120 REVIEW OF BOOKS

out... not by hands"; with the link 4» : "... a stone was cut out which (was
cut out) not by hands". A smooth translation will of course have: "... a stone
was cut out without hands", but that does not mean that 4y 11b- = with-
out. The b in Dan.2,34.45 is an instrumental b. In the same way the b in
1QS V,17 is a b pretii, and that in VII,11 and 1 means "with" ("with delibe-
ration = deliberately" and "with justice" respectively). This interpretation
sheds light on XIV,7 dy 11 ldr Ihwn (MT myttvmwl, 'zr lW), a phrase in which
in S.'s opinion ldr must be explained as a perfect and not, following MT, as
a participle. But we can very well translate: "(orphans) who had no helper"
or: "... without a helper for them". After dyI' "without" one rather ex-
pects to find a noun. In XXXIII,S the eds. did not take fnn as an adjective
(S. p. 156), but as a substantive, connected with "a javelin of sharpened
blade = a sharpened javelin". In XXXVII,8 w'tmh' is rendered: "and I am
boiled up" (Syr. mh' means "bullivit, coctus est", BROCKELMANN), where
the eds. have: "et je suis dissous" (we have to emend the eds.' "dissolu" in
this way), i.e. "and I am dissolved", but in the glossary we read: "mhj
(hitpe/a): to dissolve" (p. 216).
In the Addendum S. pays attention to some points put forward in
E. W. TUINSTRA'Sdissertation: Hermeneutische aspecten van de Tai:gum van
Job srit grot XI van Qumrân (Groningen 1970), which came into his hands
when his book was already in proof. Without in the least diminishing the
value of TUINSTRA'Sstudy, I may remark that more than one point, referred
to by S. as suggested by T., was already mentioned in the edilio princeps.
With regard to V,1 S. says : "T. suggests that the translator read p7?dminstead
of the hapax legomenonkydw in MT (21,20)", but this is also to be found in the
editio princepswith reference to MT, where KITTEL's Biblia Hebraica proposes
to read As to XV,6 :vb'kpyhmn we read: "T. suggests that this word
translates MT Cg>w1V in 30,2b which the translator derived from [col] "yoke"
and not from "upon" as the masoretic vocalization indicates", but the
same was said by the editors. It would be possible to make the list of remarks
on S.'s book longer, but following Job (34,32) I say: I will not continue.
Apart from the cases mentioned above there are some points of criti-
cism in which S. is (probably) right, e.g. mr'.ch(III,S) instead of IV'nph; "their
cities" (VIII,1) instead of"their city"; tfbr' (XVI,6) instead of tmrb ' ;"youth"
(XXIII,3) instead of "force"; thwm' (XXXI,7) instead of mbl'. And it stands
to reason that his material referring to other Aramaic dialects is much more
extensive than in the editio princeps. It is for that matter not always easy to
tell exactly which word(s) and/or form(s) were or were not in usage in this
or that dialect. On the whole we can say that S. collected and adduced fur-
ther materials, but that his opinions are often at least as open to criticism as
those of the official editors).
J.

Paul WINTER, On the Trial of Jesus. Second Edition revised and edited by
T. A. BURKILLand Geza VERMES,(Studia Judaica. Forschungen zur Wis-
senschaft des Judentums, herausgegeben von E. L. EHRLICH), Band I,
Walter DE GRUYTER,Berlin-New York 1974, XXIV and 225 pp., cloth
DM 48,_. (This book of which the first edition was published in 1961 has
 REVIEW OF BOOKS 121

been revised and edited by T. A. BuRKiLL and Geza VERMES.Apart from a

"Biographical Note", a poem of the author found among his papers, a
"Select list of Paul Winter's Publications", a "Select List of Reviews" of the
first edition of this book, a bibliography and an index, it incorporates a
selection of the supplementary notes assembled by the author. Except for
some additions, stylistic improvements and the footnotes on the relevant
pages, the contents of this edition are the same as those of the first. In sepa-
rate chapters the different episodes of the trial of Jesus have been dealt with.
The author started his inquiry into the passion narratives of the Gospels
from two points of vieu-, viz. "What is the aim of a particular evangelist?"
and how "to distinguish between the tradition, and to separate the seconda-
ry from the primary" (p. 8).
The author is definite in his assumption that "the Romans fastidiously
refrained from interfering in the area of jurisdiction relative to matters of
Jewish religious law" (p. 13). This means that "the Sanhedrin, at the morn-
ing-session, decided to approve a writ of indictment drawn up during the
night, and to hand Jesus over to the authority competent to prosecute in
political cases" (p. 39). This was preceded by a combined action of Jewish
and Roman Soldiers (cf. John 18, 3) with the aim to arrest Jesus. The reason
for this step is not clear but can be explained by a common fear for Messianic
demonstrations.
The author gives a wealth of references both to Jewish and to Roman
literature. Therefore the book has become one of the most important on the
subject. Starting from the idea that the development of the tradition shows
a gradually more anti-Jewish and pro-Roman attitude, the author, however,
sometimes seems to handle his sources in an arbitrary way sketching the
events from those passages in the Gospels which happen to be the least anti-
Jewish. In this way he arrives at an interesting survey of primary, secondary
and editorial traditions (p. 190-192) which is mainly based on a pre-concei-
ved historical conception).
A. F. J. KLIJN

Other publications
The following list contains the titles of books sent to the editorial board,
or of publications which came otherwise to our notice. Publications marked
by an asterisk will be reviewed in one of the forthcoming fascicles of this
Journal.
L. C. ALLEN, The Greek Chronicles. The Relation of the Septuagint of I
and II Chronicles to the Massoretic Text: Part I: The Translator's Craft; Part
II: Textual Criticism (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum XXV and XXVII),
E. J. Brill, Leiden 1974, x + 240 and xii + 182 pp. respect., cloth f 88,_
each (reworked dissertation, Univ. of London, 1968).
*M. BEER, The Babylonian Amoraim. Aspects of Economic Life, (in modern
Hebrew), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 1975, 440 pp., cloth, N. P.
G. N. BONWETSCH, Die Apokalypse Abrahams_Das Testament der
vierzig Märtyrer (Studien zur Geschichte der Theologie und der Kirche,