Readings of Philippine History and Society
Palawan.
Day 1
Philippine History
I. Theories on the Foundation of Philippines
A. Geographical Location
1. Land Bridge Theory – Philippines was once part of
mainland Asia.
It was land mass.
land bridges allowed for the migration of
humans and animals.
2. Volcanic Origin – by Dr. Bailey Willis
Pacific Ring of Fire – area prone to
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
3. Legend of Mu or Lemuria – continent
– by James Churchward
Pacific continent called Mu or Lemuria
Legend of the lost continent of Atlantis.
4. Legend of Manaul – bird
– cunning and resourceful bird
Kaptan – god of sky
Magauayan – god of ocean
 After the Battle naay na form na Panay
Islands
5. Continental Drift Theory – by German
meteorologist “Alfred Wegener”.
Pangea – single continent
o Laurasia – north
o Gondwana – south
B. Peopling of Islands
1. Creation Theory
Biblical Account
– Genesis 1:1–31 (Earth)
–Genesis 2-2-4 to 2-25 (Adam and Eve)
2. Migration Theory – by Henry Otley Beyer
D – Dawmen (through the land)
A – Aetas or Negritos (through land bridge)
I – Indones (through boats)
M – Malays (through boats)
 First ever migrants – Dawmen
 First who traveled by sea
– Indonesians
 Aboriginal/Aboriginal Settlers
– Aetas or Negritos
 Iron age culture – Malays
 Irrigation system in rice planting
– Malays
3. Core Population Theory/ Evolution Theory – by
Felipe Landa Jocano
– discovered Tabon Man
Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago
– they are the one who really discovered in
 First man in the Philippines by Jocano –
Tabon Man
4. Sikalak and Sibkahay
– Malakas & Maganda
Manaul stops the fight of sky and sea and
discovers “Sikalak and Sibkahay” inside the
bamboo plant, who became the first man and
woman in this narrative.
Philippines is “Archipelago” not Tundra
 7, 641 islands in the Philippines
Archipelago’s Name
 Early Chinese Traders – Mai (Mindoro)
 Ferdinand Magellan – Islas de San Lazaro
(Archipelago of St. Lazarus)
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Filipinas
 Fr. Juan J. Delgado – Pearl of the Orient
gold
 Dr. Jose Rizal – Pearl of the Orient Seas
 American Government – Philippine Island
 After Independence – Republic of the
Philippines
July 4, 1946 – complete independence
June 12, 1898 – declared by Emilio
Aguinaldo
 una gipakita ang flag
Ang nagmove sa date kay si Diosdado
Macapagal
-gikan sa July 4 to June 12
 Filipino-American – Frienship Day July
4, 1898
 Artemio Ricarte – Rizaline Republic
 Ferdinand Marcos – Maharlika
II. Pre-Colonial Philippines
A. Government
 Barangay – is the pre-colonial political unit; 30
to 100 families.
 Chiefdom – system
 Datu or Raja – chieftain ruler of the barangay
 Barangay system is Decentralized
walay tarong na
gobyerno
 Datu – executive, legislative, and judicial
powers
 Trial by Ordeal – judicial process; trial by torture
Ex. Boiling water
B. Economics
 Hunting, Gathering, and Barter system –
gold, salt, rice (medium)
 Barter system – exchange of goods
 Industry – ironworking, boatbuilding,
pottery, weaving, gold working
 Agriculture – subsistence farming,
horticulture
 Trade and Commerce – foreign and
domestic foreign exchange
C. Social Class
(1) Datu Class – ruling class
(2) Maharlika – aristocracy
(3) Timagua (Timawa) – common class
(4) Alipin (uripon) – dependent class; they had
“HUTANG”
1. Aliping Namamahay – naay balay
2. Aliping Sagigilid – stay in sa amo
“Boxer Codex” – only men were qualified for
the title DATU
Dili pwede maging leader ang babae
D. Education
 Writing System – Baybayin/Alibata
Training consisted of:
 Informal education through apprenticeship;
o Makalearn sila through experiences
 Domestic chores and practical/
occupational honing of skills in hunting,
farming, etc.
 Theoretical/moral and spiritual awakening
ex. worship, laws, codes.
III. Hispanic of the Philippines
Goals: God – religion; Gold – spices; Glory – no. of
colony
Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines
A. Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese
 led an expedition for Spain to Moluccas by
sailing west.
He led the first expedition to circumnavigate
the globe.
F – Fr. Pedro de Valderama (fleet chaplain)
A – Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler) secretary
D – Duarte De Barbosa (Magellan’s brother-in-law)
E – Enrique of Malacca (his Malay slave) acting as
interpreter
 March 16, 1621 – they saw Samar
 Blood compact – Rajah Kolambu
 Archipelago of St. Lazarus (later renamed
Philippines after King Philip II of Spain)
5 Ships of Magellan
TRInidad – flagship of Magellan
CONception
SANtiago
SAN Antonio
VICtoria (Victory) – first ship to circumnavigate the
world
siya lang na ship nakabalik sa Spain
 Leyte (Mazua or Limasawa) – first mass on
March 31, 1521
 Juan Sebastian Del Cano – first man to
circumnavigate the world
 333 years – nasakop ang Pilipinas
 Magellan died in the battle of Mactan in his
Right LEG
 Who is considered as the First Filipino
Hero? – Lapu-Lapu
 Fr. Pedro de Valderama – pare nga nagmass
sa first mass
 April 27, 1521 – namatay si Magellan
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – hapit ta niya
macolonize
B. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi – First Spanish
Governor General
 1565 – Legaspi establish a “permanent
settlement in the Philippines Island”
 Blood compact – Sikatuna (chief of Bohol
 Treaty of friendship – Rajah Tupas of Cebu
oldest city in the Philippines
Pag-abot ni Legaspi kay San Miguel ang
Cebu
 Who was the last Spanish governor general in
the Philippines?
- Diegos de Los Rios
Last
 Legaspi establish Manila as capital of the
Philippines
 Manila – the ever-loyal city
1. Political Changes
 Centralized
 Council of Indies – transmitted to the Gov-
Gen of the Philippines the royal decree served
as the guide in the administration of the
country.
siya ang nagapadala
 Reduccion Plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia –
to form town centers
 Cabeceras – town centers
Governor-General – act as president
 The King’s official representative to the colony
 Audiencia (supreme court) – highest court
on the colony
 Vice royal patron – he can appoint minor
officials and parish priests
Right to Cumplase – the right of the
governor to “suspend” the operation of a
Royal decree coming from the King.
“I obey, but I do not comply.”
Checks to Gubernatorial Powers:
(1) Audiencia (Supreme Court) – highest court;
supreme court of the colony.
(2) Residencia – headed by incoming Gov-Gen.
“punishing those guilty of graft and corruption.”
(3) Visitador-General – check the behavior of the high
officials in the colony.
wala nagstay sa Philippines, gacheck/visit lang
1. Economic Policies – “monopoly” siyay
magkontrol, ang Spaniards ni.
 Taxation – 8 reales by personal cedula poll tax
based on income for residents 18 years and
above.
 Forced Labor/Polo Y Servicio – men age 16-60;
required 40 days
Paying the Falla – exempted for Force Labor
  Encomienda – land grants to deserving
Spaniards kutob sa iyang masakop
 Galleon Trade of Manila
Acapulco – products shipped from Manila to
Acapulco Mexico, with forced labor
involvement.
 Tobacco Monopoly – Jose Basco
 Controlled all aspects of tabacco, lasted 100
years.
 Government determined plantation sites, set
quotas, and decided amount to be paid by
farmers.
3. Religious Influence – greatest legacy of Spain to
the Philippines was Catholicism
Early Missionaries:
1. Augustinians (ALL)
2. Franciscans (FARMERS)
3. Jesuits (JUMPED)
4. Dominicans (DOWN the)
5. Recollects (RIVER)
6. Benedictines (BANKS) – kung wala, RECOLLECTS ang ianswer
4. Culture and Society – “Festivities and Holidays”
 January – New Years Day
 March or April – Semana Santa
 Oct. 31 to Nov. 2 – Day of the Dead
 Dec. 24 – Nochebuena
 Dec. 25 – Christmas
5. Governor Claveria and the Spanish Surnames
 Governor-General Narciso Claveria
– “Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos”
For easy collection of taxes
6. Education – Formal
 Education was considered a status symbol,
a privilege and not a right.
Educational Decree of 1863 – introduced a
system of primary education
Fr. Manuel Blanco – first scientist
 The Prince of Botanist – wrote Flora de
Filipinas 1,200 kinds of plants in the country
 Education was controlled by Friars. –
teachers
University of Sto. Tomas – first
university/old school
College of San Ignacio – first college
for boys
College of Santa Potencia – first
college for girls
7. Racial Hierarchy
 Peninsulares – full-blooded Spaniards born in
Spain.
 Insulares – full-blooded Spaniards born in the
Philippines.
 Tornatras – mixed Spanish, Chinese, and
Austronesioan (Filipino) decent
 Meztizo de Español – mixed of Spanish and
Austronesian (Filipino) descent
 Meztizo de Sangley – mixed Chinese and
Austronesian (Filipino) ancestry
 Sangley – full-blooded Chinese
 Indio – full-blooded Austronesian (Filipino)
8. Illustrados – middle class Filipino educated in
Europe
Day 2
IV. The Birth of Filipino Nationalism
Asa nato makit-an ang bloodline ni Rizal?
– Rajah Lakandula
 Maniago Revolt
Bandala System – required native Filipino
farmers to sell their goods to the government.
(pero barato ra, tas mahal ang ibaligya sa
government sa mga Pinoy)
 Gabriela Silang Revolt – assassination of her
husband, Diego Silang
Ilocandia Joan of Arc – Gabriela Silang
Tagalog Joan of Arc – Agueda Kahabagan
Visayan Joan of Arc – Teresa Magbanua
 Basi Revolt – home-made wine in Pidding, Ilocos
Norte
 Dagohoy Revolt – triggered by the refusal of the
Church to give Christian burial to his brother.
Who is the longest revolt?
– Francisco Dagohoy
B. Growth of Filipino Nationalism
 Nationalism – the aim of gaining and maintaining
sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
Love of the Country
1. Spread of Liberalism – liberal ideas from Europe
filtered in
Naay freedom; eye opener sa Pinoy na ifight
and Philippines
2. Racial Prejudice – “inferior race”
3. Secularization Controversy – hinay-hinay na
pagtanggal/pagpatay sa mga par inga Pinoy
4. Cavite Mutiny of 1872
a. Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo – nagsugo ipapatay
ang GomBurzA
b. February 17, 1872 – execution of GomBurZa
GomBurZa – Gomez, Burgos, Zamora
Where was GomBurZa assassinated?
- Bagumbayan (Luneta Park) si Rizal sad
C. Propaganda Movement (Assimilation, Peaceful
means)
 “peaceful campaign” for “reforms”; “assimilation”
Triumvirate of Propaganda:
-Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 Jose Rizal – Dakilang manunulat
 Graciano Lopez Jaena – publisher, 1st editor
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar – editor, 2nd editor
Aims of Propaganda:
a. Make the Philippines a province of Spain.
b. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards.
c. Wanted representation in the Spanish Cortes.
  La Solidaridad – newspaper (Spanish) Bonifacio decided to assume the presidency of
 Diariong Tagalog – newspaper (Filipino) the Katipunan.
 Educating Pilipino through this newspaper  Andres Bonifacio (Armed Struggle)
 Founder of Katipunan, Supremo ng
Who is the editor of La Independencia? Katipunan, Great Plebeian
- Antonio Luna mahirap lang, hindi nakapag-aral
pero hawd magdala sa KKK
D. Colonial Period: Propagandist
 Apolinario Mabini (Sublime Pralytic)
(1) Graciano Lopez Jaena – “Fray Butod and Diego  Brain of the Revolution – siya ang gabuhat ug
Laura strategies.
(2) Marcelo H. Del Pilar – “Plaridel, Dolores Manapat,  El Verdadero Decalogo
Piping Dilat, and Pupdoh  Emilio Jacinto
(3) Antonio Luna – “taga-ilog”  Brain of the Katipunan
(4) Jose Maria Panganiban – JOMAPA  Wrote the famous Kartilya
Naa siyay photographic memory  Gregoria de Jesus/Oriang – 2nd wife
(5) Jose Rizal – Dimasalang at Laun-Laan  Bonifacio’s wife; Lakambini of the Katipunan
untouchable always ready  Monica – 1st wife died of leprosy
(6) Apolinario Mabini – Paralitiko Category Password
(7) Andres Bonifacio – Agapito Bagumbayan/May First grade Katipun Anak ng Bayan (black)
Second Grade Kawal GomBurZa (Green)
Pag-asa
Third Grade Bayani Rizal (Red)
(8) Mariano Ponce – tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako
(9) Juan Luna – Potacio Important Events in the Philippine History
(10) Jose Dela Cruz – Heseng sisiw (1) July 3, 1892 – La Liga Filipina (founded by Rizal)
gusto niya ang bayad kay sisiw
(2) July 7, 1892 – Foundation of KKK
(11) Pio Valuenzuela – madlang-awa (3) August 19, 1896 – Spanish discovered the
(12) Melchora Aquino – Tandang Sora Katipunan when Teodoro Patiño – traydor
(13) Emilio Jacinto – Dimas-ilaw (4) August 23, 1896 – Juan Ramos son of Melchora
Aquino; “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
E. La Liga Filipina – Jose Rizal (5) August 30, 1896 – Governor-General Ramon
 a socio-civic society Blanco; Martial Law
Aims of the Organization (6) Dec. 30, 1896 – Execution of Rizal
a. To unite the whole archipelago (7) March 22, 1897 – Tejeros Convention
b. mutual protection Execution of Bonifacio brothers (Andres and
c. Defense against all violence and injustice Procopio)
d. Encouragement of instruction
e. reforms – assimilation

F. KKK (Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
 founded on July 7, 1892 by Andres Bonifacio
separation
revolt
war/arms struggle

Aims of KKK (Revolution, Armed Struggle)

a. Political
b. Economic
c. Civic

 Newspaper : “Kalayaan”
 Editor: Emilio Jacinto (Brain of Kalayaan)
First set of Officers
1st President – Deodato Arellano
2nd President – Ramon Basa
3rd President/Last President – Andres Bonifacio

Ladislao Diwa – fiscal

Valentin Diaz – treasurer
Teodoro Plata – secretary

Ramon Basa – replaced Arellano in 1893; not

satisfied by the performance of Basa,