burk equation, which is the reciprocal of the Michaelis-Menten
equation.
Given below is the Michaelis Menten equation.

V₀ = V max [S]
Km + [S]

Prove that the Lineweaver-Burk equation is the reciprocal of the Michaelis –Menten
equation and the Lineweaver-Burk equation matched the general equation of straight
line graph. [3 marks]

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c) When a slice of apple is exposed to air, it quickly turns brown. This is because of the
enzyme o-diphenol oxidase catalyses the oxidation of apple into dark colour.
An experiment has been carried out to study the process of o-diphenol oxidase
(enzyme) on catechol (substrate) to produce o-quinone (product).

The table below shows the result of the experiment. The enzyme o-diphenol oxidase
concentration is fixed.
Catechol concentration, [S]/ mM Velocity of reaction , V₀/ cm3 sec-1
0.3 0.020
0.6 0.035
1.2 0.048
4.8 0.081

Based on the table above, prepare a table of data to plot Lineweaver-Burk plot.
Then, plot the Lineweaver-burk plot.
From your graph, identify the value of Km and V max. [7 marks]

20.
a) Explain the substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs in the Krebs cycle.
[4 marks]
b) Explain why a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin Cycle will also inhibit the
light reaction. [4 marks]

c) Name an example of in C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plant. Then,

compare and contrast the carbon dioxide fixation in C4 and Crassulacean Acid
Metabolism (CAM) plants. [7 marks]

***END OF QUESTIONS***

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