Class Note 5: Introduction to Psychology

Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It seeks to understand and
explain how people think, act, and feel.

Key Concepts:

1. Behavioral Psychology: Focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they are
learned.
2. Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes like perception, memory, and
problem-solving.
3. Developmental Psychology: Examines how people grow and change from infancy
through old age.
4. Clinical Psychology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and
behavioral disorders.

Major Theories:

• Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): Emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind

on behavior.
• Behaviorism (Skinner, Pavlov): Focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment
in shaping behavior.
• Humanistic Psychology (Rogers, Maslow): Emphasizes individual potential for
growth and self-actualization.
• Cognitive Theory (Piaget, Beck): Examines how people perceive, think, and solve
problems.

Methods of Research:

• Experiments: Controlled studies to determine cause and effect.

• Surveys: Questionnaires and interviews to gather data about behavior and attitudes.
• Case Studies: In-depth analyses of individuals or small groups.
• Observational Studies: Recording and analyzing behaviors in natural or controlled
settings.