Rital_User_Guide_2019[1]

Agile Engineering Design System
Rital User Guide

TM
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RITAL™ User Guide
RITAL User Guide
March 5, 2020
Copyright © 2020 by Concepts ETI, Inc.
All rights reserved.
This document describes proprietary software developed by Concepts NREC, LLC, for the end user’s informational
purposes only, and is subject to change or withdrawal by Concepts NREC at any time.
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Version: RITAL v8.8
Contents
Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL 7

Introduction to RITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Who should use this Guide? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
How to use this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Sample cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Getting help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Documentation feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
About this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 2: Getting Started 13

Starting and exiting from RITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The RITAL interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The RITAL window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Keyboard shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Opening existing designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Creating new RITAL designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Creating designs with the RITAL wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Saving a RITAL design as a new design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Creating new designs using Preliminary Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Setting program preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Saving designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Closing designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 3: Developing Meanline Models 51

Introduction to modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Design mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Analysis mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Data Reduction mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Specifying modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Specifying design layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Specifying general data input information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Specifying general data input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Selecting fluid properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Specifying fluid properties in the General dialog box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Specifying fluids models from the Fluid Model dialog box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Specifying input/output units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Specifying tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Specifying user defined variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Specifying component parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Setting inlet conditions . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .66
Specifying volute parameters . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .68
Specifying nozzle parameters . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .71
Specifying interspace parameters . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .75
Specifying rotor parameters . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .76
Specifying diffuser parameters . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .82
Specifying exit conditions . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .84
Chapter 4: Using RITAL Solvers 87

Introduction to RITAL solvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 88
Selecting a solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 89
Running the solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 90
Accumulating run results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 91
Removing run results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 92
Chapter 5: Performing Multiple Point Analysis 93

Introduction to multiple point analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Analysis mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Data Reduction mode: LAB files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Performing multiple point analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Viewing performance maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Viewing overlays in map windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter 6: Viewing Output 109

Viewing text output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Viewing table output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Specifying output table filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Viewing velocity triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter 7: Working with Python Script 117

Introduction to Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Overview: Using ConceptsMacros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Creating new macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Assigning macro hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Editing macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Running macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Specifying default macro file locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Selecting default Python editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Viewing macro summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Creating macro templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Loading macro templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Overview: Text Input/Output in Rital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Creating a text input/output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Running the text input/output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Running text input/output with Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4 Contents Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Chapter 8: Passing Designs to AxCent 135
Setting Agile data preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Passing designs to AxCent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Appendix A: Variable Nomenclature 139

Stage performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Generic inlet variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Volute variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Nozzle variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Interspace variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Rotor variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Diffuser variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Efficiency variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Head variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Stage miscellaneous variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Appendix B: Figures 155

Radial turbine cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Radial turbine volute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Nozzle dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Rotor and diffuser dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Appendix C: Preliminary Sizing Algorithm 161

Overview: Preliminary Sizing algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Station-number scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Evaluation of two design approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Estimating rotor rotational speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Estimating rotor tip speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Operating condition parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Preliminary Sizing default settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Sizing components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Appendix D: Fluid Properties 169

Fluid properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Fluid models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Mollier table model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Adjustments to the Mollier table if two phases are present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
List of fluids supported by DBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Refrigerants supported in DBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Hydrocarbons supported in DBR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Software Products License 181
Index 189
RITAL™ User Guide Contents 5

Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL
This chapter includes...
Introduction to RITAL 8
Who should use this Guide? 9
How to use this Guide 10
Getting help 11
About this Guide 12

Introduction to RITAL
RITAL™ is the Concepts NREC meanline Windows® program that provides one-
dimensional processing for predicting the performance of radial and mixed-inflow turbine
stages. RITAL is a meanline program that utilizes flow models based on extensive past
design and test experience. Real gas formulations on the basic thermodynamic properties are
a fundamental part of the program. RITAL handles inlet volutes, inlet nozzle rings,
interspace regions, rotors, and exhaust diffusers. These elements can be switched in or out,
as you find necessary.
RITAL provides the following major functions:
 Design generation of new components of arbitrary size and shape.
 Analysis of existing components with a known physical description.
As with any meanline analysis, various models and modeling assumptions must be used in
order to achieve realistic predictions over wide ranges of machine types and operating points.
During RITAL development, these have been carefully checked and validated against data
sets of good quality.
RITAL also incorporates features from the Ritdap program. For more information, see
“Introduction to RITAL solvers” on page 88.
For information about installing and implementing the RITAL program, refer to the Concepts
NREC Installation Guide that you received with the program.
Once you have read the introductory information, here are some places you can look to help
you get started using RITAL.
What do you want to do?
 Set program preferences (see page 46)
 Open an existing design (see page 20)
 Specify design layouts (see page 58)
 Run the solver (see page 90)
.
8 Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Who should use this Guide?
This Guide is designed for engineers, managers, and supervisors with an engineering
background who want an introduction to using the Concepts NREC RITAL program to design
radial turbines.
This Guide assumes that you know the general principles of mechanical engineering and have
experience designing radial turbines.
Note  This Guide also assumes that you have a basic understanding of the Microsoft ®
Windows ® environment. You should be familiar with using a mouse to click, drag
and drop, and choose items from menus. For more information on how to work in
the Windows environment, refer to your Windows product documentation.
RITAL™ User Guide Who should use this Guide? 9

How to use this Guide
This Guide provides you with a set of procedures that introduce you to some of the main
features of the RITAL program. If you cannot find a feature described in this Guide, or if you
want more information about any feature, refer to RITAL’s Help system (by pressing F1 or
by selecting Help Topics from the program’s Help menu).
Note  The procedures in this guide use the RTP solver, which is the recommended solver
for most RITAL designs. However, two other solvers, Ritdap and RITAL, are also
available.
Sample cases
This Guide uses sample cases to demonstrate the tasks that you can perform with the
program. These case files are stored in the \\Program Files\Concepts\RITAL\Examples
directory after you install RITAL.
Do not overwrite the sample case files in the event that you need or want to redo a procedure.
You can save your work by choosing Save As from the File menu and specifying another
name for the case file.
If you have any problems with the sample case files, contact Concepts NREC Software
Support (see “Getting help” on page 11).
Caution This Guide is not a design book nor as a guide for your next design. Information
concerning actual design preferences is provided in the Concepts NREC Design
Software Workshops, references on machine performance, courses on performance,
and individual consulting provided by Concepts NREC.

Getting help
RITAL provides online Help documentation that you can access by one of the following
methods:
 From the program’s Help menu, choose Help Topics.
 In a window or dialog box, press F1.
 In a dialog box, click the Help button.
At any time, you can refer to the Help for more information while using this Guide.
For further assistance, contact Concepts NREC Software Support at the following address,
phone number, or email address:
Corporate Headquarters
217 Billings Farm Road
White River Jct., VT USA 05001-9486
Tel: 802-296-2321 Ext. 151
Fax: 802-296-2325
Email: support@conceptsnrec.com
Internet: http://www.conceptsnrec.com
Documentation feedback
At Concepts NREC, we are continually working towards improving our software
documentation. Your feedback is extremely valuable in producing accurate, comprehensive,
and useful documentation.
If you find any errors, or have suggestions for changes that you would like to see in this
Guide or in other Concepts NREC software documentation, please email your comments to
documentation@conceptsnrec.com. In your e-mail, please include the following
information:
 The name and version of the Concepts NREC product that you are using
 The name of the book or Help system where you found the problem
 The page number (for books) or the title at the top of the Help page (for Help systems)
where you found the problem
 Your suggestion for correcting or improving the documentation
This email address is intended strictly for feedback related to Concepts NREC software
documentation. If you have a technical question or a problem using the software, please
contact Software Support at support@conceptsnrec.com.
Thank you!
RITAL™ User Guide Getting help 11

About this Guide
The RITAL User Guide comprises the following chapters and appendices:
Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL
Introduces you to RITAL and to this Guide and explains how to get more help about using
RITAL.
Chapter 2: Getting Started
Explains how to start and exit from RITAL, gives an overview of the main components of the
RITAL interface, and provides procedures for opening and creating designs with RITAL.
This chapter also describes the basic features for working with a design in RITAL, including
setting RITAL preferences, and saving and closing designs.
Chapter 3: Developing Meanline Models
Discusses how to develop your meanline designs; explains meanline design options,
including modes for design, analysis and data reduction. Explains how to specify design
layout, data input, component parameters, and gas and fluids.
Chapter 4: Using RITAL Solvers
Explains how to use RITAL solvers, types of solvers, and how to accumulate and run results.
Chapter 5: Performing Multiple Point Analysis
Discusses how you can perform multiple point analysis, specify performance map
conditions, and specify multiple point runs.
Chapter 6: Viewing Output
Details how to view text and table input, select output table filters, and view velocity
triangles.
Chapter 7: Working with Python Script
Explains how to use ConceptsMacros, and how to use the text input/output feature.
Chapter 8: Passing Designs to AxCent
Explains how to set data preferences; explains how to pass the meanline design into blade
development using AxCent.
Appendix A: Variable Nomenclature
Details the notations and variables used in RITAL.
Appendix B: Figures
Illustrates the dimensions of the volute, nozzle, rotor, and other sections of radial turbines.
Appendix C: Preliminary Sizing Algorithm
Describes the algorithms used by RITAL for its Preliminary sizing feature.
Appendix D: Fluid Properties
Describes the list of fluids used by RITAL, refrigerants and hydrocarbons supported by DBR,
as well as the Mollier table.

Chapter 2: Getting Started
Starting and exiting from RITAL 14
The RITAL interface 15
Opening existing designs 20
Creating new RITAL designs 22
Setting program preferences 46
Saving designs 49
Closing designs 50
Starting and exiting from RITAL
The following procedures describe how to start and exit from RITAL.
To start RITAL
 From the Windows Start menu, choose Programs – Concepts – RITAL.
Note  If you are using Windows XP or Windows Vista™, choose All Programs –
Concepts – RITAL.
The RADIAL window opens (the title bar changes to RITAL when a RITAL file is
opened).
For more detailed information about the RITAL window and its menus and toolbars, see
“The RITAL interface” on page 15.

To exit from RITAL

1 From the File menu, choose Exit.
If you do not have the Automatically save GEO file option selected in the Preferences
dialog box and you have made changes to your design, RITAL asks you if you want to
save your design before exiting.
2 Choose what you want to do:
 To save your work, click Yes.
 To exit from RITAL without saving your work, click No.
 To cancel exiting from RITAL, click Cancel.

14 Chapter 2: Getting Started Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

The RITAL interface
The RITAL program was developed with a Microsoft® Windows® user interface that
provides a main window in which secondary windows and dialog boxes appear. The interface
also provides standard Windows menus, toolbar buttons, and keyboard shortcuts.
The RITAL window

When you launch RITAL from your Windows Start menu, a generic “Radial” window
appears. This window initially appears blank, until you choose to create a new design or open
an existing one in the program.
When you start working with a particular turbine case, the title bar of the Radial window
changes to “RITAL”.
Title bar The title bar lists the RITAL icon and name.
Menu bar Use the menu bar to select the RITAL commands that you want to run.
Toolbar Use the toolbar to perform common tasks in RITAL.
Main window Within the RITAL main window, you can view your design in a Meridional View
window. Once you have your design open within the main window, you can edit
geometric parameters, run the solver, as well as open standard screens and pass
the design to AxCent.
Status bar The Status bar displays processing information and instructions for actions you
can take in RITAL.
RITAL™ User Guide The RITAL interface 15

When you open or create a design in RITAL, RITAL displays the design in a Meridional View
window within the main RITAL window, as shown below:
The Meridional View window is the default view RITAL uses to display a two-dimensional
view of your design. This window displays your design graphically, using colors (see your
screen) to represent different sections and stages in the design. The Meridional window
graphs your design by the radius (R) against the Z coordinate.
Each component in the design is represented with a different color, and each color indicates
the state of the geometry:
Gray This color indicates that the geometry for that component is either artificial, such as in
Design mode, or unspecified, such as in Analysis mode, when you have not specified
data for that component. In Analysis mode, a gray component generally means that the
design is not ready to be run through the solver yet. After you run the solver
successfully, the components in the Meridional window no longer appear gray,
indicating that the geometry has been calculated.
Orange This color represents the rotor.
Blue This color represents the other components in the design.
You can choose commands that allow you to change your design from the menus described
in the next section.

Menus
The menus in the RITAL window provide access to commands for performing tasks with the
program. The menu bar appears at the top of the RITAL window, just beneath the window’s
title bar.
The following table provides a brief overview of the RITAL menus. For complete
descriptions of each command available from the RITAL menus, refer to the “Menus” topic
in RITAL Help.
This menu allows you to
File Create a new radial or mixed-inflow turbine; open an existing turbine design;
close the design; save the design or save under another name, or as an earlier
version 6.6 ASCII file; open file created with the Ritdap program; save the
project in Analysis mode.
Launch RITAL’s wizard utility to configure an existing or new stage.
Send a file by email; specify directories and settings, print the file, and exit
from RITAL.
Edit Cut, copy, or paste selected data from a file; include notes for a design run.
View Show or hide toolbars and status bars; return meridional window back to its
default size; view original data against changes; specify fonts for Velocity
Triangle window; save or print bitmap versions of Meridional and Velocity
Triangle views.
Setup Specify design mode, stage configuration, and general design information.
Components Specify geometry, modeling parameters, and other conditions of the design
components, including inlet, volute, nozzle, interspace, rotor, diffuser, and exit.
Solver Select and run the solver; set “initial guess” settings of the pressure field for the
RTP solver; automatically run the solver after each design change; use Design
Helper; specify conditions for multiple point analysis; accumulate solver run
results; use preliminary sizing.
Standard Create or load an existing standard screen template; view a set of parameter
Screens windows (list varies depending on whether custom standard screens have been
created).
Mechanical Estimate impeller stress and vibration, and calculate the weight and inertia of
an impeller disk using the Mechanical Parameters dialog box.
Agile Set the preferences for sending Agile data; create and use macros; pass your
meanline geometry to AxCent to generate a blade design.
Window Create new meridional windows for the same document; arrange windows
horizontally or vertically; arrange icons of minimized windows; view output
format in text or table format; view performance map windows; modify
standard screens.
Help View RITAL Help and view copyright, version, and module information about
the RITAL program.

Toolbar
The RITAL toolbar allows you to perform common functions in the program with the click
of a button. Most of the buttons on the toolbar give you access to commands that are also
available from the RITAL menus.
This is what the RITAL toolbar looks like:
Note that the buttons are available only when they apply to the task you are currently
performing. Buttons unavailable for the current task are shaded.
Click this button to
Create a new design using the wizard utility.
Open an existing design.
Save a design.
Print the current window.
Cut selected data from a report.
Copy selected data from a report.
Paste cut or copied data.
Select the filter for the Output table view.
Select a stage.
Run the solver.
Have the solver run automatically after every change made to

the design.
Report errors that occurred during the solver run.
Accumulate solver run results in the output table. If you do not

use this option, the next run overwrites results from the
previous design.
Display the Output text report (after the solver has been run).
Display the Output table (after the solver has been run).
Display Velocity Triangles (after the solver has been run).
Display a Map View of the design (after the solver has been
run) for multiple data cases only.
Zoom in towards the design to view a more detailed view.
Move the design within the meridional window manually.
View the program version, options, and copyright information.

Click this button to
Invoke HTML Help.
Keyboard shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts allow you to perform common functions in the RITAL program by
pressing a combination of keys on your keyboard. The following table lists the keyboard
shortcuts you can use to execute RITAL commands.
Press to
CTRL+C Copy selected text from a report.
CTRL +N Create a new turbine design using wizard.
CTRL+O Open an existing design.
CTRL+P Print the current window.
CTRL+S Save the current design.
CTRL+V Paste copied or cut text from a report into the Clipboard.
CTRL+W Launch wizard.
CTRL+X Cut selected text from a report.
F1 Display RITAL Help topics.
SHIFT+F1 Invoke HTML Help

Opening existing designs
If you have an existing geometry file (*.GEO) that you want to manipulate in RITAL, you
can easily open it in RITAL for further analysis. RITAL can recognize geometry files that
were created with previous versions of RITAL or Ritdap applications.
To open an existing design
1 From the File menu, choose Open (or click on the toolbar).
– or –
To open a design that was created with an older version of the RITAL program (between
versions 6.16 and 6.6), select Open v6.6 or Older (starting from v6.16) File from the
File menu.
– or –
To open a design that was created with the Ritdap program, select Open Ritdap File
from the File menu.
An Open dialog box appears.

2 Navigate to and select the file that you want to open.
RITAL generates a meridional view of the design based on the geometry specified in the
file and displays the design in the main RITAL window, as shown below.
RITAL™ User Guide Opening existing designs 21

Creating new RITAL designs
In RITAL, you can create new designs by
 using the RITAL wizard to create a new design from scratch.
 opening an existing RITAL design and then saving it as a new design.
 using the Preliminary Sizing feature to create a new design.
The following sections describe how to create a new design with the RITAL wizard, how to
save a design as a new design, and how to create a new design using Preliminary Sizing.
Creating designs with the RITAL wizard

RITAL provides a wizard utility to help you create a new design from scratch. Each wizard
dialog box leads you through the steps for producing the design, allowing you to answer a
set of questions in series until the required information is obtained. Usually the questions are
answered in order but you can skip ahead or back using the Next or Back buttons. When all
the required information is specified, you can then perform normal RITAL functions with
your new design.
To create a new design with the RITAL wizard

1 From the File menu, choose New (or click on the toolbar).
RITAL launches its wizard utility and displays the Choose Mode and Solver dialog box.
This dialog box allows you to choose the mode for the design as well as the solver (RTP
is recommended), and enter a brief comment about the design.


2 Select the Design mode.
3 If you want to include a description of the stage, type the description in the box
available at the bottom of this dialog box, and then click Next.
The Input/Output Units dialog box appears.
4 Specify the unit system for the design, whether Metric or English, and then the unit of
measurement for each parameter.
Note  English units are also called British or U.S. Customary systems (USCS)
units.

RITAL™ User Guide Creating new RITAL designs 23

5 Click Next.
The Upstream Conditions dialog box appears.
6 Specify the following inlet (upstream) conditions for the design.

 Total temperature
 Total pressure
 Mass flow
For descriptions of each of these parameters, see the topic “Upstream Conditions dialog
box” in Rital F1 Help
7 Select User specified, and click Next.


The Exit Conditions dialog box appears.
8 Specify the static exit pressure.

9 Leave Preliminary sizing unchecked, and then click Next.
The Fluid Model dialog box appears.
10 Select Fluid Name, Fluid Model Type, and the other parameters, and click OK.


11 Click Next.
The Layout dialog box appears.
12 Select all components for your design. The design must contains at least a nozzle or
volute.


13 Click Next.
Depending on which components you have selected for your design, the dialog boxes for
the volute, nozzle, and diffuser appear. Each dialog box allows you to specify the
settings for each component. The options in the dialog boxes vary depending on whether
you have chosen to use the RTP, Rital or Ritdap solver. (For more information on the
dialog boxes, press the F1 key or click the Help button.)
The Volute dialog box appears.
14 Specify the area and radius for the volute, and click Next.


The Nozzle dialog box appears.
15 Specify the parameter values for the nozzle, and click Next.


The second Nozzle dialog box appears.
This second Nozzle dialog box in wizard appears for the RITAL and RTP solvers only,
and allows you to specify the blade, clearance, and axis of rotation parameters.
16 Specify the values for blade trailing edge normal thickness, exit blade angle, and
clearance.
For more information on these parameters, press the F1 key or click the Help button
with the dialog box open.
17 Click Next.


The first Rotor dialog box appears.
18 In this dialog box, specify the values for inlet and exit tip and hub radii, and inlet blade
height. Two Rotor dialog boxes appear for each solver. The options vary depending upon
the solver being used.
For more information on how the Rotor dialog boxes differ according to the solver, press
the F1 key or click the Help button.
19 Click Next.


The second Rotor dialog box appears.
20 In this wizard dialog box, type the values for axial and radial clearance, blade TE
normal thickness, and axial length.
Note  These parameters are for the Rital and RTP solvers, but change when the
Ritdap solver is used.
For more information on rotor parameters, press the F1 key or click the Help button
with the dialog box open.
21 Click Next.


The Rotor Blade Angles dialog box appears.
This is the third rotor dialog box that appears in the wizard to allow you to specify rotor
blade angles.
Note  This dialog box does not appear for the Ritdap solver.
22 Type the values for the inlet and exit blade angles.
Click Next.


The Diffuser dialog box appears.
23 Type in the values for the average exit radius, exit height, exit inclination angle, and
axial length.
Note  These options apply to the RTP and Rital solvers. The Ritdap solver uses
different options.
For more information on these options, press the F1 key or click Help with the dialog
box open.
24 Click Next.


The Finished dialog box appears.
By default, RITAL’s wizard runs the solver but does not save your file.
25 Click Yes or No to indicate whether or not you want to run the solver now and whether
or not you want to save your file.
26 Click Finish.
If any errors occur after you have run the solver, the Solver Log dialog box appears
listing the errors.


27 In the event of any solver errors, do one of the following:
Click OK and go back into the wizard to correct the errors.
– or –
Click OK and correct any geometric values in one of the component dialog boxes.
RITAL displays your new design in a Meridional View window.

Saving a RITAL design as a new design
Use the following procedure to save any existing RITAL design (including the sample
designs provided with the program) as a new design. Once you save a design as a new design,
you can make any changes you like to the new design without affecting the design on which
it was based.
To save a RITAL design as a new design

1 In RITAL, open the design that you want to save as a new design.
2 From the File menu, choose Save As.
The Save As dialog box appears.
The current name of the design appears in the File name box.
3 To save the new design in a different directory, navigate to the directory in which you
want to save the design.
4 In the File name box, type a new name for the new design file you will create.
5 Click Save.
6 Close the current design, then open the new design and modify it.


Creating new designs using Preliminary Sizing
The Preliminary Sizing feature in RITAL allows you to set the preliminary geometry of a
radial inflow turbine stage based on some key operating conditions, such as power, mass rate,
and inlet and exit pressure.
For more detailed information on Preliminary Sizing, see “Overview: Preliminary sizing
algorithm” on page 162.
Preliminary Sizing is available in the RITAL wizard utility tool as well as from the Mode
dialog box.
To create a new design using Preliminary Sizing
1 From the File menu, choose New (or click on the toolbar).
The wizard utility tool launches and displays the Choose Mode and Solver dialog box.
2 From the “Choose mode” section, select Design.

3 In the Comment box, type a comment describing the new turbine design.


4 Click Next.
The Input/Output Units dialog box appears.
5 Specify the type of units for the design in this dialog box, and click Next.
The Upstream Conditions dialog box appears.
This dialog box in wizard appears when you are in Design mode. You can also specify
this information in the Inlet Conditions tab of the Inlet Conditions dialog box, which is
accessible from the Components menu.
6 Type a value for the Total temperature (T00).
7 To select the parameter for which you do not want to include an input, check the not an
input box for either Total pressure or Mass flow (but not for both).
Note  Specifying one parameter excludes the other parameter from the same “not an
input” option.
8 Selected the Program recommended option for RPM.
9 Click Next.


10 Keep the other default settings, but select Preliminary sizing.

11 Click Next.
12 In the Fluid Model dialog box that appears, select the fluid with its additional
parameters, and click OK.
13 Click Next.


The Design Parameters dialog box appears.
This dialog box allows you to specify the Preliminary Sizing design parameters. The
preliminary design will be based on the values chosen for these parameters, but they can
be modified in any subsequent design development and optimization.
14 Select Design based on specific speed and speed ratio, and specify the following
parameters:
 Specific speed
 Speed ratio
15 In the same dialog box, specify the following parameters:
 Rotor meridional velocity ratio C m4 ⁄ C m6 . The default value is 1.0.
 Total-to-static efficiency (N TS )


16 Click Next.
17 Select to include volute, nozzle and diffuser, and click Next.



18 Specify the configurations for the nozzle, which you can edit at any time by accessing
the Nozzle dialog box from the Components menu or by double-clicking the nozzle in
the Meridional View window.
19 Click Next.


The Rotor dialog box appears.
This dialog box allows you to specify rotor parameters, and appears when you select to
use Preliminary Sizing in the wizard.
20 In the “Rotor inlet” section, select one of the options for Blade tip speed:
 Input blade tip speed – Specifies the blade tip speed.
 Calculate blade tip speed – RITAL automatically calculates the blade tip speed.
The rotor tip speed can be calculated from the following equation with your specified
blade-to-jet speed ratio. If this is limited by a stress consideration, you can specify the
rotor tip speed and the loading coefficient; otherwise, the blade-to-jet speed ratio will be
ignored:
U 4 = v × 2Δh is
 Number of blades – Specify the blade number.



21 In the “Rotor exit” section, specify the following values:
 Ratio of rotor exit hub radius to rotor inlet radius – Type the ratio of the rotor exit
hub radius to rotor inlet radius ( R 4h ⁄ R 3). The default value is 0.3.
 Rotor deviation angle – Type the rotor deviation angle.
 Maximum rotor exit angle – Type the maximum rotor exit angle.
22 After you have specified the rotor parameters, click Next.
If you have selected a diffuser, the Diffuser dialog box appears.
23 Specify the following values:

 Area ratio of diffuser exit to inlet – Type the ratio of the diffuser exit area, A7, to
the diffuser inlet area A6. The default value is 1.5.
 Diffuser exit hub radius (R7h) – Type the diffuser exit hub radius.
 Diffuser divergence angle – Type the diffuser divergence angle (DivAng). The
default value is 4.5.
Note  This option is only available for the Ritdap solver.
 Maximal diffuser axial length – Specify a value for the maximum allowed axial
length for the diffuser if you are using preliminary sizing.


24 Click Next.
The Finished dialog box appears.
25 Select whether or not to run the solver and whether or not to save the file now.
26 Click Finish.
Review the results and make adjustments, as necessary. In particular, blade inlet angles,
incidence angle, and diffuser geometry should be checked.
After you have run the solver for the case, you can create a 3D model by selecting Start
AxCent from the Agile menu. For more information about this feature, see Chapter 7:
Passing Designs to AxCent, on page 135.


Setting program preferences
You can set program preferences in RITAL that help you control where to store files, and
specify preferences for solvers, databases, and table output views.
To set program preferences

1 From the File menu, choose Preferences.
The Preferences dialog box appears.
2 In the Directories tab, specify the default locations to store filters, standard screens,
temporary files, and fluid files. Click to search for and select the directory.


3 Click the Workspace tab.
4 From the “After solving” section, select the following options:

Note  The Write results to database option is currently unavailable.
 Automatically save GEO file – When enabled, RITAL automatically saves any
changes made to your geometry file without asking you if you want to save your
changes before closing a design or exiting from RITAL.
Caution Ifyou turn on the Automatically Save GEO file option, all your temporary
changes will be permanently saved to a file. Because this is not always
desirable, automatic saving is not recommended.

RITAL™ User Guide Setting program preferences 47

5 Select the Enable vector printing in 2D graphical views check box to print velocity
triangles and meridional views in vector format, whereby the printout is the same size
regardless of the size of your window.
Note  Only color printers with more than 4 bits per pixel can be used with this
option. If you choose not to use this option, RITAL prints the graphic in
bitmap (*.bmp) format, the same size and aspect ratio as displayed in your
window, to any type of printer.
6 In the Recent file list contains box, type the number of file names you want to list in the
File menu, for easy access to your most recently viewed designs in RITAL.
Note  The Database file box option is currently unavailable because it is dependent
upon the Write results to database option.
7 From the “Table output view” section, specify your preferences from the following
drop-down list boxes for viewing data in table windows (by selecting Output Table
View from the Window menu, or by clicking on the toolbar).
 Default output table filter – Select the table filter that you want to use as your
default filter. RITAL lists the names of available output filters from output filters
files that are stored in the \\Program Files\Concepts\RITAL\Output Filters default
directory (or the directory you have specified in the Filter files box on the Directories
tab).
A filter allows you to control what data to view in the table output windows. If you
don't specify a default output table filter, the Default map filter is used.
 Table background color – Select a color for the table cells (preferably a light color
to view the data clearly).
 Table foreground color – Select the color for the data (preferably a dark color to
view the data clearly).
8 Click OK.


Saving designs
As you are working and making changes to your design, be sure to save your work. You also
have the option to save a design or a data reduction case as an analysis case.
To save a design
 From the File menu, choose Save (or click on the toolbar).
– or –
From the File menu, choose Save As to save the design by specifying a new name in the
Save As dialog box.
– or –
From the File menu, choose Save v6.6 File to save the design in version 6.6 ASCII file
format.

To save a design or data reduction case into an analysis case

1 From the File menu, choose Save As Analysis.
RITAL displays a message box, stating that this option will save the current output as a
fixed geometry analysis file. When you click OK, RITAL continues with the process and
closes the current design, saving only the new analysis file.
2 Click OK.
A Save As dialog box appears.
3 If necessary, specify a new name for the design and click Save.

RITAL™ User Guide Saving designs 49

Closing designs
Use this procedure to close a design from within RITAL.
To close a design
1 From the File menu, choose Close.
– or –
Click in the upper-right corner of the Meridional View window.

If you have made changes to your design and have not saved them, RITAL asks you if
you want to save your changes before closing, unless the Automatically Save GEO file
option has been selected in the Preferences dialog box..
2 Click Yes to save your changes, No to close without saving changes, or Cancel to not
close the design.


Chapter 3: Developing Meanline Models
Introduction to modes 52
Specifying modes 57
Specifying design layouts 58
Specifying general data input information 59
Selecting fluid properties 61
Specifying input/output units 63
Specifying tolerances 64
Specifying user defined variables 65
Specifying component parameters 66

Introduction to modes
RITAL provides different modes of operation for developing your turbine designs. Each
mode represents a state of the geometry in your design and allows you to perform specific
functions related to the mode:
 Design mode – Optimizes geometry based on design requirements.
 Analysis mode – Determines performance from a given geometry.
 Data reduction mode – Enables the use of test data from a design for the refinement of
parameters.
These modes allow you to develop your meanline turbine design and refine it as you move it
through blade design in AxCent.
Design mode
In Design mode, you can calculate some of the parameters in a turbine stage, such as volute
throat area or the nozzle exit vane angle (depending on the type of input option you choose
to use in this mode).
When you use the Preliminary sizing option, all the geometric dimensions and settings are
calculated based on your specified operating conditions and preferences. (For more on
Preliminary sizing, see “Overview: Preliminary sizing algorithm” on page 162.)
RITAL provides five options for calculating the geometry in your turbine when working in
Design mode:
 Input mass flow rate and exit static pressure, and calculate the volute inlet area or the
nozzle exit blade angle.
 Input mass flow rate and exit total pressure, and calculate the volute inlet area or the
 Input power and exit static pressure, and calculate mass flow and the volute inlet area or
the nozzle exit blade angle.
 Input power and exit total pressure, and calculate mass flow and volute inlet area or the
 Preliminary sizing.
Two of these options use mass flow as a design requirement and two use input power as a
requirement. Each of these methods gives you the option to specify exit total pressure or exit
static pressure.
If your design has no exhaust diffuser, the pressure requirement is applied to the rotor exit.
If an exhaust diffuser is present, the pressure requirement is applied to the exit of the
diffuser.
The solver computes the critical area of a volute when no nozzle is present. If a nozzle is
present, the solver computes the nozzle exit blade angle. When both are present, only the
nozzle exit blade angle is computed.
52 Chapter 3: Developing Meanline Models Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Analysis mode
In this mode, you specify the geometry explicitly and calculate single or multiple solutions.
Depending on the type of input option you choose to use in this mode, different combination
of operating conditions can be specified. For example, you can specify the expansion ratio
and calculate the mass flow rate and vice versa.
In Analysis mode, you can specify one of the following options for calculating geometry.
 Input mass flow rate; Calculate exit static pressure (default setting for the Rital solver).
 Input exit static pressure; Calculate inlet total pressure.
 Input exit static pressure; Calculate mass flow rate (default setting for the RTP and
Ritdap solver).
 Input exit static pressure; Calculate rotational speed.
 Input exit total pressure; Calculate inlet total pressure.
 Input exit total pressure; Calculate mass flow rate.
 Input exit total pressure; Calculate rotational speed.
Data Reduction mode

This mode allows you to take test data for your design and refine your input and parameters.
This mode is similar to Analysis mode, in that the geometry is fixed. In Data Reduction
mode, laboratory data taken for pre-existing hardware can be evaluated. RITAL permits the
introduction of certain measured pressures, temperatures, flow rate, and speed into a suitable
data file so that instead of computing these values, the experimental measured values are
employed and consequent parameters are deduced from these measured values.
Note  Currently, the Data Reduction mode is only available for the Rital solver.
Specifying LAB files for data reduction

In Data Reduction mode, you can perform multiple point analysis using a LAB file. This file
contains all the data that was measured during laboratory testing.
LAB files can be created using a text editor or output from a laboratory data acquisition
system. Complete sets of laboratory data can be processed sequentially without setting up
individual data reduction runs, and you can specify this file, and if necessary, edit the
parameters.
To specify a LAB file

1 Make sure your design is already in Data Reduction mode. (Data Reduction mode is not
currently available for the RTP solver).
2 From the Setup menu, choose General.
The General dialog box appears.

RITAL™ User Guide Introduction to modes 53

3 Click the Data Reduction tab.
4 In the Lab file box, provide the path and name of the file that contains the measured test
data that will be used for data reduction (by clicking the Browse button).
5 From the “Dependent variable” section, select the variable to use for plots.
 Speed (N) – Select this option to use rotational speed (N) as the dependent variable
for maps.
 Expansion ratio (ER) – Select this option to use pressure expansion ratio (ER) as the
dependent variable for maps.


6 If you want to edit the parameters already specified in the Lab file, or create a new Lab
file, click the Edit button.
The Lab File Editor dialog box appears.
7 In the Choose tab, select the parameters for the lab file. The parameters that are already
selected are the parameters that are specified for the current LAB file you chose.
When you create a new LAB file, all of the parameters in this tab are not selected,
allowing you to specify those that were actually measured. Refer to the Nomenclature
for definitions of the abbreviated parameters (see “Appendix A: Variable
Nomenclature,” pages 139-152).
Caution  Once you change an item in one of the table cells in this dialog box, and then
click Apply or OK, the change becomes permanent in the Lab file and cannot
be undone using the Undo command.
Note also that in Data Reduction mode, you cannot switch units, such as
from Metric to English, as easily as you can in the other modes. This is
because the separate LAB file contains data specified in a particular set of
units.
You must ensure that your geometry file has the same units as the Lab file;
otherwise, when you try to run it, you will encounter problems and your
results will not be correct.

RITAL™ User Guide Introduction to modes 55

8 Click the Lab Data tab.
This tab provides a table listing the measurements for each parameter selected, and the
value of that parameter at each point for which test data is available. Each set of data
occupies a column of the table.
If you have laboratory data acquisition software that does not generate a Lab file
automatically, you can specify the information in this table by
 typing the data in each cell manually (such as for a new Lab file)
 or by copying the data from a spreadsheet program and pasting it into the table using
the standard Windows CTRL+C (copy) and CTRL+V (paste) commands.
9 To specify a new set of data, click the New Set button and specify where to insert the
new set. When you need to remove a set, highlight the column and click the Delete Set
button.
10 When you are done specifying the Lab data parameters, click OK.
11 In the General dialog box, click OK.
12 Run the solver to reflect the lab data in your data reduction case.


Specifying modes
Before you begin to develop your design, select the type of mode in which you want to work.
To specify a mode
1 From the Setup menu, choose Mode.
– or –
Right-click the Meridional View window and select Mode from the shortcut menu that
appears.
The Mode dialog box appears.
2 Select whether to work in Design mode, Analysis mode, or Data reduction mode.
Depending on the type of solver you are using and the type of mode you have chosen,
specific ways to input the data become available.
3 Select your input type choice.
For descriptions of the different types of Design and Analysis modes, see the
“Introduction to modes” section on page 52.
4 Click OK.

RITAL™ User Guide Specifying modes 57

Specifying design layouts
Use the following procedure to specify the layout of your design. These options can be
modified at any time while you are developing your design.
To specify the design layout

1 From the Setup menu, choose Layout.
2 Use this dialog box to select the components that you want to include in your design.
Note  RITAL designs require the inclusion of at least a nozzle and a volute.
3 Click OK.


Specifying general data input information
In RITAL, you can specify the parameters of your design. You can select the use of single or
multiple point data sets, fluid type and its properties, disk friction mode, units of
measurement, tolerance, and filters for user variables.
Specifying general data input

As you set up your design, specify the general data input options that affect the following
parameters in the design:
 Single point or multiple data sets
 Disk friction
 Solver error reporting
 Subsonic flow conditions options
 Run ID
To specify general data input

RITAL™ User Guide Specifying general data input information 59

2 From the “Data” section of the Modes tab, select one of the following options:
 Single data – Select this option to use single data. This option does not generate a
performance map. If you are working in Design mode, you must use single data.
 Multiple data – Select this option to use multiple data (not available in Design
mode). This option generates a performance map. In Analysis mode, to choose the
speed lines and expansion ratio points for the map, select Multiple Point Analysis
from the Solver menu.
3 From the “Disk friction mode” section, select the type of rotor disk friction to model for
your machine.
 None – No rotor disk friction.
 Rear – Rear rotor disk friction only.
 Front and rear – Front and rear rotor disk friction. Front friction applies only in the
case of covered (shrouded) rotors.
4 To display a Solver Log dialog box listing solver errors after you run the solver, select
the Report solver errors automatically check box.
If you choose not to use this option, all solver errors will be suppressed, but you can
click on the toolbar to view the errors.
5 Make sure that the option Do not allow RITAL to adjust the nozzle or rotor deviation
angle for subsonic flow conditions. You may observe discontinuity on a speed line
when this option is selected is clear (not selected).
If this option is selected, the nozzle and rotor deviation angle are fixed by your input or
by the deviation model. In this case, there may be some discrepancy between the mass
flow rate calculated just before choking, which is controlled by these settings, and just
after choking, when it is controlled by the throat area. Any such discrepancy most likely
arises from approximations made when calculating the throat area, and is evident in
curves of mass flow rate through the choke point.
If this option is not selected, the program may adjust the deviation angle so that the
choking mass flow can pass the exit plane. This ensures consistent solutions before and
after choking occurs, but relies on an accurate estimate of the throat area for a good
prediction of mass flow rate. The option is recommended unless your turbine always
operates at pressure ratios below choking and you do not know the throat area to any
degree of accuracy. Regardless of this option, the deviation angle can be adjusted by the
program for supersonic conditions.
6 In the Run ID box, type a descriptive name for the machine. If you have already
specified one, RITAL automatically displays it in this box. You can edit this description,
if desired.

Continue to the next section to specify fluid properties.

Selecting fluid properties
The following options allow you to specify fluids and gases as well as their various
properties. The availability of some fluids, such as DBR Real Gas, depends on the options
you have purchased with RITAL.
For more detailed descriptions of these fluids, see “Appendix D: Fluid Properties” on page
170.
Specifying fluid properties in the General dialog box
To select fluid properties (from the General dialog box)

The General dialog box appears, open to the Modes tab.
2 From the Fluid properties drop-down list box on the Modes tab, select the working fluid
from the list.
If you have chosen one of the fluids listed below, a dialog box appears for setting the
fluid’s parameters.
 New semi-perfect air
 Old semi-perfect air
 Ideal gas (K is constant)
 DBR Real Fluid
 User Supplied Real Fluid
 Two-point Real Gases
 Fast DBR Real Fluid
 Steam
 Pentane
 Water
 Customer Mollier Table

RITAL™ User Guide Selecting fluid properties 61

 NIST 7.2/8.0/9.1 Real Fluid
 Ideal Liquid
3 If you have already selected a fluid requiring properties and you want to edit its
parameters, click the Fluid Composition button.
4 If you have selected DBR real fluid from the Fluid properties drop-down list, select the
type of DBR real fluid parameter for your DBR real gas from the “DBR real fluid
parameters” section.
 Refrigerant – A substance, such as air, ammonia, water, or carbon dioxide, used to
provide cooling either as the working substance of a refrigerator or by direct absorp-
tion of heat.
 Hydrocarbon – Any of numerous organic compounds, such as benzene and methane.
5 When you are done specifying the fluid properties, click OK or Apply to keep the dialog
box open to continue to specify other options in other tabs of the dialog box.

Specifying fluids models from the Fluid Model dialog box
To specify fluid properties (from the Fluid Model dialog box)

1 From the Setup menu, choose Fluid Model.
The Fluid Model dialog box appears.
2 In this dialog box, specify the fluid properties, whether by loading the properties from
an external file, or by editing the properties and saving them in a file.
3 Click OK when you are finished specifying the fluid properties.

Continue to the next section to learn how to specify units.

Specifying input/output units
It is extremely important to set your system of units correctly before specifying other data
in your design. If a change is made later, RITAL converts all the units to the new system of
units specified. Consequently, if dimensions are entered in millimeters, but the setting is in
inches, the numbers will be converted incorrectly when the setting is switched to millimeters.
In Design mode, you can design to either TDH (total dynamic head) or pressure ratio,
depending on whether pressure units or head are chosen as the system of units.
No matter how data are entered (English or Metric), you can produce output in either unit
system.
To specify input/output units

1 In the General dialog box, click the Input/Output Units tab.
2 From the “Units” section, select either Metric or English units. (English units are also
termed British or U.S. Customary systems [USCS] units of measurement.)
3 Specify the units to use for each measurement.
4 Click OK or Apply to keep the dialog box open to continue to specify other options in
other tabs of the dialog box.
Note  If you decide to look at your results in different units after a run is complete, change
the units by following this procedure.

Continue to the next section to learn how to specify tolerance.
RITAL™ User Guide Specifying input/output units 63

Specifying tolerances
You can specify iteration tolerances that enable you to control fault tolerance operation.
To specify iteration tolerances

1 In the General dialog box, click the Tolerance tab.
2 For each type of tolerance, specify a value in its corresponding box.

For definitions and guidelines for these tolerances, press F1 or click the Help button
when viewing the dialog box.
3 Click OK or Apply to keep the dialog box open to continue to specify other options in
other tabs of the dialog box.


Specifying user defined variables
In RITAL, you can define your own variables for user-defined DLLs, such as the variables
used in the USERMOD.DLL, which have additional calculation routines. Filters can also be
used to map labels to more meaningful labels that you customize.
To specify user defined variables

1 In the General dialog box, click the User Variables tab.
2 From the Filter to use for names drop-down list box, select the filter that you want to use
to map labels to your customized variable labels.
3 For each variable, type the value you want to use in the appropriate Value cell. (Double-
click in the cell until you see your insertion point).
4 When you are done specifying values, click OK.

RITAL™ User Guide Specifying user defined variables 65

Specifying component parameters
In RITAL, you can specify the components of a design from inlet to exit. Below are the
components in the RITAL program.
 Inlet conditions
 Volute
 Nozzle
 Interspace
 Rotor
 Diffuser
 Exit conditions
Each component has its own dialog box in which its parameters can be specified. However,
before you specify the parameters of a component in your design, make sure to specify the
presence of a diffuser, a nozzle, and volute in the Layout dialog box.
Note  If you have selected the Data reduction mode, a data reduction tab appears in the
component dialog boxes shown in the following section. This section does not
include data reduction information.
Setting inlet conditions

In RITAL, you can specify the conditions of the inlet for your design.
Note  If you change the fluid properties for your design after specifying inlet conditions,
the RITAL program does not automatically adjust the input values; however, it will
affect the results of the calculations.
To set inlet conditions

1 From the Components menu, choose Inlet Conditions.
2 The Inlet Conditions dialog box appears.

3 For each parameter, type a value in each appropriate box.
Total temperature Type the value of the stage inlet total temperature (T00).
Total pressure Type the value of the stage inlet total pressure (P00).
Mass flow Type the value of the stage inlet mass flow rate (M) or volumetric flow
rate (Q) if you are using a volumetric flow type of turbine.
In a Design mode that calculates mass flow, use this as an initial starting
point for the solver. The closer it is to the actual mass flow rate, the faster
the solver converges.
Rotational speed Type the value for the rotational speed (N).
Gas constant Type the value of the gas constant for the fluid (R). This value is required
for perfect and semi-perfect gases. For air, this value should be 53.3538
ft.–lbf/lbm – R or 287.061 J/kg – K.
Specific heat ratio Type the value of the ratio of specific heats for fluid. This value is
required for perfect gases only.
Viscosity Type the viscosity of the fluid.
dViscosity/ Type the rate of change of viscosity with temperature. This is used when
dTemperature using volumetric flow instead of mass flow, or head instead of pressure.
This is a derivative and is required for the Ritdap solver only.
4 Click OK.

RITAL™ User Guide Specifying component parameters 67

Specifying volute parameters
Volute parameters allow you to specify the physical characteristics of the volute.
To specify volute parameters

1 From the Components menu, choose Volute.
The Volute dialog box appears.
2 In the Geometry tab, select how the volute is to be drawn in the Meridional View
window. Currently, these options affect only the way the volute is drawn, and do not
affect numerical results because there is insufficient information to provide any general
correlations between volute type and performance.
 Overhung (left) – Select this option for an overhung volute left of the rotor.
 Overhung (right) – Select this option for an overhung volute right of the rotor.
 Symmetric (15 deg) – Select this option for a symmetric volute with a slope of 15
degrees.
 Symmetric (22.5 deg) – Select this option for a symmetric volute with a slope of
22.5 degrees.
 Advanced – A volute in which the cross-section shape is completely user-specified.
 Asymmetric – A volute that overhangs to one side. The asymmetric volute shape is
often used for compressors.


3 If you are using the Ritdap solver, select the property that you want Ritdap to use as the
starting value for the iteration when working in Design mode from the “Mode” section.
This option is not available for the RITAL or RTP solvers.
 Use flow angle – Specifies to use the flow angle starting value for the iteration when
working in Design mode.
 Use area – Specifies to use the area starting value for the iteration when working in
Design mode.
4 In the Radius box, specify the distance between the turbine axis and the centroid of the
volute inlet plane.
5 In the Area box, specify the area of the volute inlet plane. When you are working in
Design mode without a nozzle, this value is used as the starting value for the iteration (if
selected from the “Mode” section).
The Exit flow angle box displays the exit flow angle of the volute (in degrees). (Display
only)
6 Click the Properties tab.
7 Specify the following properties for the volute(s) from entry to splitter tip.
 Inlet blockage – Specifies the inlet aerodynamic blockage fraction of the volute.
The inlet blockage refers to the aerodynamic blockage at the volute inlet plane.
Typical values are 0.0 – 0.1.


 Swirl coefficient – Specifies the swirl coefficient of the volute.
Swirl coefficient refers to the tangential momentum to be expected at the volute exit
divided by the tangential momentum at the volute exit.
For a more detailed explanation of this swirl coefficient option, refer to RITAL Help
by pressing F1 or clicking the Help button.
 Loss coefficient – Specifies the total pressure loss coefficient of the volute.
 Loss multiplier coefficient – Specifies the loss multiplier coefficient of the volute.
This is the scale factor for volute loss.
 Hydraulic diameter ratio – Specifies the ratio of the hydraulic diameter of the
volute. This is the correction factor for hydraulic diameter of the scroll to account for
deviation of its cross section from circle (= (Dhydraulic_actual/Dhydraulic_circle)).
 Roughness – Specifies the amount of roughness of the volute. This indicates the
roughness of the surface.
8 In the “From splitter tip to rotor inlet” section, specify the following parameters:
 Swirl coefficient for the mixture stream
 Loss coefficient multiplier for the mixture stream
9 Click OK.


Specifying nozzle parameters
In RITAL, specify the parameters of the nozzle, which consists of an annular ring of vanes
that set the angle of approach of the working fluid to the rotor.
To specify nozzle parameters

1 From the Components menu, choose Nozzle.
2 In the Geometry tab, specify the nozzle characteristics, including values for inlet, exit,
blade height, inlet and exit inclination angles, and blade number.
For detailed descriptions of each parameter, press F1 or click the Help button.


3 Click the Properties tab.
4 Specify the aerodynamic properties of the nozzle.

For more information on these options, press F1 or click Help.


5 Click the Option tab.
If you are using the RTP solver, select the Loss model, Deviation model, Vane type, and
specify the Constants.
Note  If you are using the Rital solver, an Options tab appears in place of the Option
tab for specific parameters that apply to the Rital solver.
For more detailed descriptions of solver options other than the recommended RTP
solver, refer to the “Options tab” secti on of the “Nozzle dialog box” topic in RITAL
Help. To view this topic, press F1 or click Help.
6 In the “Loss model” section, select one of the following options.
 User specified loss coefficient – Select to set your own loss coefficient.
This pressure loss coefficient is used to calculate total pressure at the nozzle exit.
Range for loss coefficient: 0.03 – 0.07 for nozzle alone and 0.05 – 0.13 for volute and
nozzle combined.
 Rodgers loss model – Select the Rodgers loss model.
For a description of the Rodgers loss model, press F1 or click Help.
 Modified Rodgers loss model – Select the modified Rodgers loss model, recom-
mended for predicting losses at nozzle angles of 80° and over. For a more detailed
description, press F1 or click Help.


 New transonic loss model – Select this option to use the transonic loss model.
In this model, the flow passage is divided into the following stations: nozzle inlet,
nozzle throat, nozzle outlet, and rotor inlet. The model evaluates the velocity triangle
and thermodynamic properties at these stations. The nozzle inlet condition is
assumed to be known, either from an inlet volute calculation or from a prescribed
upstream inlet condition.
7 In the “Deviation model” section, select one of the following models.
 User specified deviation – Use your own specified deviation model.
 Modified cosine correlation – Use a modified cosine correlation for the deviation
model. When you select this option the “Vane type” options become available. For a
more detailed description, press F1 or click the Help button.
 Modified Howell correlation – Use a modified Howell correlation for the deviation
model. For a more detailed description, press F1 or click the Help button.
 Calculated using Euler equation – Select the Euler equation as a momentum equa-
tion to replace the loss model in the triangular area from the nozzle throat to outlet.
8 In the “Constant” section, specify the coefficients to be used in the equations for the
modified cosine and the Modified Howell correlation correlation.
These options becomes available when you select the modified cosine correlation option
from the “Deviation model” section:
 a0-a3 – The values in the equation for the modified cosine correlation.
 Set Default button – Click this button to select the correct value associated with the
selection of straight or curved vanes from the “Vane type” section when using the
modified cosine correlation, or to set the default value for a 3 when using the Modi-
fied Howell correlation.
9 In the “Vane type” section, specify the options for vanes.
This section relates the shape of the vane to constants to be used in the modified cosine
correlation deviation model.
 Straight vanes – Straight nozzle vanes.
 Curved vanes – Curved nozzle vanes.
When the Set Default button is clicked from the “Constants” section, the appropriate
constants for curved vanes will be selected for the modified cosine correlation.
10 In the “Vane geometry specification” section, specify either the leading and trailing
edges (Input LE/TE angles)or the stagger angle (Input stagger angle) to set the vane
geometry.
Note  Selecting these options changes the availability of options for the "Geometry
definition based on chord" section on the Geometry tab.
11 Click OK.


Specifying interspace parameters
In the RITAL program, you can define the parameters of an interspace between the nozzle
and rotor.
To define the interspace

1 From the Components menu, choose Interspace.
The Interspace dialog box appears.
2 In the Swirl coefficient box, type the swirl coefficient at the interspace exit between the
nozzle exit and the rotor inlet.
Swirl coefficient is the ratio of the actual expected tangential velocity to the ideal
tangential velocity at the interspace exit (rotor inlet).
Note  The Enable check box is only available in Data Reduction mode.
When the Enable option is selected, the swirl coefficient value is used in the
calculations and overrides any other calculations of interspace swirl coefficient; when
the option is not selected, the value is ignored.
3 In the Inlet blockage box, type the interspace inlet aerodynamic blockage fraction.
4 In the Loss coefficient box, type the value of the loss coefficient.
5 Click OK.


Specifying rotor parameters
In RITAL, you can specify the geometry of the rotor component in your design, as well as
rotor properties, options, and the loss coefficient multiplier. The availability of some
parameters depends on the type of solver chosen.
To specify rotor parameters

1 From the Components menu, choose Rotor.
The Rotor dialog box appears.
Note  You must select the rotor loss model on the Options tab before specifying
geometry parameters in the Rotor dialog box.


2 Click the Options tab to select the rotor loss model.
3 From the “Rotor loss model” section, select one of the following loss models (for more
information on these models, press F1 or click Help):
 NASA passage loss model
 Modified NASA passage loss model
 CETI passage loss model (default model)
 Efficiency specified
 NREC model (the default choice for the Ritdap solver; Velocity options are active)
4 In the “Rotor deviation model” section, select an option for calculating rotor deviation.
 User specified deviation – Select to enable the Deviation option under the “Rotor
exit” section of the Properties tab.
 Unified slip model – Select to specify the following values for the Unified Slip
Model.
 Blade turning rate (usually negative) – Type a value for the blade turning rate
at the rotor exit, a key factor in unified slip model calculation. When the blade
angle decreases towards the rotor exit, the value is negative. The smaller the
turning rate, the higher the slip factor.
 F-factor – Type an adjustable multiplier between 0 and 1. The greater the value
for F-Factor, the smaller the slip factor.
For more information on this model, see the “Unified Slip Model” topic in RITAL
Help.


Note  The Velocity ratio options are available for the Ritdap solver. For more on
these options, press the F1 key or click Help.
5 Click the Geometry tab to specify the physical characteristics of the rotor.
 “Rotor inlet” section – Specify inlet values for hub and shroud, radii, inclination
angle, and blade height; also (for the Ritdap solver only) slopes for tip and hub lines,
and radius of the radial section of the inlet hub contour.
 “Rotor exit” section – Specify exit values for radii of rotor hub and shroud at exit,
for inclination angle, axial length, rotor exit blade angle, and rotor blade thickness;
also (for Ritdap only) slopes for tip and hub lines, maximum radius of radial section
at exit hub contour.
 “Rotor throat” section – Calculate the rotor throat area.
If the Rotor throat area multiplier option is selected, RITAL calculates the throat
area with the given rotor exit blade angle, blade thickness, and the user-specified
multiplier.
If the User specified throat area option is selected, the user specifies the desired
throat area without RITAL calculating it.


6 Type in the values for the following parameters:
 Number of blades – Number of blades in the rotor.
 Number of splitters – Number of splitter blades (available in the Ritdap solver only)
 Suction surface blade thickness at throat location – Thickness of blade where the
throat line intersects the suction surface.
 Axial clearance – Rotor blade tip clearance in the axial direction (inlet clearance).
 Radial clearance – Rotor blade tip clearance in the radial direction (exit or exducer
clearance).
 Back face clearance – Back face clearance for the rotor.
7 Click the Properties tab to specify rotor optimum incidence information.
Depending on the rotor loss model you have specified (in the Options tab) and the solver
you are using, some of these options may not be available.
 “Rotor inlet” section – Specify values for the optimum incidence, optimum relative
flow angle, and for inlet blockage.


 “Rotor efficiency” section – Specify values for rotor T-T efficiency (available when
Efficiency model option is selected in the Options tab; unavailable for the Ritdap
solver) and for rotor throat aerodynamic blockage.
 Rotor throat aerodynamic blockage – Specify the value for reducing the effective
rotor throat area. This value affects the calculation for the choking of the rotor throat
by reducing the effective throat area.
 “Rotor exit” section – Specify values for the rotor exit deviation angle, for flow
angle, trailing edge loss, throat width at tip, mean and hub, radius of curvature of
suction surface downstream the throat of tip, mean, and hub, and fraction of loss
upstream of the rotor throat.
8 Click the Loss Coefficient Multiplier tab.

9 In the Loss Coefficient Multiplier tab, type values for the loss coefficient parameters of
the rotor. Only the first five options are available for the RTP and Rital solvers. The rest
are available when using the Ritdap solver.
 Incidence loss multiplier – Rotor incidence loss coefficient multiplier (cannot be
negative).
 Passage loss multiplier – Rotor passage loss coefficient multiplier (cannot be nega-
tive).
 Axial clearance loss multiplier – Axial tip clearance loss coefficient multiplier
(cannot be negative).
 Radial clearance loss multiplier – Radial tip clearance loss coefficient multiplier
(cannot be negative).
 Cross-coupling loss multiplier – Cross-coupling loss coefficient multiplier for use
with the CETI Loss model, selected in the Options tab.
For descriptions of loss coefficient parameters used by the Ritdap solver, press F1 or
click Help on the dialog box.
10 Click OK.


Specifying diffuser parameters
For your turbine design, you can also specify the coordinates that define the exhaust diffuser.
To specify diffuser parameters

1 From the Components menu, choose Diffuser.
The Diffuser dialog box appears.
2 In the Geometry tab, specify the exit radius, exit height, exit inclination angle, and axial
length of the diffuser.
Note  The Axial length option is only available with the Ritdap solver.
3 Click the Properties tab to specify the aerodynamic properties of the diffuser.

 Inlet blockage – Specify the diffuser inlet aerodynamic blockage fraction.
 Swirl coefficient – Specify the diffuser swirl coefficient. Swirl coefficient is the
ratio of exit to inlet swirl.
A value is required for swirl coefficient. The ideal value of the swirl coefficient is
1.0. Actual values are likely to be less than 1.0, but there is little information to
provide guidance.
 Pressure recovery – Specify the pressure recovery for the diffuser. Pressure recovery
is the static pressure recovery coefficient. In the diffuser, pressure recovery can be
calculated from correlations developed from empirical data. The results are a func-
tion of diffuser area ratio, inlet swirl, and input aerodynamic blockage.
 Calculate using correlations – Select this check box to calculate the pressure
recovery using a set of established equations. (This option is only available with the
Rital solver.) For more details on these calculations, including references, refer to
RITAL Help.
 Loss multiplier coefficient – Specify the loss coefficient multiplier value for the
diffuser. This option is only available with the Ritdap solver.
Note  The Options tab in the Diffuser dialog box is only available for the Rital
solver. For a description of the options on this tab, press the F1 key or click
the Help button when viewing this tab.
4 Click OK.


Specifying exit conditions
In RITAL, you can specify the exit conditions for your design. The stage exit is the exit of
the final component, which is the diffuser if it is present, or the rotor if there is not a diffuser.
To specify exit conditions

1 From the Components menu, choose Exit Conditions.
2 Specify the following exit conditions. The availability of these options depends upon the
type of mode in which you are working.
 Blockage – Specify the aerodynamic blockage fraction at the end of the last compo-
nent. A suggested value for exit blockage would be one at least as high as the inlet
blockage. This option is available for all design and analysis modes and for all
solvers.
 Exit total pressure – Specify total pressure at the diffuser exit.
This option is available for all solvers and for these two design modes:
 Input exit total pressure, calculate nozzle exit blade angle or volute area
 Input power and exit total pressure, calculate mass flow and nozzle blade exit
angle or volute area.
For analysis, this option is available for all solvers and for the following three anal-
ysis modes:
 Input exit total pressure, calculate inlet total pressure,
 Input exit total pressure, calculate mass flow rate
 Input exit total pressure, calculate rotational speed.


 Exit static pressure – Specify the static pressure at the diffuser exit.
This option is available for all solvers and for the three following design modes:
 Input exit static pressure, calculate nozzle exit blade angle or volute area
 Input power and exit static pressure, calculate mass flow and nozzle exit blade
angle or volute area
 Preliminary sizing
For analysis, this option is available for all solvers and for three analysis modes
using the input of exit static pressure:
 Input exit static pressure, calculate inlet total pressure,
 Input exit static pressure, calculate mass flow rate
 Input exit static pressure, calculate rotational speed
 Power – Specify output shaft power.
This option is available for all solvers and for the two following design modes:
 Input power and exit static pressure, calculate mass flow and nozzle exit blade
angle or volute area
 Input power and exit total pressure, calculate mass flow and nozzle blade exit
angle or volute area.
 Exit static pressure (design) – Specify the static pressure at the diffuser exit. This
option is only available for the Ritdap solver.
3 Click OK.


Chapter 4: Using RITAL Solvers
Introduction to RITAL solvers 88
Selecting a solver 89
Running the solver 90
Accumulating run results 91
Removing run results 92

Introduction to RITAL solvers
RITAL provides three different types of solvers that you can use to calculate the geometry
in your turbine design: Rital, Ritdap, and RTP.
The RTP solver is recommended for all new projects. The Rital and Ritdap solvers are
retained for projects that were originally developed using the Ritdap program or older
versions of RITAL (before the RTP solver became available).
The following table provides an overview of the main features of each solver:
Rital solver Ritdap solver RTP (Radial Turbine Program) solver
Subsonic flow Subsonic, transonic, and Subsonic, transonic, and supersonic

supersonic flow domains
Design, Analysis, and Design and Analysis Design and Analysis modes only (Data
Data Reduction modes modes only (Data Reduction mode not available at this time)
available. Reduction mode not
available)
Real gas properties Perfect gas properties only Real fluid properties
Mass flow based. Cannot Pressure-based. Handles both nozzle and

handle supersonic flow. rotor choking.
88 Chapter 4: Using RITAL Solvers Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Selecting a solver
Select the type of solver that you want to use for your turbine design.
To select a solver
 From the Solver menu, choose Select and then the name of the solver from the submenu
that appears:
 Ritdap – This is the solver from the legacy NREC RITDAP program. You can design
for subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flow with this solver but with perfect gas
properties only. This solver allows you to work in Design and Analysis modes only.
 Rital – This solver mixes the primary flow with the aerodynamic blockage before the
flow conditions are passed along to the next component. This solver is mass flow
based and cannot handle supersonic flow. You can work in all types of modes with
this solver.
 RTP – This solver is a pressure-based solver, where pressure is adjusted for each
station to balance the mass flow for each component. The flow condition passed to
the next component is not mixed and aerodynamic blockage is preserved. This is a
robust solver across the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic domains.
Note  The RTP solver is the recommended solver.
RITAL switches to the selected solver, adjusting parameters as needed. Depending on the
solver you chose, variations in the data must be specified.

RITAL™ User Guide Selecting a solver 89

Running the solver
Use the following procedure to run a solver in RITAL. Unless you have chosen to accumulate
the results, each time you run the solver, the results are overwritten with the current results.
To run the solver
1 From the Solver menu, choose Run (or click on the toolbar).
RITAL calculates the design.
2 To stop the calculation, select Stop from the Solver menu.
You can also use the Autosolve feature to have RITAL automatically calculate the
current design each time you apply or change a parameter. All views that display output
data automatically update with the new results from the solver.
3 To activate Autosolve, select Autosolve from the Solver menu (or click on the
toolbar).
A checkmark appears next to the command in the Solver menu. To turn this option off,
select the option again from the Solver menu or click the toolbar button again.
4 To view the results of the run, select one of the following options:
 From the Window menu, choose Output Text View (or click on the toolbar).
 From the Window menu, choose Output Table View (or click on the toolbar).
 From the Window menu, choose Map View (or click on the toolbar) for multiple
data designs.
5 If you received errors from the calculation, view the list of errors by clicking on the
toolbar.


Accumulating run results
In RITAL, you have the option of accumulating results of runs in the output table.
When you use this option, the results of the run are added to the design list each time the
solver is used. This design list is dynamic; therefore, runs can be added or deleted as desired.
Since the design list is saved as part of the geometry file, the size of the geometry file
increases proportionally to the number of runs in the list, so use this feature sparingly.
To accumulate run results
1 From the Solver menu, choose Accumulate Results (or click on the toolbar).
A checkmark appears next to the menu item signifying that this option is turned on.
2 To turn the option off, select Accumulate Results again from the Solver menu or click
the toolbar button. The checkmark should no longer appear next to the menu item.

RITAL™ User Guide Accumulating run results 91

Removing run results
Design runs can be deleted easily from your design. This is helpful when you are
accumulating results of runs and want to remove any unnecessary runs to save disk space.
To remove run results

1 From the Window menu, choose Output Table View.
An output table window appears, listing the run results.
Note  If a default filter map has not already been specified in RITAL’s parameters,
an Open dialog box appears. Navigate to the filter file in the Output Files
folder in the RITAL program directory, and then click Open.
2 Right-click the column header of the run that you want to remove and select one of the
following options depending on how you want to remove the run:
 To remove just the run selected, select Delete.
 To remove all runs, select Delete All.
 To remove all runs except for the run selected, select Delete All Except This.
3 Close the output table window.


Chapter 5: Performing Multiple Point Analysis
Introduction to multiple point analysis 94

Setting up multiple point analysis 95
Viewing performance maps 100
Viewing overlays in map windows 102
Introduction to multiple point analysis
Multiple point analysis enables you to analyze a turbine at a series of predefined operating
conditions and present the results in tabular and graphical form. This feature also helps you
to evaluate operation range, such as stall or choke margin.
A multiple data point run in RITAL contains several data sets. Multiple point analysis allows
you to run more than one speed line. On each speed line, you can run multiple points of
pressure ratios. However, a multiple data point run cannot be made in Design mode.
Multiple point analysis can be performed in either Analysis or Data Reduction mode.
Note  To specify various multiple input parameters to optimize a single output parameter,
use Design Helper. For more information on Design Helper, refer to the “Using
Design Helper” topic in RITAL Help.
Analysis mode
Multiple point analysis can also be performed when you are in Analysis mode. After a design
point analysis run, you can examine the performance of the stage at several different
operating points. This can be done with the optional map generation modules.
To begin to use multiple point analysis, see the following procedure, “Performing multiple
analysis.”
Data Reduction mode: LAB files

In Data Reduction mode, you can perform multiple point analysis using a LAB file. This file
contains all the data that was measured during laboratory testing. It may be created using a
text editor or output from a laboratory data acquisition system. Complete sets of laboratory
data can be processed sequentially without setting up individual data reduction runs. You can
also edit this file in RITAL.
To learn to use LAB files in Data Reduction mode, see “Specifying LAB files for data
reduction” on page 53.
94 Chapter 5: Performing Multiple Point Analysis Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Performing multiple point analysis
RITAL provides a way to automate the process of creating complete operating maps by
providing a multiple point analysis feature.
The multiple point analysis feature enables you to analyze a turbine at a series of predefined
operating points and present the results in tabular and graphical form. This feature also helps
you to evaluate the design for possible revision, such as in regard to margin from choke flow.
Before you can begin to perform multiple point analysis, first make sure that the design is
set to the appropriate type of data and is in Analysis mode.
To perform multiple point analysis

1 Open your case in RITAL and set the design in Analysis mode. To select Analysis mode,
see “Specifying modes” on page 57.
3 In the Modes tab, select Multiple data from the “Data” section.
4 Click OK.

RITAL™ User Guide Performing multiple point analysis 95

5 From the Solver menu, choose Multiple Point Analysis.
The Multiple Point Analysis dialog box appears.
6 In the Rotational Speed tab, specify the rotational speed points that you want to analyze.
In this tab, you can specify evenly spaced rotational speed points by means of minimum
and maximum fractions of the actual design point value, or up to 8 points as fractions of
the design point rotational speed. The value 1.0 in the Line 1 box represents 100% of the
original design speed.
 Number of points – In this list box, specify the number of rotational speed points (<
8) along each speed line.
 Even space – Evenly space the points. If this option is selected, you only need to
specify the minimum and maximum speeds.
 Enter data – Specify fractions of the rotational speed for each point.


7 Click the Expansion Ratio tab to specify the expansion ratio points that you want to
analyze.
 Number of points – In this list box, specify the number of expansion ratio points (<
12) along each speed line.
 Even space – Select this option to evenly space the points. If this option is selected,
you only need to specify minimum and maximum expansion ratios.
 Enter data – Select this option to specify the expansion ratio for each point.


8 From the “Variation type” section, select one of the following options:
 Fix exit pressure, vary inlet total pressure – Pexit is a fixed value and the inlet
total pressure (P00) is varied.
 Fix inlet total pressure, vary exit pressure – P00 is a fixed value and the exit pres-
sure (Pexit) is varied.
9 From the “Expansion ratio type” section, select the type of expansion ratio. This section
is available if you have selected a mode that takes inlet total pressure as an input and
calculates the exit static pressure.
Total to static = PR_tt = P0_inlet/P0_exit
Total to total = PR_ts = P0_inlet/P_exit
10 If you want to use advanced settings, click the Advanced Settings tab, and then select
the Use this advanced map setting check box.
If you do not want to use advanced settings, skip to step 15.

11 From the “X variable - speed (N)” section, specify the following options:
Number of lines Type or select the number of speed lines.
X min Type the value of the lowest speed.
X max Type the value of the highest speed.
X spacing Even – Select this option to evenly space the speeds.
User – Select to specify the speeds in the table. These values are specified
as absolute values.
12 From the “Y variable - expansion ratio” section, specify the following options:
Number of points Type or select the number of calculation points.
Y boundaries Fixed for all X – Use the same values for YMIN and YMAX with
speed.·
Varied with X – Vary the values of YMIN and YMAX at all speeds.
Y spacing Even – Evenly space the speeds.
User – Specify the Y spacing in the table.
The speeds are carried over as specified in the Rotational Speed tab, and the values
appear in the data table below the X and Y variable sections. The speed ranges can also
be edited here.
The values of YMAX can vary by each speed line.
Selecting any other element in the tab will generate the values in the table; however, this
step is not required in order to set all the values before clicking Apply or OK.
13 To specify a PAR file for the multiple point analysis rather than storing the data as part
of the geometry file, click the Load Old PAR File button.
14 To save the PAR file, click the Save PAR File button.
15 Click OK.


Viewing performance maps
A performance map lets you view the performance of a design that uses multiple point data.
Performance maps can only be viewed after multiple point runs have been solved.
To view a performance map
1 From the Window menu, choose Map View (or click on the toolbar).
A performance map window appears.
2 Right-click the window to access options that set map attributes. Use the shortcut menu
that appears to select X and Y-axis and all other plot properties.

A summary of the options available from this shortcut menu is detailed below.
Properties Specify map properties, such as the selection of the axes, plot
contours, scale, and variables in the Overall Setup dialog box.
(Refer to RITAL Help for more information on the Overall Setup
dialog box.)
Overlays Applies an overlay (by adding another map, either external or from
a run, or from a .DAT file) to compare changes.
Multiple Point Analysis Specify multiple point analysis parameters.
Map Tolerance Specify an error margin for the speed. For example, if the error
margin is specified as 0.03, the RPM values can vary 3% and
remain on one speed line. This feature is useful in data reduction
cases in which RPM measurement varies from test to test.
Save MAP File Saves the current Map view as a .MAP file.
Zoom In Zooms in towards the map.
Zoom Out Zooms out from the map.
Default View Returns to the default view.
Note  At any time when the map view is the current window, you can press your spacebar
to restore the view to its original scale settings.

RITAL™ User Guide Viewing performance maps 101

Viewing overlays in map windows
In RITAL, you can use overlays to compare a current map with a map from an external map,
a previous run, or a .DAT file. This option is only available for multiple data designs.
To view an overlay in a Map window

1 Run the solver for the multiple data design.
2 Open a performance map window (see “Viewing performance maps” on page 100).
A performance map appears.
3 From the View menu, choose Overlays.

– or –
Right-click the map window, and select Overlays from the shortcut menu that appears.
The Overlays dialog box appears.
4 Select the type of overlay that you want to use:
 Overlay external map files – Specify an external map file to use as an overlay.
 Overlay run – Compare the current map with a map from a previous run. From the
list box, select the number of the run whose map you want to compare.
 Overlay .DAT file – Create or use an existing .DAT file as an overlay file.
 Overlay .LAB file – Create or use an existing .LAB file as an overlay file.
5 Click OK.
The overlay appears in the window as another plotted line.
Tip  To differentiate the lines more, double-click the Legend symbol of the overlay
plot line and adjust its line and symbol settings.

To view an external map overlay

1 Select the Overlay external map files check box in the Overlays dialog box.
2 Click Add to select the external map file (*.map). An Open dialog box appears.
RITAL™ User Guide Viewing overlays in map windows 103

3 Select the map file, and then click the Open button.
The map file name appears in the list box of the Overlays dialog box.
4 To remove a map file, select the map file from the list box and click Remove.
– or –
To remove all the specified map files from the list, click Clear all.
5 Click OK.
The external map file is shown as an overlay in the performance map window.

To view an overlay from a previous run
1 Select the Overlay run check box in the Overlays dialog box.
2 Select the number of the run whose map you want to compare in the spin box.
3 Click OK.
The run appears as an overlay in the performance map window.

To view an overlay .DAT file

1 Select the Overlay .DAT file check box in the Overlays dialog box.
2 In the text box, type the name of the file that you want to create, or click to navigate
to and select an existing .DAT file.
3 Click the Edit button.
The Test Data dialog box appears.
4 Select the filter from the Filter drop-down list. The table changes according to the filter
you have selected.


5 Select the Input check box for each parameter that you want to include.
6 Click the Values tab.
7 Specify the number of data points (minimum of 1, maximum of 20) for the .DAT file in
the Number of data points box.
Data points appear in the Test Data table under the headings of Value 1, Value 2, and so
on.
8 Specify values in the appropriate table cells.
9 To save your settings, click Apply or OK.
The Overlays dialog box appears.

10 To view data points without connecting lines, select the Discrete data points check box.
11 Click OK.
The overlay .DAT file appears in the performance map window.
Tip  To differentiate the lines more, double-click the Legend symbol of the overlay plot
line and adjust its line and symbol settings.


Chapter 6: Viewing Output
Viewing text output 110

Viewing table output 111
Specifying output table filters 113
Viewing velocity triangles 115
Viewing text output
In RITAL, you can view design information in a Text window.
To view text output
1 From the Window menu, choose Output Text View (or click on the toolbar).
A text window appears listing the variables and parameters in the design.
2 Use the scroll bar to view the data.

3 You can also right-click this window to access other options.
Select All Selects the text in the entire document.
Cut Cuts a selection from the document.
Copy Copies a selection in the document.
Paste Pastes information from your Clipboard into the document.
Find Searches for specified text.
Set Scroll Position Sets the scroll on the desired line, and for all the next outputs it will
hold its position.
Save Text Report Saves the document as a specified output file.
Font Specifies the font to use for output text windows.
4 To close the window, click in the upper-right corner of the window.


110 Chapter 6: Viewing Output Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Viewing table output
In RITAL, you have the option of viewing design information in a table window. This is the
same information you view in the text report, but just displayed in tabular format.
The output table uses filter variables to organize the data that you view. As the default, all
output variables are viewable in the output table; however, you have the option of creating
custom data filters. For more information, see “Specifying output table filters” on page 113.
To view table output

1 From the Window menu, choose Output Table View (or click on the toolbar).
A table window appears listing the design data.
The first column lists the numbered rows. The second column lists the name of the
parameter, and the third column displays the parameter units. The fourth and subsequent
columns display individual design runs. The header row displays the title of each
column. Subsequent rows display output variables.
In multiple data cases, each column (Run 1 Set 1, Run 1 Set 2, and so on) represents a
single data set within a run, with multiple data sets (Set 1, Set 2) occurring within a
single run (Run 1). The standard table functions are still available; however, they apply
to all data sets in the run.
For example, in a multiple data case, when you right-click the Run 1 Set 3 header, and
then choose Delete, you delete all of the data sets in Run 1. In addition, by selecting a
parameter row, you can create a plot of that parameter across all the data sets.
2 To view a plot of a particular variable against the run numbers, select the variable’s row
number.

RITAL™ User Guide Viewing table output 111

3 To access additional options, right-click a header column, and select one of the
following options from the shortcut menu that appears.
Delete Deletes the selected run.
Delete All Deletes all runs.
Delete All Except This Deletes all runs except the selected one.
Make Current Run Sets the editor values to those shown in the selected run; reruns the
case, and places this new run at the end of the table.
Notes Displays notes for the run for viewing and editing.
Report Errors Displays solver errors for the run if applicable.
Tag as Baseline Specify the run to overlay in the Map view.
(You can do this also by specifying the run number in the Overlays
dialog box).
The header of the overlaying run appears yellow in the table.
Untag Baseline Cancels the overlaying run.
(You can also do this by clearing the Overlay Run check box in the
Overlay dialog box.)
The header of the overlaying run appears blue once again.
Save v6.6 GEO File Saves the selected run as a version 6.6 GEO file.
Save MAP File Saves the selected run as a map (.MAP) file (this option is available
for multiple data point designs only).
Save AxCent File Saves the selected run as an AxCent (.DES) file (this option is
available for single data point designs only).
Save Text Report Saves the selected run as an output text file.
4 To close the window, click in the upper-right corner of the window.



Specifying output table filters
When you want to control what data to view in table output windows, you can select another
existing filter, edit an existing filter, or create custom data filters.
To specify table filters

1 To switch to another existing filter when you have an output table window open, select
the filter that you want to use from on the toolbar.

2 To open the filter editor, select Output Filter View from the Window menu.
RITAL displays a new window specifically for creating and editing filters. Within this
window, a secondary window displays all of the output variables available.
 Parameter column – Lists all of the output variables.

 Description column – Displays the default name of the parameters.
 Show Item column – Specifies the parameters to be included in the filter.
Note  Do not modify the order of the columns; otherwise, the filter editor will not
function properly.

RITAL™ User Guide Specifying output table filters 113

3 To edit an existing filter file, select Open from the Filter menu and select the file. By
default, all filter files for the program are stored in the \\Program
Files\Concepts\RITAL\Output Filters directory.
4 Select the Show Item check box for any parameters that you want to display for that
filter. For those parameters that you do not want to include, clear the Show Item check
box.
5 If you want to specify a new name for a parameter, edit the description of the parameter.
6 To save the filter file, select Save from the File menu or Save As to specify a new name
of the filter (thereby creating a new filter file).
Note  Make sure to save the file in the \\Program Files\Concepts\RITAL\Output
Filters directory in order to view the filter from RITAL’s filter toolbar button.
7 When you are done editing existing or creating new custom filter files, select Done from
the Filter menu to exit from the filter editor.


Viewing velocity triangles
Velocity triangles at the rotor inlet and exit provide you with a picture of the flow velocities
in both the absolute and relative frame of reference, together with other flow direction
parameters such as incidence and deviation angles.
To view velocity triangles
1 From the Window menu, choose Velocity Triangles (or click on the toolbar).
The Inlet Velocity Triangles window appears. On your screen, angles appear in blue and
velocities appear in red.
The vectors show the following:

 W = Relative velocity
 C = Absolute velocity
 U = Rotor tip speed
This window also shows the respective flow directions.

RITAL™ User Guide Viewing velocity triangles 115

2 To view the rotor exit, right-click in the window and select Rotor Exit from the shortcut
menu that appears.
The rotor exit velocity triangle window appears.
3 To close the Velocity Triangle window, click in the window upper-right corner.


Chapter 7: Working with Python Script
Introduction to Python 118
Overview: Using ConceptsMacros 119
Overview: Text Input/Output in Radial 130

Introduction to Python
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language that can be interpreted on
most operating systems. Although Python is copyrighted, the source code is open-source and
can be commercially re-sold, unlike GNU software.
Each Concepts NREC program comes with a set of Python scripts. These are installed as .py
files into the default \\Program Files\ Concepts\ RITAL \Macros directory. Any .pyc files
that also appear in this directory are the “byte-compiled'' versions of the scripts. These files
are automatically created when the Python script is compiled. To learn about these scripts,
see the “Using macros” book on the Contents tab of RITAL Help, either by pressing the F1
key or by clicking on the tool bar.
For assistance in writing Python code, see the following references:
 Official Python website (for downloads): http://www.python.org.
 Free, open-source download and pywin32 extension: http://sourceforge.net/
 Python documentation is available online at http://docs.python.org/.
 Python tutorial at http://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html.
 A different Python editor with some helpful documentation: http://pythonide.blog-
spot.com/.
118 Chapter 7: Working with Python Script Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.
Overview: Using ConceptsMacros
ConceptsMacro is a utility tool for creating custom macros using Python® scripting. This
tool is useful for file output, post-processing, model modification calculations, and other
functions related to the processing of data from a Concepts NREC program. The feature
allows you to create macros (or scripts) in the Python® language to automate certain
functions within the Concepts NREC program.
Before using ConceptsMacros, you should know how to create macros and how to use
Python. (Currently, ConceptsMacro supports Python version 2.4.)
The ConceptsMacros feature is available from the Agile menu of RITAL.
The following procedures in this chapter concern the creation and use of ConceptsMacros:
 Create a macro (p. 120)
 Assign macro hooks (p.122)
 Edit a macro (p.123)
 Run a macro (p. 124)
 Store macro files (p. 126)
 Choose a default Python editor (p. 126)
 View macro summaries (p.128)
 Create macro templates (p.128)
 Loading macro templates (p.129)
For examples of Python macros used in RITAL, see the “Python scripts” topic in Radial Help
by pressing F1.
RITAL™ User Guide Overview: Using ConceptsMacros 119

Creating new macros
Create a macro when you want to automate certain functions within the Concepts NREC
program not already provided from existing macros.
You can also use existing scripts as a starting point for creating your own custom scripts.
The following procedures are described below.
 To create a new macro
 To create a new macro from an existing macro
To create a new macro

1 From the Agile menu, choose Macro – Create New Macro.
The Create New Macro dialog box appears.
2 In the Macro name box, type the file name for the new macro but omit the .py file
extension. Python is also case-sensitive.
Caution  When used with RITAL, a Python script with a name identical to a DLL file
may cause a conflict resulting in a script run failure. Make sure that script
names are not the same as those of DLLs used by RITAL.
3 In the Description box, type a description of the macro file.
You must manually specify descriptions for functions in a file by adding descriptive text
flanked by three single quotes immediately after the corresponding def <function>: line.
For an example, see one of the provided macros in the program directory (see Concepts/
RITAL/Macros) or the generated wrapper file.

4 In the Hook locations box, select the On/Off check box for the appropriate hook (or
location).
– or –
Select the hooks later in the Run Macro At dialog box (recommended if you are
creating functions).
5 Click OK.
The default Python editor specified in your macro settings launches and displays the
new macro file. If no default Python editor is specified, nothing opens.
You can create new macros or edit existing ones with the default editor.
Scintilla is the default Python editor provided with the ConceptsMacro feature. To
select or change an editor, see “Selecting default Python editors” on page 126.
6 Type the Python code for the macro in the editor.
For assistance in using Python code for your macro, see the “Troubleshooting tips” topic
in Radial Help by pressing the F1 key.
When you are finished writing the code, save your changes, and then close the Python
editor.
7 When you return to the Macros dialog box, click the Refresh button to view the new
macros in the list of available macros.

To create a new macro from an existing macro

1 Browse to the location where the .py file is stored. The default location for .py files is
the \\Concepts\RITAL\Macros directory.
2 Copy and name the file. It is recommended practice to name the macro after its purpose
or function.
3 Select one of the following options:
 To edit Python code from outside RITAL, manually open your Python editor, open the
file, and then edit the code.
 To edit Python code from within RITAL, open the Macros dialog box, select the new
macro from the list of “Available macros,” and click the Edit button.
 To open your default editor from within RITAL, choose Macro – Python Editor from
the Agile menu, choose the file to edit, and edit the code.
For assistance in specifying Python code for your macro, see the “Troubleshooting tips”
topic in Radial Help by pressing the F1 key.
Note  To call the program’s functions, run the macro in RITAL. However, you can
open the macro outside of RITAL to check Python syntax. Content and syntax
relevant to program functions are not checked until the macro is run.


Assigning macro hooks
Hooks can call a macro based on special events or special locations within the Concepts
NREC program. Attaching hooks to macros automates special functions and customizes
RITAL’s behavior. Some hooks send inputs to macros automatically; this hook information
can be found in the Run Macro At dialog box (available when you select Macros – Macros
from the Agile menu, and click the Run At button).
The RITAL program ships with a set of predefined hooks for your macros. If you do not find
a hook that you need, contact Concepts NREC Software Sales (sales@conceptsnrec.com) or
Support (support@conceptsnrec.com) to purchase a new hook. You can also request a hook
on the yearly software ballots if you are an APS (Agile Product Support) member.
You can attach a hook to a macro in two different instances:
 When you create the macro
 When you run the macro at a specific location
Before you attach a hook to a macro, read the description to ensure use of the correct hook
for your macro. Some hook locations send information to macros or retrieve information
from them to use later in the program. If the inputs or outputs of a hooked macro do not
match, an error message appears each time the macro is called unsuccessfully at the hook
location.
Some program hooks may not be suitable for running the solver or performing other high-
level commands. Furthermore, experimenting with macros can inadvertently change solver
results (such as setting the wrong variable). To avoid losing or producing erroneous
information, back up your design cases often, and retain an original copy of each case for
testing purposes.
To select a macro hook

1 From the Agile menu, choose Macros – Create New Macro for the Create New Macros
dialog box.
– or –
From the Macros dialog box, press the Run at button for the Run Macro At dialog box.
The “Hook locations” section appears on either dialog box (in the Create New Macro
dialog box below).
2 From the “Hook locations” section of the Create New Macro (or the Run Macro At)
dialog box , select the check boxes in the On/Off column to assign hooks to the macro.
3 Click OK.
The macro is automatically attached to the hooks and the Macros dialog box appears
again.
Macros with hooks appear in bold in the “Available macros” section.
4 Click Close in the Macros dialog box.
When the hook location is reached during a solver run or another program execution, the
attached macros are executed.
The program will display an error message for missing information or erroneous hook
selections.
If an error message appears, click No in the Macro Error dialog box to skip running the
macro, and edit the macro before the next run.
Note  Python generates error messages in Python format.

Editing macros
To fix errors or to adjust existing macros, you can edit the macro with a Python editing tool.
To edit a macro
1 From the Agile menu, choose Macro – Macros.
The Macros dialog box appears.
2 From the “Available macros” section, select the macro to edit.



3 Click the Edit button.
A Python editor window appears that lists the Python code for the macro. The type of
Python editor window that appears depends on the default editor you specified in your
macro settings.
Note  You can also open your default Python editor by selecting Macro – Python
Editor from the Agile menu. This will open a blank Python window. To
select an editor, see “Selecting default Python editors” on page 126.
The Macros dialog box automatically closes.
4 Edit the Python code for the macro, as needed.
The File menu commands of RITAL now apply to the Python file. To change the
commands back to the RITAL case, select any other dialog box or window in the
program’s main window.
5 From the File menu, choose Save.
6 Close the Python window.
When you open the Macros dialog box, the changes you made are reflected in the dialog
box.

Running macros
After you have created a macro, run the macro with a case in the Concepts NREC program.
You can also use any macro provided with the Concepts NREC program for processing data
and performing various functions with the program.
To run a macro
1 From the Start menu, choose [All] Programs – Concepts – Radial program.
Note  When you launch the Concepts NREC program, it automatically imports any
existing macros set up to work with the program. Any executable code in the
macros that you create must be set up inside functions to avoid the automatic
running of global portions of the scripts when you launch the program and use
the macro dialog boxes.
2 Open your design in the program.
3 From the Agile menu, choose Macro – Macros.
The Macros dialog box appears.
This dialog box displays all existing macros available in the macro directory as
specified in the “Available macros” section.

4 From the “Available macros” section, expand the tree-view, and then select the macro or
function to view in the Description box.
You can call a macro with hooks based on special events or locations in the Concepts
NREC program. Attaching hooks to macros can customize RITAL behavior and
automate special functions. Some hooks may automatically send inputs to macros. This
information can be found when viewing the Run Macro At dialog box, as described
below.
Caution Macros requiring inputs are listed in parentheses after the macro name in the
“Available macros” section. Do not click Run after selecting these macros.
Instead, make sure to run any macros requiring inputs at hook locations, or
call them from other macros that provide the necessary input values.
5 If the macro requires inputs, check that the values in your design are correct before
running the macro.
See the Description box for hooks suggested for the selected macro.
6 Select the macro or function that you want to run from the “Available macros” list.
7 Choose one of the following:
 To run the macro without sending inputs, click the Run button.
 To run the macro at a specific location, click the Run At button.
If you click Run, the macro runs immediately with no inputs.
If you click Run At, the Run Macro At dialog box appears.
8 Select the hooks in the On/Off column of the Hook locations window.
Note  RITAL comes with a set of predefined hooks that you can use with your
macros.
To purchase a hook, contact these departments at Concepts NREC:
 Software Sales (sales@conceptsnrec.com)
 Support (support@conceptsnrec.com)
You can also request a hook on the yearly software ballots if you are an APS (Agile
Product Support) member.


Specifying default macro file locations
Use the ConceptsMacro tool to specify the location for your macros. By default, new macros
are stored in the \\Program Files \Concepts \program \Macros directory, where Macros
provided with RITAL are also stored.
To specify the default macro file location

1 From the Agile menu, choose Macro – Settings.
The Settings dialog box appears.
2 In the Settings directory box, type the directory location where you want to store
macros, or click Browse to navigate to and select the location.
Note  If you specify a directory without .py files, the program may display a
warning message.
3 Click OK.
The settings are saved in the program’s registry.
Macros stored in this location are automatically listed in the “Available macros” section
of the Macros dialog box.
Note  You can access other Python functions outside of the Concepts macro
directory through your Python macro in this directory, but only files in this
directory will appear in the Macros dialog box. You cannot run a macro in
another directory from the Macros dialog box or from a program “hook”
location.

Selecting default Python editors

To associate a Python editing program and Python scripts with the Concepts NREC macros
feature, you can specify a default Python editor, which automatically appears when you
launch the Python editor from within the program.
To select a default Python editor

1 From the Agile menu, choose Macro – Settings.
The Settings dialog box appears.

2 From the “Python editor” section, select one of the following options:
 None – Select if you do not want to use a default Python editor.
 Editor view – Select the Scintilla View Python editor provided with the program.
Note  This editor is currently only available with Concepts NREC Radial
programs.
 User-specified editor – Select this option to specify a Python editor. To specify the
Python editor, use the Browse button. Note that if you launch the editor from the
Macros dialog box, the file name of the selected macro is appended to this command.
3 Click OK.

Viewing macro summaries

Viewing macro summaries lets you view macros set to run at specific hook locations. You
can also save the macro summary as a template file to load into other similar cases to save
time setting up the same macro-hook associations.
To view a macro summary

1 From the Agile menu, choose Macro – Summary Review.
The Macro Summary dialog box appears.
The dialog box lists the hooks associated with the macros.


2 To change how the table lists the macros, select one of the options at the bottom of the
dialog box for listing macros according to Hooks or Macro names.
Multiple second-column entries are listed by default on the same row.
3 To display each column two entry in its own cell, clear the List entries on single row
check box.
4 Click OK to close the dialog box.

Creating macro templates

Macro templates are files that save the chosen associations of hooks and macros along with
the directory location for macro storage. Macro templates save time when setting up macros
for different cases in RITAL. Macro associations are saved with the case file.
To create a macro template

1 Select the hooks for your macros by following the procedure named “Assigning macro
hooks” on page 122.
2 Open the macro summary on the Macro Summary dialog box. (To use this dialog box,
see “Viewing macro summaries” on page 127.)
The Macro Summary dialog box appears.
3 Click the Save As button and specify the name of the Macro Template (MTP) file.
The MTP file includes the macro-hook associations and the macros directory location
(as specified in your macro settings). To change the macro directory setting for your
template file, you can do so manually in the file or by changing the default location first
in your macro settings before saving the template file.
The directory path is included in the template file in case you have modified this
directory path since creating the template. When you load the MTP file, the macro
directory path is set to the path specified in the file. This ensures that the same macros
are being used for the design case as when you set up the template file.
4 If you have moved your macro files on your machine manually, modify the directory
location manually in the template file (by opening the MTP file in a text editor such as
Notepad).
– or –
Move the macro files back to the location specified in the MTP file.
The next time you open a case that uses the same macro settings, load the macro
template you created by following the next procedure.

Loading macro templates
Macro template files (*.MTP extension) save hook and macro associations, along with macro
directory locations. Macro templates save time when setting up macros for design cases. To
learn how to create a macro template, see “Creating macro templates” on page 128.
Loading existing macro templates lets you quickly set up macros and associated hooks for
Radial program cases.
Caution When you load a macro template, any existing macro settings you have specified
for the case will be replaced, including the macro directory setting. However,
loading a template does not erase any files. If you have macros specified in the
template file that no longer exist in the specified macro directory, these macros and
associated hooks are ignored.
To load a macro template

1 To open the Macro Summary dialog box, choose from the Agile menu Macro –
Summary Review.
2 Click the Load button.
The program displays a warning message that you will lose your current macro settings
by loading a template.
3 To continue, click Yes (or No if you do not want to load the template).
The Open dialog box appears.
4 Browse to and select the Macro template (*.MTP) file.
5 Click Open.
The macro settings specified in the template files are applied to the case and are
immediately visible in the Macro Summary dialog box.

The next sections describe how to use the text input/output feature.

Overview: Text Input/Output in Rital
The text input/output feature in RITAL allows you to edit a design with a single text file
created in an editor such as Notepad. This feature is useful for observing how certain key
variables can affect your design. You can specify values for some variables in the input
portion of the file, and select other variables to appear in an output file that RITAL generates
in .TXT format.
When you run the text input/output file, RITAL imports data, runs the solver, and exports the
resulting output to a text file. An Excel file containing a list of variable names is included in
the program directory. You can copy the variable names from this file and paste them into
the text input/output file.
Note  Seal variables are not available for text input/output at present.
The following files are required using the text input/output feature:
 Text input/output file (written by the user)
 List of variables in the program directory (variable_name_compal_pumpal_
fanpal.xls)
 Text output file (generated by RITAL)
The following topics describe how to use the text input/output feature:
 Creating text input/output files (p. 130)
 Running text input/output files (p. 132)
 Running the Python executable (p. 133)

Creating a text input/output file

In RITAL, you can edit variables with a single text input/output file instead of the user
interface. This feature is useful for optimizing key variables and viewing their effect on the
variables calculated by RITAL. In this text file, which you can create with a text editor such
as Notepad, you can specify variables both for input and output. You can also copy and paste
the variables into the text file from the Excel list stored in the program directory (browse to
\\Program \Files \Concepts \RITAL \variable_name_compal_ pumpal_ fanpal.xls).
A text input/output file requires the completion of three parts:
 Header information (file input, output paths, and unit system)
 Input section (geometry for selected variables)
 Output section (variables selected to appear in the output file)
To create the text input/output file

1 Type the header information for input and output in the text file.
The required header information includes:
 FILE_IN – File path and case file name.
 FILE_OUT – File path and output file name.
 UNIT_SYSTEM – Unit system (0 for metric, 1 for English)
Note  If you are using metric units (UNIT_SYSTEM=0), type the angle values in
radians; if English units (UNIT_SYSTEM=1), type the values in degrees.

2 Type the input portion of the text input/output file.
To indicate the beginning and end of the input portion, type “# Input portion” and "#
End input portion”.
Note  Hatch marks (#) indicate Python comments. Always precede comments with
hatch marks. All text to the right of a hatch mark is ignored by the program.
Comments are recommended, although not necessary for the program to run.
3 Add the variable names to the input portion of the text input/output file.
To ensure the validity of these names, copy and paste them from the OLE Variable
Name column of the variable_name_compal_pumpal_fanpal.xls file stored in the
program directory.
Note  Avoid typing spaces in variable names: spacing and typos in the middle of a
name invalidates the name.
4 Once you have typed or pasted the variable names in the input portion, type the
numerical values that you are assigning to them after an equal sign (=).
Note  If you run the file without assigning numerical values in the input portion, the
program will assume the existing values of the case that you have listed in the
header (after FILE_IN).
For complete formatting rules for diffuser and stage information, see the “Text input/
output file” topic in Radial Help.
5 Specify the output portion of the file by typing the variable names.
To indicate the beginning and the end of the output portion, type “# Begin output
portion” and “# End output portion”.
Formatting rules for stage and diffuser variables that apply to inputs apply to outputs as
well.
Note  In the output portion, do not type either values or equal signs (=).
6 Type the output parameters.
– or –
Copy and paste variable names from the variable_name_compal_pumpal_ fanpal.xls
file (recommended).
7 Save the text input/output file and run it from the Windows command prompt.
After the solver is run, the text output is sent to the output file that you specified in
FILE_OUT in the header of the input/output file.

RITAL™ User Guide Overview: Text Input/Output in Rital 131

Running the text input/output file
Once you create a text input/output file, you must run it from the Windows command prompt.
Two files in the program directory, textio.exe and textio.py, support the text input/output
feature. The textio.exe file is the executable version of the Python script, and when created,
can be run directly from the command prompt. To run the text input/output file with the
Python script (textio.py), see “Running text input/output with Python” on page 133.
To run the text i/o file from the command prompt

1 Open the command prompt by selecting Start – [All] Programs – Accessories –
Command Prompt.
The command prompt window appears.
2 At the command prompt, browse to the \\Program Files\Concepts\Radial program

directory using the “cd” command.
3 To run the text executable, type the executable name followed by a character space and
the name of your text input/output file, as in this example: “textio.exe sampleInput.txt”.
4 Press Enter.
When the executable runs, the data from the text file is imported into the program, the
solver is run, and the output you have specified in the text input/output file is exported
to the text output file.
5 To view the run results, open the text output file. The file data should match the
variables that you selected for output in the text input/output file.
Note  Invalid variable names, or variables with typos, will not appear in the output.
Also, solver failure will result in no output.

Running text input/output with Python
Once you have created a text input/output file, you can also use the Windows command
prompt to run the text file with a Python script.
Using the Python script (textio.py) is recommended for extending the functionality of the
text input/output feature.
Note  Before you start, make sure to install Python 2.4.4 and a Win 32 extension. For
websites from which to install Python and other necessary extensions, see
“Overview: Text Input/Output in Rital” on page 130.
To run the Python script from the command prompt

1 Open the command prompt by selecting Start – [All] Programs – Accessories –
Command Prompt.
The command prompt window appears.
2 In the command prompt window, browse to the \\Program Files\Concepts\Radial
directory using the “cd” command.
3 To run the Python script from the command prompt, type:
python.exe textio.py filename.txt
4 Press Enter.
When the executable runs, the data from the text file is imported into RITAL, the solver
is run, and the output specified in the text input/output file is exported to the text output
file.
5 To view the run results, open the text output file. The data in this file should match the
variables that you selected for output.

RITAL™ User Guide Overview: Text Input/Output in Rital 133

Chapter 8: Passing Designs to AxCent
Setting Agile data preferences 136
Passing designs to AxCent 137

Setting Agile data preferences
In RITAL, you can specify the type of Agile data to pass to AxCent.
To set Agile data preferences

1 From the Agile menu, choose Preferences.
The Agile Properties dialog box appears.
2 Select one of the following options for passing data to AxCent:

 Send design point only – Include the design point only.
 Send all points – Include all multiple data points.
3 Click OK.

136 Chapter 8: Passing Designs to AxCent Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Passing designs to AxCent
When you are ready to start your blade design from your meanline design, you can do this
by passing the design to AxCent™. This agile functionality between AxCent and RITAL
allows for greater flexibility in the design process.
When working with designs in RITAL, the inlet hub and tip radius, exit radius, and tip depth
are known. Some information on the blade angle and thickness at the leading and trailing
edges is also defined, but the geometry between them is not specified.
When you pass a design from RITAL into AxCent, the AxCent program creates default hub
and shroud contours that match the meanline inlet and exit conditions. This applies to all
bladed rows and not just to the rotor.
The axial length of the rotor is passed from RITAL to AxCent, and the axial length in addition
to the other meanline information sets the segment endpoints. The actual Bezier curves on
hub and shroud are created with five control points (also called contour points) that match
the endpoints and inclines at the segment endpoints.
To pass a design to AxCent

1 From the Agile menu, choose Start AxCent.
The AxCent program launches and automatically creates a blade design based on your
meanline design.
2 In AxCent, you can then develop the full 3D blading design, and if necessary, make
adjustments before performing optimization.
For more information, refer to AxCent Help by pressing F1 or by selecting Help Topics
from the Help menu.

RITAL™ User Guide Passing designs to AxCent 137

Appendix A: Variable Nomenclature
This appendix includes...
Stage performance 140
Generic inlet variables 141
Volute variables 142
Nozzle variables 144
Interspace variables 146
Rotor variables 147
Diffuser variables 150
Efficiency variables 151
Head variables 152
Stage miscellaneous variables 153

Stage performance
Parameter Description
STAGE MFLOW Mass flow rate, lbsm/sec, kgs/sec
STAGE VFLOW Volumetric flow rate, cubic feet/sec, cubic meters/sec
STAGE RPM Rotational speed, rpm
STAGE EFF_TT Total-to-total stage efficiency
STAGE EFF_TS Total-to-static stage efficiency
STAGE PR_TT Total-to-total expansion ratio
STAGE PR_TS Total-to-static expansion ratio
STAGE POWER Stage output power, hp or kW
STAGE U/C0 Velocity ratio in which U is the rotor inlet tip speed and C0 is
the velocity attained if the working fluid were expanded in an
ideal nozzle over the same total-total expansion ratio as that of
the turbine
STAGE U/C Velocity ratio in which U is the rotor inlet tip speed and C is the
velocity attained if the working fluid were expanded in an ideal
nozzle over the same total-static expansion ratio as that of the
turbine
h in – h out
STAGE Reaction = ----------------------------
-
h 0in – h 0out
flow rate × RPM ⁄ 60 P 0inlet

STAGE FLOW PARAM =-------------------------------------------------- , where δ = ------------------------------------------------------------
δ P 0 – standard–atmosphere
power ⁄ flow rate T 0inlet

STAGE EQUIVALENT WORK = ----------------------------------------- , where = ------------------------------------------------------------------
θ T 0 – standard–atmosphere
140 Appendix A: Variable Nomenclature Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Generic inlet variables
This table lists generic inlet variables for the volute and nozzle inlet.
INLET R(m) Inlet radius at RMS location
INLET AREA Inlet geometric area
INLET C Inlet absolute velocity
INLET CM Inlet meridional velocity
INLET CT Inlet absolute tangential velocity
INLET ALPHA Inlet absolute flow angle
INLET MACH Inlet absolute Mach number
INLET P0 Inlet total pressure
INLET T0 Inlet total temperature
INLET H0 Inlet total enthalpy
INLET P Inlet static pressure
INLET T Inlet static temperature
INLET H Inlet static enthalpy
INLET S Inlet entropy
INLET BLOCK Inlet aerodynamic blockage
RITAL™ User Guide Generic inlet variables 141

Volute variables
VOL R throat(m) Radius to centroid of volute inlet area
VOL AREA throat Volute inlet area
VOL BLOCK throat Volute inlet aerodynamic blockage, decimal fraction
VOL R out(m) Radius to centroid of volute exit area
VOL AREA out Volute exit geometric area
VOL C Volute exit absolute velocity
VOL CM Volute exit meridional velocity
VOL CT Volute exit tangential velocity
VOL ALPHA out Volute exit absolute flow angle
VOL MACH out Volute exit absolute Mach number
VOL P0 out Volute exit total pressure
VOL T0 out Volute exit total temperature
VOL H0 out Volute exit total enthalpy
VOL P out Volute exit static pressure
VOL T out Volute exit static temperature
VOL H out Volute exit static enthalpy
VOL S out Volute exit entropy
VOL BLOCK out Volute exit aerodynamic blockage
VOL LossCoeff (Volute inlet total pressure - volute exit total pressure)/(volute exit total
pressure - volute exit static pressure)
VOL SwirlCoeff (Radius x tangential velocity) at volute exit/(centroid radius x velocity) at

volute inlet
VOL R out(m,x) Same as VOL R out(m)
VOL AREA out(m) Same as VOL AREA out
VOL C out(x) Volute exit mixed-out absolute velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL CM out(x) Volute exit mixed-out meridional velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL CT out(x) Volute exit mixed out tangential velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL ALPHA out(x) Volute exit mixed-out absolute flow angle; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL MACH out(x) Volute exit mixed-out absolute Mach number; no mixing with RTP solver

VOL P0 out(x) Volute exit mixed-out total pressure; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL T0 out(x) Volute exit mixed-out total temperature; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL H0 out(x) Volute exit mixed-out total enthalpy; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL P out(x) Volute exit mixed-out static pressure; no mixing with RTP solver
Vol T out(x) Volute exit mixed-out static temperature; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL H out(x) Volute exit mixed-out static enthalpy; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL S out(x) Volute exit mixed-out entropy; no mixing with RTP solver
VOL BLOCK out(x) Same as BLOCK out; aero blockage is preserved with RTP solver
RITAL™ User Guide Volute variables 143

Nozzle variables
NOZ R in(h) Nozzle inlet hub radius
NOZ R in(t) Nozzle inlet tip radius
NOZ HEIGHT in Nozzle inlet height
NOZ BLOCK in Nozzle inlet aerodynamic blockage; same as volute exit blockage
NOZ ThroatOpening Width of nozzle throat
NOZ NumBlades Number of nozzle vanes
NOZ THICK TE Nozzle vane trailing edge normal thickness
NOZ CLEARANCE Clearance gap for movable nozzle vane
NOZ R out(m) Nozzle exit radius at the RMS location
NOZ AREA out Nozzle exit annulus area
NOZ BETAB out Nozzle exit blade angle
NOZ C out Nozzle exit absolute velocity
NOZ CM out Nozzle exit meridional velocity
NOZ CT out Nozzle exit tangential velocity
NOZ ALPHA out Nozzle exit absolute flow angle
NOZ MACH out Nozzle exit absolute Mach number
NOZ P0 out Nozzle exit total pressure
NOZ T0 out Nozzle exit total temperature
NOZ HO out Nozzle exit total enthalpy
NOZ P out Nozzle exit static pressure
NOZ T out Nozzle exit static temperature
NOZ H out Nozzle exit static enthalpy
NOZ S out Nozzle exit entropy
NOZ BLOCK out Nozzle exit aerodynamic blockage, decimal fraction
NOZ DEVIATION ALPHA out - BETAB out
NOZ LossCoeff. Nozzle total pressure loss/(exit total pressure - exit static pressure)
NOZ FlowCoeff Nozzle exit meridional velocity/rotor inlet tip speed
NOZ R out(m,x) Same as NOZ R out(m)

NOZ AREA out(x) Same as NOZ AREA out
NOZ C out (x) Nozzle exit mixed-out absolute velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ CM out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out meridional velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ CT out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out tangential velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ ALPHA out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out absolute flow angle; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ MACH out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out absolute Mach number; no mixing with RTP
solver
NOZ P0 out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out total pressure; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ T0 out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out total temperature; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ H0 out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out total enthalpy; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ P out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out static pressure; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ T out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out static temperature; no mixing with RTP solver
NOZ H out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out static enthalpy; no mixing with RTP solver
NOX S out(x) Nozzle exit mixed-out entropy; no mixing with RTP solver.
NOZ BLOCK out(x) Same as NOZ BLOCK out; aero blockage is preserved with RTP solver
RITAL™ User Guide Nozzle variables 145

Interspace variables
INTSPC R in(h) Interspace inlet hub radius
INTSPC R in(t) Interspace inlet tip radius
INTSPC HEIGHT in Interspace inlet height
INTSPC BLOCK in Interspace inlet aerodynamic blockage; same as nozzle exit blockage
INTSPC SwirlCoeff (Radius x tangential velocity) at rotor inlet/ (radius x tangential velocity)
at nozzle exit.
INTSPC R out(m) Interspace exit radius at RMS location (rotor inlet tip radius)
INTSPC AREA out Annulus area at rotor tip
INTSPC C out Interspace exit absolute velocity
INTSPC CM out Interspace exit meridional velocity
INTSPC CT out Interspace exit absolute tangential velocity
INTSPC ALPHA out Interspace exit absolute flow angle
INTSPC MACH out Interspace exit absolute Mach number
INTSPC P0 out Interspace exit total pressure
INTSPC T0 out Interspace exit total temperature
INTSPC H0 out Interspace exit total enthalpy
INTSPC P out Interspace exit static pressure
INTSPC T out Interspace exit static temperature
INTSPC H out Interspace exit static enthalpy
INTSPC BLOCK out Interspace exit aerodynamic blockage

Rotor variables
ROT R(t) Rotor inlet tip radius
ROT R(h) Rotor inlet hub radius
ROT BETA in Rotor inlet blade angle
ROT HEIGHT in Rotor inlet blade height
Rot AxialLen Rotor axial length
ROT NumBlades Number of rotor blades
ROT THICK TE Rotor blade trailing edge thickness
ROT CL(Axial) Rotor axial clearance
ROT CL(Radial) Rotor radial clearance
ROT U in Rotor inlet tip speed
ROT W in Rotor inlet relative velocity
ROT WT in Rotor inlet relative tangential velocity
ROT BETA in Rotor inlet relative flow angle
ROT MachRel in Rotor inlet relative Mach number
ROT P0rel in Rotor inlet relative total pressure
ROT T0rel in Rotor inlet relative total temperature
ROT H0rel in Rotor inlet relative total enthalpy
ROT R out (m) Rotor exit radius at RMS location
ROT AREA out Rotor exit annulus area
ROT BETAB out Rotor exit relative blade angle at the RMS radius
ROT C out Rotor exit absolute velocity
ROT CM out Rotor exit absolute meridional velocity
ROT CT out Rotor exit absolute tangential velocity
ROT ALPHA out Rotor exit absolute flow angle at RMS radius
ROT MachAbs out Rotor exit absolute Mach number at RMS radius
ROT P0 out Rotor exit absolute total pressure
ROT T0 out Rotor exit absolute total temperature
ROT H0 out Rotor exit absolute total enthalpy
RITAL™ User Guide Rotor variables 147

ROT U out Rotor exit linear speed at RMS radius
ROT W out Rotor exit relative velocity at RMS radius
ROT WT out Rotor exit relative tangential velocity at RMS radius
ROT BETA out Rotor exit relative flow angle at RMS radius
ROT MachRel out Rotor exit relative Mach number at RMS radius
ROT P0rel out Rotor exit relative total pressure at RMS radius
ROT T0rel out Rotor exit relative total temperature at RMS radius
ROT H0rel out Rotor exit relative total enthalpy at RMS radius
ROT P out Rotor exit static pressure at RMS radius
ROT T out Rotor exit static temperature at RMS radius
ROT H out Rotor exit static enthalpy at RMS radius
ROT S out Rotor exit entropy at RMS radius
ROT Optinc Rotor optimum incidence angle
ROT BLOCK in Rotor inlet aerodynamic blockage; same as interspace exit blockage
ROT DEVIATION Rotor exit deviation angle at RMS radius
ROT ZETA Ratio of actual/ideal values of exit relative kinetic energy. Only calculated
in data reduction. Not available with RTP solver.
ROT LCM inc Incidence loss multiplier
ROT LCM passage Passage loss multiplier
ROT LCM CLRrad Radial clearance loss multiplier
ROT LCM CLRAxl Axial clearance loss multiplier
ROT BLOCK out Rotor exit aerodynamic blockage, supplied through diffuser inlet blockage
ROT R out(m,x) Rotor exit radius, same as ROT R out (m)
ROT AREA out(x) Same as ROT AREA out
ROT C out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out absolute velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT CM out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out abs. meridional velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT CT out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out abs. tangential velocity; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT ALPHA out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out absolute flow angle; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT MachAbs out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out absolute Mach number; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT P0 out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out total pressure; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT T0 out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out total temperature; no mixing with RTP solver

ROT H0 out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out total enthalpy; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT P out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out static pressure; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT T out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out static temperature; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT H out(x) Rotor exit mixed out static enthalpy; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT S out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out entropy; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT BLOCK out(x) Rotor exit mixed-out aerodynamic blockage; no mixing with RTP solver
ROT PHI_isentropic Co/U, where U is the rotor inlet tip speed and Co is the velocity attained if
the working fluid were expanded in an ideal nozzle over the total-to-total
expansion ratio as that of the turbine.
ROT PHI in Rotor inlet meridional velocity / rotor inlet tip speed
ROT PHI out Rotor exit meridional velocity / rotor exit linear speed at RMS radius
RITAL™ User Guide Rotor variables 149

Diffuser variables
DIFF R in(h) Diffuser inlet hub radius; same as rotor exit hub radius, not in input
menu
DIFF R in(t) Diffuser inlet tip radius; same as rotor exit tip radius, not in input menu
DIFF BLOCK in Diffuser inlet blockage; also used as rotor exit blockage
DIFF SwirlCoeff (RMS exit radius x diffuser exit tangential velocity) / (RMS inlet radius
x inlet tangential velocity)
DIFF PressureRecovery (Diffuser exit static pressure - inlet static pressure) / (diffuser inlet total
pressure - inlet static pressure)
DIFF LossCoeff (Diffuser inlet total pressure - exit total pressure) / (diffuser inlet total
pressure - inlet static pressure)
DIFF R out(m) Diffuser exit RMS radius
DIFF AREA out Diffuser exit annulus area
DIFF C out Diffuser exit absolute velocity
DIFF CM out Diffuser exit meridional velocity
DIFF CT out Diffuser exit absolute tangential velocity
DIFF ALPHA out Diffuser exit absolute flow angle at RMS radius
DIFF MACH out Diffuser exit absolute Mach number at RMS radius
DIFF P0 out Diffuser exit total pressure at RMS radius
DIFF T0 out Diffuser exit total temperature at RMS radius
DIFF H0 out Diffuser exit total enthalpy at RMS radius
DIFF P out Diffuser exit static pressure at RMS radius
DIFF T out Diffuser exit static temperature at RMS radius
DIFF H out Diffuser exit static enthalpy at RMS radius
DIFF S out Diffuser exit entropy at RMS radius
DIFF BLOCK out Diffuser exit aerodynamic blockage

Efficiency variables
Diffuser Description
EFF Stage TT Real Stage total-to-total adiabatic efficiency based on real gas
properties
EFF Stage TS Real Stage total-to-static adiabatic efficiency based on real gas
properties
EFF Stage TT CpAvg Stage total-to total adiabatic efficiency based on inlet/exit
averaged value of Cp.
EFF Stage TS CpAvg Stage total-to-static adiabatic efficiency based on inlet/exit
averaged value of Cp.
EFF Stage TT ideal Stage total-to-total adiabatic efficiency based on an ideal gas
with constant specific heat ratio
EFF Stage TS ideal Stage total-to-static adiabatic efficiency based on an ideal gas
EFF Stage TT PolyIdeal Stage total-to-total polytropic efficiency based on an ideal gas
EFF Stage TS PolyIdeal Stage total-to-static polytropic efficiency based on an ideal gas
EFF Stage TT PolyReal Stage total-to-total polytropic efficiency based on real gas
properties
EFF Stage TS PolyReal Stage total-to-static polytropic efficiency based on real gas
properties
EFF Rotor T-T Efficiency Rotor total-to-total adiabatic efficiency
EFF Decrement Volute Efficiency loss caused by the volute
EFF Decrement Nozzle Efficiency loss caused by the nozzle
EFF Decrement Interspace Efficiency loss caused by the interspace
EFF Decrement Diffuser Efficiency loss caused by the diffuser
EFF Decrement Rotor total Efficiency loss caused by all rotor loss sources
EFF Decrement Rotor incidence Rotor efficiency loss due to incidence angle
EFF Decrement Rotor passage Rotor efficiency loss due to passage loss
EFF Decrement Rotor clearance Rotor efficiency loss due to blade clearance loss
EFF Decrement Rotor windage Rotor efficiency loss due to disk windage loss
EFF Decrement Rotor t.e. Rotor efficiency loss due to blade trailing edge loss
EFF Decrement ExitKin Rotor TS efficiency loss due to rotor exit kinetic energy at
RMS radius
RITAL™ User Guide Efficiency variables 151

Head variables
HEAD T-T isentropic Where H0s-exit=isentropic total enthalpy at exit,

H o, inlet – H 0s, exit
----------------------------------------------
g
HEAD T-S isentropic Where Hs-exit = isentropic static enthalpy at exit,
H 0, inlet – H s, exit
---------------------------------------------
g
H 0, inlet – H 0s, exit

HEAD Coefficient T-T, isentropic ------------------------------------------------
2
-
U
H 0, inlet – H s, exit
HEAD Coefficient T-S, isentropic ---------------------------------------------
2
-
U
HEAD T-T, polytropic Total-to-total polytropic head
HEAD T-S, polytropic Total-to-static polytropic head
HEAD coefficient, T-T polytropic Total-to-total polytropic head coefficient
HEAD coefficient T-S, polytropic Total-to-static polytropic head coefficient
HEAD T-T actual Actual T-T polytropic head; isentropic T-T head × polytropic
T-T efficiency based on real properties
HEAD T-S actual Actual T-S polytropic head; isentropic T-S head × polytropic
T-S efficiency based on real properties
HEAD coefficient T-T actual Actual total-to-total polytropic head/U2, where U is the rotor
tip speed
HEAD coefficient T-S actual Actual total-to-static polytropic head/U2, where U is the rotor
tip speed

Stage miscellaneous variables
MISC Specific Speed Non-dimensional definition of specific speed based on actual total
work
MISC Specific Work Power / mass flow rate
MISC QuasiMassFlow Corrected flow rate; flow rate x (sqrt T0)/P0
MISC QuasiVelocityRatio U rotor inlet / sqrt {2*(H0in -H0out,isentropic)}
RITAL™ User Guide Stage miscellaneous variables 153

Appendix B: Figures
Radial turbine cross-section 156
Radial turbine volute 157
Nozzle dimensions 158
Rotor and diffuser dimensions 159

Radial turbine cross-section
The following diagram illustrate the dimensions of the volute, nozzle, rotor, and other
sections of radial turbines.
156 Appendix B: Figures Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Radial turbine volute
RITAL™ User Guide Radial turbine volute 157

Nozzle dimensions
158 Appendix B: Figures Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Rotor and diffuser dimensions
RITAL™ User Guide Rotor and diffuser dimensions 159

Appendix C: Preliminary Sizing Algorithm
Overview: Preliminary Sizing algorithm 162
Preliminary Sizing default settings 166
Sizing components 167

Overview: Preliminary Sizing algorithm
The Preliminary Sizing feature in RITAL provides you with the capability to set preliminary
geometry of a radial inflow turbine stage based on limited input of some basic operating
conditions, such as power, mass rate, and inlet and exit pressure.
To learn to create a new design using Preliminary Sizing, see “Creating new designs using
Preliminary Sizing” on page 37.
This feature provides the following options:
 Station-numbering scheme
 Evaluation of two design approaches: ( N s , υ ) vs.( φ, ψ)
 Estimating rotor rotational speed
 Estimating rotor tip speed
 Operating condition parameters
Station-number scheme
The following station-numbering scheme is used for the Preliminary Sizing feature (as
referenced in the Axial and Radial Turbines textbook published by Concepts NREC, LLC)
0 Scroll inlet
1 Scroll exit
2 Nozzle throat
3 Nozzle exit
4 Rotor inlet
5 Rotor throat
6 Rotor exit
7 Diffuser exit
Evaluation of two design approaches

The two design approaches that were evaluated for the Preliminary Sizing function were the
Ritdap approach and the design approach taken from the textbook Axial and Radial Turbines.
Ritdap approach Based on the optimum specific speed (N s ) and the blade-to-jet speed
ratio ( υ).
Axial and Radial Turbines Based on the optimum flow coefficient ( φ) and loading coefficient
textbook approach (ψ ).
The definition of specific speed adopted by Ritdap is as follows:

2π × N × Q (1)
N s = ---------------------------------6-
60 × Δh 0s
162 Appendix C: Preliminary Sizing Algorithm Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Where Q 6 is the volume flow rate at rotor exit, and Δ h 0s is the isentropic total-to-static
enthalpy drop from rotor inlet to exit. The blade-to-jet speed ratio is defined as
υ = U 4 ⁄ C j = U 4 ⁄ 2Δh 0s (2)
where U 4 is the rotational speed at rotor inlet.

In the Turbine textbook, the flow coefficient is defined as the ratio of rotor exit meridional
velocity ( C m6 ) to the rotor inlet rotational velocity ( U 4).
φ = C m6 ⁄ U 4 (3)
The loading coefficient is conventionally defined as

2
ψ = Δh 0 ⁄ U 4 (4)
where Δh 0 is the actual enthalpy change and is related with isentropic enthalpy change,
Δh 0s , through the total-to-static efficiency ( η ts).
Δh 0 = η ts Δh 0s (5)
By combining equations (2), (4), and (5), we can easily obtain a relationship between the
loading coefficient and the blade-to-jet speed ratio.
2 (6a)
ψ = η ts ⁄ ( 2v )
1⁄2 (6b)
υ = { η ts ⁄ ( 2ψ ) }
Now the rotor exit volumetric flow can be expressed as
Q 6 = C m6 A 6 = ψU 4 π  r 6s
2 2
– r 6h (7)
 
where A 6, r 6s and r 6h are the rotor exit area, shroud radius and hub radius, respectively.
RITAL™ User Guide Overview: Preliminary Sizing algorithm 163

Combining equations (1), (4), (5), and (7), a relationship can be established between the
specific speed, the flow coefficient, and the loading coefficient.
N s2 (8a)
φ = ------------------------------------
3
-
( 2v ) π × SP 2
1⁄2 (8b)
( πφ )
N s = ---------------------------
- × SP
( ψ ⁄ η ts ) 3 ⁄ 4
(8c)
 r6s  r6h
2 2
SP = -------
r  - – -------
 r  -
 4  4
where SP is a shape factor reflects the rotor inlet/exit geometry. Once this parameter is
fixed, one-to-one correspondence can be established between ( φ, ψ ) and ( N s, υ ) through
equations (6) and (8). For optimum design, if we set (as Ritdap recommended) N s = 0.6,
υ = 0.7 , r 6s ⁄ r 4 = 0.8, r 6h ⁄ r 4 = 0.3 , η ts = 0.9 , from equation (6a) and (8a) we can obtain
that φ = 0.215 , ψ = 0.918, which is consistent with what the Turbine book recommended.
To summarize, there is little difference between these two approaches. Since you can
calculate one pair of parameters from another, all the four parameters are available for this
feature.
Estimating rotor rotational speed

If the RPM is a free design parameter, it can be calculated from the speed specified by you.
30N s Δh 0s3 ⁄ 4 (9)

N = --------------------------------
π Q6
The isentropic enthalpy change, Δh 0s, can be either calculated through the inlet/exit pressure
or the efficiency and the actual enthalpy change, depending on the input option. The
calculation of rotor exit volume flow rate is now an easy matter since the flow coefficient is
known.
Estimating rotor tip speed

U 4 = υ 2Δh 0s (10)
The rotor tip speed can be calculated from equation (10) with a blade-to-jet speed ratio
specified by you. If this is limited by the stress consideration, you can specify the rotor tip
speed and the loading coefficient; otherwise, the blade-to-jet speed ratio will be ignored.

Operating condition parameters
Depending on the application, three parameters must be specified to start the Preliminary
Sizing. The Preliminary Sizing option provides four parameters to choose from:
A. Inlet total pressure

– or –
B. Exit static pressure

Since both power and mass flow are known in this case, the actual enthalpy change can be
easily calculated. With a specified loading coefficient, U 4 can be calculated from equation
(4). The unknown pressure can be calculated from an assumed efficiency.
C. Power
Δh 0s = h 00 – h ( p 6, s 0 ) (11)
The isentropic enthalpy change can be calculated from equation (11) where h0s is the inlet
entropy, h 00 is the inlet total enthalpy, and p 6 is the static pressure at rotor exit. Then U 4 can
be calculated from equation (10).
D. Mass flow
Similar to the Exit static pressure, U 4 can be calculated from equation (10). The mass flow
can then be calculated with the known power and efficiency as follows:
P
m = -------------------
η ts Δh 0s
RITAL™ User Guide Overview: Preliminary Sizing algorithm 165

Preliminary Sizing default settings
The default parameters that are used in the Preliminary Sizing calculation are summarized in
the following table.
Variable Default Value Definition
φ 0.25 Optimum flow coefficient
ψ 0.9 Optimum loading coefficient
ξ 1.0 Rotor meridional velocity ratio
Cθ6 0 Rotor exit swirl
δ6 5 Rotor deviation angle
r4h/r3 0.3 Ratio of rotor exit hub radius to rotor inlet radius
r1/r2 1.25 Ratio of nozzle inlet radius to nozzle exit radius
r7h 0 Diffuser exit hub radius
A5/A4 1.5 Area ratio of diffuser exit to inlet
DivAng 4.5 Diffuser divergence angle

Sizing components
Once the dimension of the rotor inlet radius is calculated, the rest of the geometry can be
determined for the preliminary calculation by using the following schemes:
1 Rotor Inlet
Assuming a rotor meridional velocity ratio ξ and also that the rotor exit swirl is zero,
the velocity triangle at rotor inlet can be established. The rotor inlet angle can thus be
set with a specified incidence. Finally through the mass conservation, the blade inlet
width can be determined.
2 Rotor Exit
With the flow coefficient and the assumption of zero exit swirl, the rotor exit flow area,
thus the hub tip radius, can be calculated. The blade angle can also be calculated with an
assumed deviation angle. The axial length to inlet tip ratio is set as the following:
AxLen/r 4 = 0.6 if r 6s /r 4 > 0.7
AxLen/r 4 = 0.4 if r 6s /r 4 > 0.4
and linear interpolation for the between values. The blade thickness is assumed to be 2%
of tip radius. Clearance set at 1% of the inlet blade height.
3 Nozzle Exit
The nozzle exit radius to rotor inlet radius ratio is set at 1.05. The velocity triangle can
be determined from the mass conservation and angular momentum conservation from the
rotor inlet. Blade angle is set assuming two-degree deviation angle.
4 Nozzle Inlet
The nozzle exit to nozzle inlet radius ratio is set at 1.25. The nozzle inlet blade angle is
set to zero or calculated assuming a straight blade.
5 Volute Throat
The volute throat radius location and the throat area are calculated from the following
two equations:
A 0 ⁄ r 0 = ( A 1 ⁄ r 1 ) ⁄ tan ( α 1 )
1⁄2
r0 = r1 + ( A0 ⁄ π ) + clearance
where clearance is the set as 1% of r 4 for a nozzled turbine and 5% for nozzleless
turbine.
6 Diffuser Exit
The default diffuser is assumed to have an area ratio (AR) of 1.5 and the divergence
angle (DivAng) of 4.5 degrees with no center body r 7h = 0 . The shroud radius ( r 7s ) and
the axial length (AxLen_Dif) of the diffuser can easily be calculated.
A 7 = AR∗ A 6
1⁄2
R 7s =  A 7 ⁄ π + r2 
 7h
AxLen_Dif = ( r 7s – r 6s ) /tan(DivAng)
RITAL™ User Guide Sizing components 167

Appendix D: Fluid Properties
Fluid properties 170
Fluid models 172
Mollier table model 173
List of fluids supported by DBR 176

Fluid properties
The following types of fluids can be selected in RITAL, either in the wizard dialog box when
you are working in Design mode, or in the Modes tab of the General dialog box. Some fluid
parameters can also be specified in the Inlet Conditions dialog box.
Type of fluid Property calculation method
Customer Mollier Table Property values that are read from a customer-supplied Mollier table.
For more information on the Mollier Table, see the Mollier Table
Model on page 173.
DBR real fluid Fluid properties calculated from the DBR fluid property library.
The DBR options are not available in the basic RITAL package. These
options use routines from DB Robinson and include many
hydrocarbons and refrigerants.
Fast DBR real fluid Fluid properties calculated from the DBR fluid property library. Fast
DBR explicitly assumes single-phase fluid.
Fast DBR is based on the original DBR library but is customized for
single-phase gas calculation. The calculation is a little faster, but is not
as robust when the iteration crosses a phase-change boundary. For this
reason, calculation with the full DBR real fluid library is
recommended.
Ideal gas (K is constant) K is constant. All the properties are calculated using ideal gas law.
Ideal liquid Allows you to specify the approximate ideal characteristics of a fluid.
New semi-perfect air Specific heat (Cp) is calculated from a polynomial function of
temperature (T). The ideal gas density is used, i.e. no change in
compressibility is assumed. Other thermodynamic properties are
obtained by integrating the Cp-T relationship.
NIST 7.2 Real Fluid The NIST options use a database published by NIST (National Institute
of Standards and Technology) to calculate the fluid and thermodynamic
properties of the fluid. The NIST 7.2 calculation is based on Refprop
7.2.
NIST 8.0 Real Fluid The NIST 8.0 calculation is based on Refprop 80. NIST 8.0 contains 84
pure fluids, 5 PPF, and 20 mixed fluids.
NIST 9.0 Real Fluid The NIST 9.0 calculation is based on Refprop 9.1. NIST 9.1 contains
121 pure fluids, 5 pseudo-pure fluids, and mixtures with up to 20
components.
Old semi-perfect air This is less accurate than the New semi-perfect air model and is only
retained for legacy reasons. The New semi-perfect air model is
recommended for new projects.
Pentane Fluid properties calculated using property tables.
170 Appendix D: Fluid Properties Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Specific Heat Polynomial coefficient for specific heat (Cp) as a function of
Polynomial temperature (T). Specify this value using the Enter Power Law
Equation dialog box.
Steam ASME Steam table.
Two-point real gas Specific heat ratio, compressibility, viscosity calculated from supplied
polynomials of temperature.
User-supplied real fluid Fluid properties calculated from a user supplied GASP64.dll file.
Water Polynomial liquid.
RITAL™ User Guide Fluid properties 171

Fluid models
The following fluid models appear in the list of the Fluid Model dialog box.
For a complete list of fluid model parameters, consult the Rital program F1 Help.
Fluid Fluid property and external file format Availability
ASME Steam ASME Steam table
GASP/DBR Real Fluid For a description of this fluid model, see“Fluid properties” on User-Defined, CO2
page 170.
Requires purchase.
Ideal Gas (K is constant) For a description of this fluid model, see “Fluid properties” on All fluid names
page 170 except Mixture.
Incompressible Flui Use an incompressible fluid (saved in the *.inc format). User-Defined,
Steam/Water
NIST Real Fluid (7/8/9.1) For a description of this fluid model, see “Fluid properties” on
page 170.
Semi-perfect air Specific heat (Cp) calculated from a polynomial equation. Air
Density calculated using ideal gas law. Enthalpy (h) and entropy
(s) calculated using integrals, taking Cp as a function of
temperature (T).
The properties for Semi-perfect air are recommended for use in

all new projects where the semi-perfect gas model is appropriate.
This option replaces the New/Old Semi-perfect air properties
that have been retained for compatibility with projects that were
done prior to the introduction of the new properties. The new
model provides a more accurate representation of air properties,
particularly at high temperatures.
PRCE Model This option is the Peng-Robinson Cubic Equation fluid All fluid names
formulation as detailed in "A New Two-Constant Equation of except Mixture.
State". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: Fundamentals.
(1976) Requires purchase.
This model captures phase changes in fluids.
Specific Heat Polynomial Polynomial coefficient for specific heat (Cp) as a function of All except Mixture
temperature (T). and Steam/Water
For the polynomial fluid, specify the pressure and temperature

values and the Number of Coefficients and Cp0 using the table.
The polynomial coefficient is for specific heat (Cp) as a function

of temperature (T).
(The file format is *.spr.)
Water Polynomial liquid. Steam/Water

Mollier table model
You can choose to use your own Mollier table real gas file in RITAL to specify a working
fluid with arbitrary thermodynamic properties.
This option is available from the Fluid Properties drop-down list in the Modes tab of the
General dialog box. When you select this option, an Open dialog box appears, allowing you
to select the Mollier table (*.MLR) file.
To create the file, use a text editor application, such as Notepad or WordPad, or a spreadsheet
such as Excel, and save the file in ASCII format, specifying the *.MLR file extension.
The only restriction is that the working fluid must be in the vapor phase. Therefore, you can
simulate fluid that consists of either a single constituent or a mixture. For a mixture,
however, the mixture properties are to be supplied in a single table.
The Mollier table consists of the variables in the table below, which can be expressed as
either Metric or English units.
Quantity Symbol Units(English) Units (Metric)
Pressure P psi Pascal
Absolute Temperature T Rankine Kelvin
Specific Volume V ft3/lbm m3/kg
Specific Enthalpy H Btu/lbm kW/kg
Specific Entropy S Btu/lbm-R kW/kg-K
Const. Press. Specific Heat Cp Btu/lbm-R kW/kg-K
Speed of Sound a ft./sec m/sec
To specify Metric units in your file, you must change the first line of your MLR file to the
following: 0, Air.
To specify English units, change the same line to the following: 1, Air.
At least two temperature points must be specified for each pressure; however, you should
supply enough points so that the linear interpolation procedure used to obtain properties at
any given point does not introduce unacceptable errors.
The isobars along which the other data are specified need not be uniformly spaced. The
temperature points need not be uniformly spaced either, but the temperatures at
corresponding points on each isobar should be the same.
A table for Air that is suitable to use with a turbine case, is available for you to view in
RITAL. This sample file is called air.mlr and resides in your \\Program
Files\Concepts\RITAL\Work directory.
RITAL™ User Guide Mollier table model 173

A few lines from the air.mlr file are show below. As shown, the data are entered as comma
delimited variables. The first line of the table identifies the gas. The first entry on the second
line is the number of pressure levels in the table. The second entry is the number of
temperatures for which data are entered on each isobar. The four lines of data that follow
give thermodynamic data on a 5 psi isobar for temperatures of 400, 410, 420, and 430 degrees
R.
Air
51,51,,,,,
5,400,29.64,95.91858,1.55312,0.2398,980.381
5,410,30.381,98.31654,1.55904,0.2398,992.56
5,420,31.122,100.7145,1.56482,0.2398,1004.592
5,430,31.863,103.1125,1.57047,0.2398,1016.481
To avoid extrapolation (which may lead to serious errors) the pressures and temperatures of
the tables should span the entire range of conditions within the turbine. It may also be
necessary to enlarge the table to encompass the range of conditions encountered during
transient calculations. If sufficient data are not available, the table may be expanded using
perfect gas relationships, as described below for two phase flow.
Adjustments to the Mollier table if two phases are present

For some fluids and applications (such as a refrigerant compressor), a portion of the Mollier
table in the pressure and temperature range of interest may fall in the liquid phase.
RITAL makes the assumption that the fluid exists entirely in the vapor phase. A result of this
is that crossing the saturation line (even in a transient manner when iterating on a solution)
could well lead to difficulties with the numerical procedures in the thermodynamic properties
routines. (One cause of this is that certain combinations of thermodynamic quantities may
not correspond to a single-phase state point).
Therefore, you should replace the properties at any points falling in the liquid phase with
what can be referred to as “pseudo-vapor phase” values that keep a fairly smooth variation
of thermodynamic properties in this part of the table.
It is emphasized that the properties in this “pseudo-vapor phase” are fictitious and are not to
be used as converged state points in any of the calculations. Its only purpose is to keep the
numerical routines stable should this region be encountered in the course of numerical
iteration. Once a steady-state solution is found, it is important to examine the solution to
ensure that the state properties are all within the vapor phase of the Mollier table.
A suggested method for constructing this pseudo-vapor region is to use relationships based
on the perfect gas laws, where one relates the properties to those at some reference state.
Since the thermodynamic properties are tabulated along isobars, it is useful to relate the
properties to a “reference” state point at the pressure of interest. Denoting the temperature
at the reference state as T Reƒ, and the specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat, and
speed of sound at the reference state as V Reƒ , H Reƒ , S Reƒ, Cp Reƒ , and a Reƒ, respectively, you
can use the following formulas to obtain pseudo-vapor quantities at other points:
T
Specific Volume: V = V Ref --------
T Ref
Specific Enthalpy: H = H Ref + c p,Ref ( T – T Ref )

T -
Specific Entropy: S = S Ref + c p, Ref 1n  ---------
T 
Ref

Constant Pressure Specific Heat: c p = c p, Ref
T-
Speed of Sound: a = aRef ---------
T Ref
In order to keep the distributions of the properties smooth, it is desirable to choose the
reference state (that is the quantity T Reƒ) on each isobar to be a point in the vapor phase which
is as near as possible to saturation conditions at that pressure. As a practical matter it will
usually suffice to take this to be the first temperature point closest to saturation that
corresponds to an actual point in the vapor state.
Care must be taken, however, to maintain a smooth set of contours in the extrapolated region
of the Mollier table. That is, it may be necessary to adjust the reference properties such that
the dependent thermodynamic variables remain smooth functions of temperature and
pressure. Otherwise, “reverse” look-ups (for example, finding pressure from temperature and
enthalpy) may be dual-valued and cause serious problems with the interpolation algorithms.
RITAL™ User Guide Mollier table model 175

List of fluids supported by DBR
Refrigerants supported in DBR
1 R11
2 R12
3 R13
4 R13B1
5 R21
6 R22
7 R23
8 R113
9 R114
10 R115
11 R123
12 R124
13 R125
14 R134
15 R134A
16 R141B
17 R142B
18 R143
19 R143A
20 R152A
21 R218
22 R290
23 RC270
24 RC318
25 E134
26 C5112

Hydrocarbons supported in DBR
1 Methane (CH4)
2 Ethane (C2H6)
3 Propane (C3H8)
4 Isobutane (IBUT)
5 N-Butane (BUTA)
6 Isopentane (IPEN)
7 N-Pentane (PENT)
8 N-Hexane (HEXA)
9 N-Heptane (HEPT)
10 N-Octane (OCTA)
11 N-Octane (NONA)
12 N-Decane (DECA)
13 Nitrogen (N2)
14 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
15 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
16 Toluene (C7H8)
17 Benzene (C6H6)
18 Cyclohexane (CYH)
19 Water (WATR)
20 Hydrogen (H2)
21 Carbon Monoxide (C0)
22 Ammonia (NH3)
23 Methyl Alcohol (MALC)
24 Helium (HE)
25 Bitu
26 MEG
27 DEG
28 TEG
29 Undecane (UNDE)
30 DODE
RITAL™ User Guide List of fluids supported by DBR 177

31 Ethyl Alcohol (EALC)
32 Neopentane (NPEN)
33 2-Methylpentane (2MEP)
34 3-Methylpentane (3MEP)
35 C6P, Neohexane (NEOH)
36 2,3-Dimethylbutane (2DMB)
37 2-Methylhexane (2MHX)
38 3-Methylhexane (3MHX)
39 3-Ethylpentane (3EPN)
40 2,2-Dimethylpentane (2DMP)
41 2,4-Dimethylpentane (24DM)
42 3,3-Dimethylpentane (3DMP)
43 C7P Triptane (TRIP)
44 Diisobutyl (DIB)
45 Isooctane (IOCT)
46 Cyclopentane (CYP)
47 Methylcyclopentane (MCYP)
48 Methylcyclohexane (MCYH)
49 Ethene (C2H4)
50 Propene (C3H6)
51 1-Butene (1BUE)
52 Cis-2-Butene (C2BN)
53 Trans-2-Butene (T2BN)
54 Isobutene (2MNP)
55 1-Pentene (1PNE)
56 1,2-Butadiene (12BU)
57 1,3-Butadiene (C4H6)
58 Isoprene (IPRE)
59 Propadiene (PRPD)
60 Acetylene (C2H2)
61 Propyne (PRPY)

62 1-Butyne (1BYN)
63 2-Butyne (2BYN)
64 Ethylbenzene (EBEN)
65 O-Xylene (OXYL)
66 M-Xylene (MXYL)
67 P-Xylene (PXYL)
68 Styrene (STYR)
69 Isopropylbenzene (IPRB)
70 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
71 Air
72 Oxygen (O2)
73 Chlorine (CL)
74 Hydrogen Chloride (HCL)
75 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
76 Nitrogen Peroxide (NO2)
77 Nitric Oxide (NO)
78 Argon (A)
79 Diphenyl (BINL)
RITAL™ User Guide List of fluids supported by DBR 179

Software Products License
1. ACCEPTANCE OF SOFTWARE AS ACCEPTANCE OF LICENSE
Acceptance of Software by you (the “Licensee”), as indicated by express acceptance, by
physical acceptance, by downloading, and/or use of the Software, is acceptance of the
license herein granted and of its terms and conditions. If you do not agree with the terms
of this Software Products License Agreement, promptly return, unopened, all Software
to Licensor for a refund of the price paid.
2. GRANT OF LICENSE
Upon acceptance of the Software by the Licensee and payment of the licensing fees to
the Licensor, the Licensor grants to the Licensee a license for in-house use on desig-
nated equipment of all Software specified in the Licensor’s License Quotation Docu-
ment (Licensor’s Quotation [or Proposal or Order Acknowledgement] Document)
(“LQD”) with any and all site, geographic, equipment, and/or use restrictions noted in
the Order Acknowledgment that you have received/will receive from the Licensor. The
license is solely for the design, analysis, and/or manufacture of the Licensee’s current or
future turbomachinery products, and to reproduce Software only as reasonably necessary
to support the authorized use. The Software, Software revisions, and any documentation
furnished to the Licensee are proprietary to the Licensor. The Licensee agrees that it can
obtain only a license to use the Software in accordance with all of the terms and condi-
tions herein.
3. INTERNAL USE
Licensee shall use the Software only for its own internal business purposes and shall
not, without the prior written approval of Licensor, either allow any third party to obtain
or to have access to the Software in any form or allow any use of the Software for the
benefit of any third party. “In-house users” are those users of the Software whose
personal services are paid for by the Licensee.
4. NUMBER OF USERS
Unless otherwise stated in an LQD expressly agreed to by the Licensor, Licensee has
obtained a single license for the licensed Software that grants to the Licensee the right
for only one person to access the licensed Software at any given time. However, the
licensed Software may be accessible from more than one computer. A license file or
security key may be provided that must be used to ensure only the agreed upon use of
the licensed Software.
5. TYPES OF LICENSES GRANTED
Licensor grants limited types of Software licenses. Which type the Licensee has chosen
is determined from the LQD, including a comparison of the Licensor’s current standard
rates with the license fees paid, tendered, or acknowledged by the Licensee. In no case
is a license granted for use of the Software in a US Department of Commerce Restricted
Country, however designated, or for use by a person or other entity that is on any US
government restricted or barred list, however designated. The types of licenses are:
a. Fixed-Node. Defined as a license to access the Software, one user at a time, on a pre-
designated computer (CPU).
b. Area Floating. Defined as a license for the number of simultaneous users as specified
in the LQD to access the Software, from sites separated from a primary site by no
more than one hundred (100) straight-line map miles (161 straight-line map
kilometers).
c. Site. Defined as a license for the number of simultaneous users as specified in the
LQD to access the Software from a single building or campus of buildings.
d. North America Floating. Defined as a license for the number of simultaneous users
as specified in the LQD to access the Software, from any location in North America
(to include the Caribbean Islands except Cuba).
e. European Union Floating. Defined as a license for the number of simultaneous users
as specified in the LQD to access the Software, from any location in the European
Union (to include the United Kingdom).
f. Global Floating. Defined as a license for the number of simultaneous users as
specified in the LQD to access the Software, from any location not in a country on
a United States Department of Commerce restricted countries list by whatever name
it takes.
g. Global. Defined as a license for multiple simultaneous user access from any
locations not in a country on a United States Department of Commerce restricted
countries list by whatever name it takes. To be effective a Global license must by
signed by Licensor’s Chief Executive Officer.
6. EXPORT AND RE-EXPORT FORMALITIES
United States export laws and regulations, as well as other laws and regulations of the
United States or other countries, may place restrictions upon the geographic area of use,
upon the end use, or upon the end user of the licensed Software. Licensee agrees that it
has the responsibility to determine and to comply with all such laws and regulations,
especially whenever there is a change in locations of access, in users, or in uses of the
licensed Software.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
a. Licensee acknowledges that Licensor holds all right, title, and interest in and to all
tangible and intangible incidents of the Software, including all Trade Secrets and
Copyrights pertaining thereto, and that the Agreement conveys to Licensee only a
limited right to use the Software. Such right to use is fully revocable hereunder by
Licensor. Licensee agrees that, except for such right of use, it shall not assert any
right, title, or interest in or to the Software or Documentation.
b. Licensee acknowledges that the Software constitute commercially valuable,
proprietary, confidential products of Licensor, the design and development of which
reflect a considerable effort on the part of skilled development professionals and the
investment of considerable time and money. Licensee further acknowledges that the
Software contain substantial Trade Secrets of Licensor, which have been entrusted
to Licensee for use only as expressly authorized under this Agreement. As used
herein, Trade Secrets entail any scientific or technical information, design, process,
procedure, formula, or improvement that is commercially valuable and secret (in the
sense that its confidentiality affords Licensor a competitive advantage). Trade
Secrets include, without limitation, the source code, system design and
specifications, programming sequences, algorithms, flow charts, and formats
pertaining to the Software. Trade Secrets do not include, however, any data or
information that is generally known to the public, that (1) has been or is disclosed
to Licensee as a matter of right and without restriction by a third party who has
lawfully obtained such data or information; (2) is independently developed by
Licensee without reliance in any way on the Software or Documentation; or (3) is
182 Software Products License Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.
approved in writing by Licensor for unrestricted publication by Licensor. If required
by order of a government authority within its powers, Licensee may disclose to such
authority data, information, or materials pertaining to or involving the Software to
the extent required by such order, provided that Licensee shall first have used its
best efforts to obtain a protective order reasonably satisfactory to Licensor sufficient
to maintain the confidentiality of such data, information, or materials and shall
promptly notify Licensor of any such order or anticipated order.
c. Licensee acknowledges Licensor’s rights and benefits afforded under U.S. copyright
law and all international copyright conventions in all Software as restricted,
unpublished works. The Licensee agrees not to release it outside of the purchasing
organization without prior written approval from the Licensor. The Licensee is not
authorized to make copies of the Software without prior written approval from the
Licensor except that the Licensee may make one copy for archival or backup
purposes only. All applicable rights in patents, copyrights, trademarks, service
marks, and trade secrets in the Software, Software revisions and documentation are
and will remain the property of the Licensor.
8. PROTECTION OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AND PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
a. Licensee shall devote its best efforts, consistent with the practices and procedures
under which it protects its own most valuable proprietary information and materials,
to protect the Software against any unauthorized or unlawful use, disclosure,
dissemination, or copying. No license or permission is given for the reproduction of
Software by any means. Extra copies of Documentation may be purchased from
Licensor at any time.
b. Licensee shall not, at any time, disclose or disseminate the Software or
Documentation, or the Trade Secrets and confidential information embodied therein,
whether in whole or in part, to any employee, consultant, contractor, or other person
who (1) does not have need to know and to obtain access thereto in order to give
effect to the rights granted to Licensee under this Agreement or (2) is not legally
bound by written agreement with the Licensee to maintain the proprietary and
confidential nature of such materials and to limit use and copying thereof and access
thereto as required by the terms of this Agreement. Licensee shall take appropriate
action, by instruction, agreement, and otherwise, with any persons authorized to
have access to the Software, so as to enable Licensee to fulfill the foregoing
obligations.
c. Under no circumstances may Licensee decompile, reverse engineer, or disassemble
the Software.
9. PROPRIETARY LEGENDS
Licensee shall reproduce and include in all authorized (backup) copies of the Software
and Documentation all proprietary notices or legends of Licensor including, without
limitation, all such notices or legends referring to Licensor’s reservation or assertion of
rights under U.S. copyright laws and international copyright conventions as they now
appear, or as Licensor may in the future furnish to Licensee, on the Software and on the
media and packaging containing the Software.
10. RETURN OF MATERIALS UPON TERMINATION
Within 60 days after termination of this Agreement in any way or upon Licensee’s
permanent cessation of use of the Software, Licensee shall return to Licensor all copies
of the Software. Licensee shall destroy all extracts, adaptations, and transcriptions of
the Software and cease all further use or production thereof. Licensee shall send a
written statement to Licensor that it has complied with the foregoing obligation, which
statement shall be certified as complete, current, and accurate by the authorized repre-
RITAL™ User Guide Software Products License 183

sentative of the Licensee charged with general responsibility for the operation of the
Software.
11. MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS
Licensee shall maintain complete, current, and accurate record of the number and loca-
tion of all copies of the Software (including all extracts, adaptations, or transcriptions
thereof) and, upon request by Licensor, make such records available for review by
Licensor representatives.
12. RIGHT OF ENTRY AND INSPECTION
Licensor may enter the premises of Licensee, on 24 hours’ notice, during regular busi-
ness hours and in the least disruptive manner possible, for the purpose of inspecting the
placement and use of the Software and the standard procedures of Licensee regarding
retention, safekeeping, and disposal of all media and materials pertaining thereto. At
that time, Licensor may question employees of Licensee in proximity to the Software
about Licensee’s compliance with the procedures required in the Agreement.
13. COMPLIANCE WITH LAW
a. Licensor. The Licensor shall comply with applicable laws and regulations in effect
at the latter of the Licensor’s quotation or order fulfillment, as they may apply to the
Software.
b. Licensee. Compliance with any local government laws or regulations relating to the
use of the Software, shall be the sole responsibility of the Licensee.
After delivery of the Software to the Licensee, the Licensee shall have sole and
complete responsibility for complying with all laws and regulations of all countries
regarding the use of the Software. In particular, if this License permits floating use
of the Software among employees of the Licensee, the Licensee shall have sole and
complete responsibility for compliance with all laws and regulations relating to
export or re-export or confidentiality of the Software.
14. TITLE AND RISK OF LOSS
Title and risk of loss to the Software shall pass to the Licensee upon tender of delivery
“F.O.B. the Licensor’s facility” unless otherwise agreed upon in writing by the parties,
except that a security interest in the Software will remain in the Licensor, regardless of
mode of attachment to realty or other property until full payment has been made there-
fore. Licensee agrees upon request to do all things and acts necessary to perfect and
maintain said security interest and shall protect Licensor’s interest by adequately
insuring the Equipment against loss or damage from any cause wherein the Licensor
shall be named as an additional insured.
15. ASSIGNMENT AND DELEGATION
Licensee may not assign or transfer any of its rights in, or delegate any performance
under, this contract without the prior written consent of the Licensor. The Licensor
however may assign or transfer, without the consent of the Licensee, the Licensor’s right
to receive all or any portion of the payment due from the Licensee under this contract.
The Licensor may assign or transfer the entire contract in a transaction that transfers
substantially the entirety of the Licensor’s business in the Software being licensed.
16. SURVIVAL OF OBLIGATIONS
Licensee’s obligations of confidentiality, non-disclosure, and non-infringement shall
survive the termination of the Agreement and remain in effect for so long as Licensor is
entitled to protection of its rights in the Software under applicable law.
17. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

Licensee acknowledges that, in the event of a breach by Licensee of any of the provi-
sions hereof, Licensor will not have an adequate remedy in money or damages. Licensor
shall therefore be entitled to obtain injunctive relief against Licensee in any court of
competent jurisdiction in the event of any such breach. Licensor’s rights hereunder shall
not in any way be construed to limit or restrict its right to seek or obtain other damages
or relief under this Agreement or under applicable law.
18. U.S. GOVERNMENT AS LICENSEE
The Software is only provided with “Restricted Rights.” Use duplication, or disclosure
by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the
Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 or
subparagraphs (c)(1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software – Restricted Rights
at 48 CFR 52.227-19, as applicable. Manufacturer is Concepts NREC, LLC, 217 Billings
Farm Road, White River Junction, VT 05001, USA.
19. LIMITED WARRANTY
Licensor warrants that the Software will substantially conform to published specifica-
tions and to the documentation, provided that it is used on computer hardware and with
the operating system for which it was designed. Licensor further warrants that the media
on which the Software is distributed, and the Software security keys necessary to use the
Software, are free from defects in materials and workmanship. Licensor will replace
defective media or security keys at no charge, provided that the items are returned to
Licensor within 60 days of date of delivery. Licensor will also replace, at the Licensee’s
cost on a time and materials basis, security keys damaged due to the Licensee’s misuse.
Replacement keys will not be issued in any case until the original keys have been
received by Licensor. These are the Licensee’s sole remedies.
20. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
a. BECAUSE SOFTWARE IS INHERENTLY COMPLEX AND MAY NOT BE
COMPLETELY FREE OF ERRORS, THE LICENSEE IS ADVISED TO VERIFY
ALL WORK. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
LAW, LICENSOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH
RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE, THE ACCOMPANYING WRITTEN
MATERIALS, AND ANY ACCOMPANYING HARDWARE. TO THE MAXIMUM
EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL Licensor
BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING, WITHOUT
LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL,
COMPENSATORY OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES, ARISING OUT OF THE USE
OF OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
b. The remedies of the Licensee set forth herein are exclusive. The liability of the
Licensor with respect to an order or contract shall not exceed an amount equal to the
price paid by the Licensee. The Licensor shall in no event be liable to the Licensee
for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential or incidental damages,
including lost profits or revenues, arising out of the use or inability to use the
Software.
21. DELIVERY
Delivery dates are estimated. In no event will dates be construed as falling within the
meaning of “time is of the essence”.

22. EXCUSABLE DELAYS
The Licensor shall not be liable for any loss or delay due to war, riots, fire, flood, strikes
or other labor difficulty, acts of civil or military authority including governmental laws,
order, priorities or regulations, acts of the Licensee, embargo, car shortage, damage or
delay in transportation, inability to obtain necessary labor or materials from usual
sources, or other causes beyond the reasonable control of the Licensor. In the event of
delay in performance due to any such cause, the date of delivery or time for completion
will be adjusted to reflect the actual length of time lost by reason of such delay. The
Licensee’s acceptance of Software constitutes a waiver of any claims for delay from any
cause.
23. TAXES
The price of the Software does not include any present or future Federal, State, or local
property, license, privilege, sales, use, excise, gross receipts or other taxes or assess-
ments which may be applicable to, measured by, imposed upon or result from this trans-
action or any services performed in connection therewith. Such taxes will be itemized
separately to Licensee, who shall make prompt payment to the Licensor. In lieu of
payment for taxes the Licensor shall accept a valid exemption certificate from Licensee,
if applicable. If such exemption certificate is not recognized by the governmental taxing
authority involved, Licensee shall promptly reimburse the Licensor for any taxes that
are covered by such exemption certificate and that the Licensor is required to pay.
24. SET OFFS
Licensee, any affiliated company, any successor, or any assignee cannot claim compen-
sation or set off any asserted claim against any amounts that are, or become, payable to
the Licensor under this license or otherwise.
25. INDEMNITY
The Software is a mathematical analysis tool intended to assist Licensee in Licensee’s
development/design process and requires considerable skill and judgment for its correct
use and for the interpretation of the computed results. The Software is not intended to be
nor is it a substitute for rigorous and comprehensive prototyping or other testing by
Licensee of products prior to production and sale. Licensee agrees to defend, indemnify
and hold the Licensor harmless against any liability or claim made against the Licensor
or the Licensee arising from Licensee’s use of the Software except a claim for patent or
copyright infringement or a claim arising out of the Licensor’s willful misconduct or
gross negligence.
26. WARRANTY
The Licensor warrants that the Software, when delivered and properly installed, will
operate properly on designated equipment, reproducing the computer output of its
embedded sample case within engineering accuracy. The Licensor agrees to provide,
until replacement of the Software, corrections for any material error reported and deter-
mined to be in the Software, documentation, or operational procedures in an expeditious
manner and at no further cost.
THE LIMITED EXPRESS WARRANTIES SPECIFIED ABOVE ARE THE ONLY
WARRANTIES MADE BY LICENSOR AND THERE ARE NO OTHER WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY OPERATION OF LAW OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING
WARRANTIES OR MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.

27. NUCLEAR LIABILITY
In the event that the Software sold hereunder is to be used pertaining to a nuclear
facility, the Licensee shall, prior to such use, arrange for insurance or governmental
indemnity protecting the Licensor against liability and hereby releases and agrees to
indemnify the Licensor and its suppliers for any nuclear damage, including loss of use,
in any manner arising out of a nuclear incident, whether alleged to be due, in whole or in
part to the negligence or otherwise of the Licensor or its suppliers.
28. LANGUAGE
This License has been transacted in the English language. In the event of any inconsis-
tency between any translation hereof and the English language version, the English
language version will govern.
29. WAIVER
Waiver by Licensor of any breach hereof is not a waiver of future strict compliance with
all obligations of the Licensee.
30. TERMINATION
This License is effective until terminated by the breach of its terms by the Licensee.
Failing to make a payment to renew a limited time license shall be a breach. Upon any
breach, this License terminates immediately and automatically without notice from the
Licensor. In such event, Licensee shall immediately cease using the Software and shall
return all copies of the Software to the Licensor.
31. SEVERABILITY
If any provision of this License Agreement is held to be illegal or unenforceable, then
such provision will be considered modified to a legal and enforceable form that best
reflects the parties’ intention. All remaining provisions hereof shall remain in full force
and effect.
32. DISPUTE RESOLUTION
All controversies and claims arising under or relating to this agreement are to be
resolved by the courts of the state of Vermont, USA, applying Vermont law excluding
Vermont choice of law rules. Objections to personal jurisdiction of the parties are
waived.
33. COMPLETE AGREEMENT
This is the complete agreement of the parties notwithstanding any prior discussions or
agreements or any terms and conditions asserted in purchase orders or in previous agree-
ments, however denominated, whether or not referencing this transaction, or otherwise.
Should you have questions concerning this Agreement, or if you desire to contact Licensor
for any reason, please write or call Concepts NREC, LLC, Customer Software Support, 217
Billings Farm Road, White River Junction, VT 05001, USA. Telephone: 802-296-2321; Fax:
802-296-2325.

Index exit conditions for 83
inlet 65
interspace 74
layout dialog box 26
Numerics nozzle 70
rotor 75
3D blading design 135
volute 67
Concepts NREC
contacting 9
A control points 135
absolute velocity (C) 113
advanced volute type 67
aerodynamic blockage D
diffuser 148
interspace 144 data filters 111
Agile 134 data input 59
analysis mode 53, 92 data reduction mode 53, 92
annulus .LAB file 53, 55, 92
interspace 144 DBR (D.B. Robinson) 172
nozzle 142 DBR real fluid 168
rotor 145 design layout 58
area ratio of diffuser exit to inlet 164 design mode 52
AxCent Design Mode dialog box 39
3D blading design 15 Design Parameters dialog box 42
3D window 135 design points 134
blade design 135 diffuser
export 134 divergence angle 164
files 110 exit 160
exit hub radius 164
generate blade design 15
variables 148
pass designs to 135
Diffuser dialog box 81
preferences 134
dimensions
components 154
diffuser 157
B nozzle 156
baseline 110 rotor 157
Bezier curves 135 volute 155
blade turning rate 76 disk friction 59
blade-to-jet speed ratio 160, 161
British units 24
E
efficiency 149
C enthalpy
Choose Mode and Solver dialog box 21 diffuser 148
components exit total 138
diffuser 81 interspace 144
dimensions 154 isentropic change 162
isentropic total-to-static drop in 161 to purchase 123
nozzle 142 Hydraulic diameter ratio 69
rotor inlet 138 hydrocarbons 173
stage inlet 138
entropy
diffuser 148 I
nozzle 142
volute 140 ideal gas (K is constant) 168
error report 16, 110 ideal liquid 168
exit conditions inlet blockage 74
dialog box 34, 83 Inlet Conditions dialog box 65
expansion ratio 138 inlet velocity triangles window 113
input/output units
British 24
English 24, 62
F
metric 24, 62
feedback 9 USCS 24
F-factor 76 Input/Output Units dialog box 24
file format interspace
DLL 64 loss coefficient 74
GEO 110 variables 144
LAB 92 Interspace dialog box 74
MAP 99, 110
MLR 170
MTP 126 L
PAR 97
PY 131 LAB file 55, 92
SHG 48 data reduction 55
v6.6 GEO file 110 Lab Data tab 56
filter editor 111 LAB File Editor dialog box 55
Finished dialog box 35 Layout dialog box 26
flow coefficient loading coefficient 160, 161
definition 161 loss coefficient
fluid properties multiplier 79
Fluid type list box 41 specify for interspace 74
viscosity 66 Loss Coefficient Multiplier tab 79
wizard dialog box 41 loss model
fluid types 168 CETI passage 76
efficiency specified 76
modified NASA passage 76
NASA passage 76
G
NREC 76
General dialog box 53, 59
guide
audience for 7 M
using 7
Mach number
diffuser 148
interspace 144
H
rotor 145
head variables 150 volute 140
Help, getting 8 Macro 127
hooks 120 macros 117
locations 120 create 118
190 Index Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

default editor 124 performance maps 98
edit 121 overlays 99
hooks 119, 125 preferences
parentheses 123 default locations of files 46
settings 124 dialog box 46
storage 124 filter files location 46
templates 126, 127 save files 12
MAP file 99, 110 setting 46
map tolerance 99 standard screen location 46
meridional view 19, 36 workspace 47
Mode dialog box 57 Workspace tab 47
modes preliminary sizing
analysis 53 algorithm 160
design 52 default parameters 164
specifying 57 design with 38
Mollier table 168 fluid properties 41
multiple data 59 operating conditions 40
multiple point analysis rotational speed 41
dialog box 94 RTP solver 38
setup 93 station-numbering scheme 160
specify 99 temperature 40
properties 168
pseudo-vapor phase 170
N Python 116
script 131
new semi-perfect air 168 text input/output 131
NIST real fluid 168
nozzle
aerodynamic properties 71
R
exit 160
inlet radius to exit radius ratio 164 radial turbine cross-section 154
throat 160 Radial Turbine Program (RTP) 86
variables 142 Radial window 13
Nozzle dialog box 70 refrigerants 170, 172
relative velocity (W) 113
RITAL
O about 6
create designs 20
old semi-perfect air 168 keyboard shortcuts 17
optimum flow coefficient 160, 164 menu 13
optimum loading coefficient 164 Software Support for 9
optimum specific speed 160 toolbar 13
output table view 109 window 13
output text view 108 rotational speed 138
overlays rotor
dialog box 100 deviation angle 164
performance maps 100 dialog box 75
runs 110 exit 160
exit hub radius to inlet radius ratio 164
exit meridional velocity 161
P exit swirl 164
inlet 160
PAR file 97
inlet static enthalpy 138
pentane 168
meridional velocity 42
RITAL™ User Guide Index 191

meridional velocity ratio 164 text report
parameters for 75 save 110
rotational speed 160 text window 108
throat 160 total-to-static
tip speed 113, 160, 162 efficiency 42
variables 145 two-point real gas 168
rotor deviation 76
rotor inlet/exit geometry 162
RTP (Radial Turbine Program) 86 U
unified slip model 76
Upstream Conditions dialog box 25
S
USCS units 24
sample cases 8 user-supplied real fluid 168
Saves 110
Scroll 160
scroll exit and inlet 160 V
set map attributes 98
single point data 59 v6.6 GEO files 110
solver variable list 129
accumulate results 89 velocity
how to run 88 interspace 144
make current run 110 rotor 145
results 89 velocity ratio
RITAL 86 stage 138
RITDAP 86 velocity triangle
RTP 38, 86 exit 114
selection of 22 inlet 113
solver errors 59, 60, 110 velocity triangle window 114
speed spacing 97 volumetric flow rate
stage efficiency 138 at rotor exit 161
stage flow parameter 138 for stage 138
stage performance 138 volute
standard screen exit flow angle 68
preferences 46 flow angle 68
static exit pressure 34 inlet blockage 68
station-numbering scheme 160 overhung 67
subsonic flow conditions 59, 60 symmetric 67
swirl coefficient 74 variables 140
Volute dialog box 67
T
W
table filters 111
table output 109 water 168
temperature wizard
diffuser 148 Choose Mode and Solver dialog box 21
interspace 144 create design with 20
volute 140 Design Mode dialog box 39
templates Exit Conditions dialog box 34
for macros 126 Finished dialog box 35
text input/output 128 Input/Output Units dialog box 24
from command prompt 130 Layout dialog box 26
text output 108 Operating Conditions dialog box 40
192 Index Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Upstream Conditions dialog box 25 Y
utility tool 38
workspace preferences 47 Y boundaries 97
Z
zoom 17, 99
RITAL™ User Guide Index 193

Agi l e E n gi n e e r i n g D e s i g n Sys t e m
®
Rital User Guide
Corporate Headquarters and Product Center CN Europe

217 Billings Farm Road 3B Marston House
White River Junction, VT 05001-9486 Cromwell Park, Banbury Road
USA Chipping Norton
Phone: 802 296 2321 Oxon, OX7 5SR, UK
Fax: 802 296 2325 Phone: 44 (0) 1608 641515
Web: www.conceptsnrec.com Fax: 44 (0) 1608 644110
E-mail: sales@conceptsnrec.com

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Agile Engineering Design System

Rital User Guide

Corporate Headquarters and Product Center CN Europe

Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL 7

Chapter 2: Getting Started 13

Chapter 3: Developing Meanline Models 51

Chapter 4: Using RITAL Solvers 87

Chapter 5: Performing Multiple Point Analysis 93

Chapter 6: Viewing Output 109

Chapter 7: Working with Python Script 117

4 Contents Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

Appendix A: Variable Nomenclature 139

Appendix B: Figures 155

Appendix C: Preliminary Sizing Algorithm 161

Appendix D: Fluid Properties 169

Software Products License 181

RITAL™ User Guide Contents 5

This chapter includes...

Who should use this Guide? 9

How to use this Guide 10

About this Guide 12

8 Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

RITAL™ User Guide Who should use this Guide? 9

10 Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

RITAL™ User Guide Getting help 11

12 Chapter 1: Welcome to RITAL Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

This chapter includes...

Starting and exiting from RITAL 14

The RITAL interface 15

Opening existing designs 20

Creating new RITAL designs 22

Setting program preferences 46

To exit from RITAL

14 Chapter 2: Getting Started Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

The RITAL window

Toolbar Use the toolbar to perform common tasks in RITAL.

RITAL™ User Guide The RITAL interface 15

16 Chapter 2: Getting Started Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

This menu allows you to

Launch RITAL’s wizard utility to configure an existing or new stage.

RITAL™ User Guide The RITAL interface 17

Click this button to

Create a new design using the wizard utility.

Open an existing design.

Print the current window.

Cut selected data from a report.

Copy selected data from a report.

Paste cut or copied data.

Select the filter for the Output table view.

Run the solver.

Have the solver run automatically after every change made to

Report errors that occurred during the solver run.

Accumulate solver run results in the output table. If you do not

Display Velocity Triangles (after the solver has been run).

Zoom in towards the design to view a more detailed view.

Move the design within the meridional window manually.

View the program version, options, and copyright information.

18 Chapter 2: Getting Started Copyright © Concepts ETI, Inc.

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