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TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES SE 2024 Volume 37, No. 1

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S P E C I A L E D I T I O N
 TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES - VOL. 37 - NO. 1

PUBLISHER TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES 2024 - VOL. 37 - NO. 1

Randolph W. Hurst
E-Mail: randy@electricityforum.com TABLE OF CONTENTS

MAGAZINE CIRCULATION/
SUBSCRIPTIONS
FEATURES
Louisa Lin
E-Mail: louisa@electricityforum.com 6 HYDROGEN MONITORING IN THE TRANSFORMER HEADSPACE
COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL IN OIL MONITORING
ART DIRECTOR

10 MAJOR UTILITY IMPLEMENTS INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO

Jason Praskey
E-Mail: jason@electricityforum.com
TRANSFORMER HEALTH ASSESSMENT WITH RELIABILITY-BASED
MEDIA MARKETING SPECIALIST DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS
Annette Schnur
Phone: 267-239-0829
Cell: 631-478-9488
E-Mail: annette@electricityforum.com
14 NEW COMPLEX WINDINGS CONFIGURATION SET UP IN
MAGNETIC PROGRAMS

CONTACT US:
Web Site: www.electricity-today.com
E-mail: hq@electricityforum.com 18 SPECIAL POWER: ‘FLEXIBLE TRANSFORMER’ COULD BECOME
THE GRID’S NEW SUPERHERO
Phone: 905-686-1040
Toll Free: 1-855-824-6131

The Electricity Forum Inc. (USA) 22 ELECTRICITY TODAY NEWS

One Franklin Square, Suite 212A
Geneva, NY, 14456
Annette Schnur
Phone: 267-239-0829
24 ELECTRICAL TRAINING

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Major Utility Implements Innovative Approach
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 ADVERTISER INDEX
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Delta-X Research 13 www.deltaxresearch.com

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Enmco 23 www.enmco.com

High Voltage, Inc. 3 www.hvinc.com

Integrated Engineering Software 17 www.integratedsoft.com

Sediver 4 www.sediver.com

Tallman Equipment Co., Inc. 19 www.tallmanequipment.com

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TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
S P E C I A L E D I T I O N

Hydrogen Monitoring in the Transformer Headspace

Compared to Traditional In Oil Monitoring

Chris Rutledge, Field Application Engineer, Dynamic Ratings, Inc., Sussex, WI, USA

Abstract—This technical paper focuses on incipient fault detection using key gas monitors and
the choice of sensor installation location to achieve the best results.

Keywords—hydrogen, in oil, gas, Partial Discharge (not temperature dependent)

Range of normal operation
measurements, solubility
Hot Spots Arcing
Conditions
200oC

(of increasing
1. INTRODUCTION temperature)

The utilization of online dissolved gas Hydrogen

(H2)
analysis monitoring has proven to be one
300oC

of the most effective predictors of overall

65oC

transformer health and condition. A wide

Methane
range of monitoring systems are available, (CH4)
800oC
offering multiple costs, features, and benefit
CH4>H2
combinations. Ethane
(C2H6)
250 C
o

2. HYDROGEN MONITORING
350oC

Single or key gas monitoring relies on Ethylene

C2H6>CH4
(C2H4)
the use of a sensor for the detection of
C2H4>C2H6
hydrogen levels either dissolved in the oil or Trace
Acetylene
500oC

accumulated in the gas space of a transformer.

150 C

(C2H2)
o

700oC

While hydrogen monitoring alone does
not provide enough detail to perform any
advanced analytics, it is very useful in the early
detection of incipient faults. This is due to
the manner which hydrogen generates when
compared to the other hot metal gases. This is
illustrated in figure 1.
C2H2>10% or C2H4
Gas Generation (Not to Scale)
Approximate Oil Decomposition
o
Temperature above 150 C
Fig 1. Combustible gas generation vs approximate oil
decomposition temperature chart

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 “While hydrogen monitoring alone does not provide
enough detail to perform any advanced analytics, it is
very useful in the early detection of incipient faults.”
Hydrogen begins generating at 150°C and continues
to generate directly as the fault temperatures increase.
This unique property makes hydrogen the best single
indicator of not only excessive thermal conditions, but
also dielectric faults occurring within a transformer. In
addition, hydrogen gas is also a key indicator of both
arcing and partial discharge conditions.
CO
60%
H2
50% CH4
C2H6
20%
C2H4
0% C2H2
Fig 2. Arcing in oil
CO
100%
H2
80%
CH4
60%
40% C2H6
20% C2H4
0% C2H2
Fig 3. Partial discharge in oil
A) HYDROGEN’S SOLUBILITY IN OIL
However, there are many factors which must be taken
into consideration when implementing hydrogen
monitoring for condition assessment of a transformer.
Perhaps the most critical of these factors is hydrogen’s
solubility in oil. Due to hydrogen’s low solubility in
mineral oil, ppm values of dissolved hydrogen may be
greatly affected by the design of the transformer, as
transformers with nitrogen preservation systems will
result in hydrogen quickly migrating across the gas oil
partition, causing approximately a 20:1 ratio of gas in the
headspace versus that which is dissolved in oil.
FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com
Gas Solubility in Oil
Solubility in Mineral Oil at 50°C
Hydrogen 5%
Nitrogen 9%
Carbon Monoxide 12%
Oxygen 17%
Methane 40%
Carbon Dioxide 100%
Ethane 180%
Ethylene 140%
Acetylene 90%
Table 1. Dissolved gas analysis of mineral oil insulating
fluids 1996-2005 (graph from Joseph B DiGiogio Ph.D)
Due to this low solubility in oil, some time must pass
before equilibrium between the nitrogen blanket and
the oil is achieved. This causes a delay before hydrogen
dissolved in oil values reach a level that is representative
of the rates at which hydrogen generation is occurring.
Dispersion across the oil is also non-homogeneous,
causing detection of hydrogen dissolved in oil to be
dependent on circulation rates as well as the proximity
of monitoring to the point at which hydrogen generation
is occurring. The presence of leaks on the nitrogen
preservation system can also have a negative impact on
the time it takes dissolved hydrogen to be detected. This
allows hydrogen to escape to the atmosphere before
equilibrium can be achieved, causing levels of hydrogen
dissolved in oil to remain below detectable levels or to be
unrepresentative of the severity of the generation event.
B) RESPONSE TIME OF PALLADIUM
Another factor which can impact the detection rate of
dissolved hydrogen is the response time of palladium
based solid state sensors, which are used in many of the
hydrogen monitors currently available. The response
of that sensor to measure H2 in oil is delayed when
compared to that of the same technology measuring
hydrogen in a gas environment, such as the transformer
headspace. This is displayed in figure 4 on the next page.
TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES | 7
 800 Figure 5 illustrates a comparison of the accuracy of
headspace and drain valve monitoring when compared
to manual samples taken on the same transformer over a
Wavelength change [pm]

600
5 % H2 in N2 30 week period.
@ 90 C
15 sensors Field Operation in Gas Phase
400
1750
Field Data - Gas Headspace
1550
H2scan-Gas
200 Theoretical estimation 1350 Gas Analysis
H2 absorption

Gas phase H2 (ppm)

1150

0 950

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 750

Time [h] 550

350
800
150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wavelength change [pm]

600

Field Operation in Liquid Phase

400 5 % H2 in N2 100
Field Data - In Liquid Oil
bubbled through oil 90 H2scan - Oil

@ 90 C 80 DGA

15 sensors
Oil phase H2 (ppm)

200 70

60

50

40
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 30
20
Time [h]
10

0
Fig 4. Delayed response of sensor H2 measurement in 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

oil 2018 (graph from Arvid Hunze, Rodney A. Badcok,

and Maximilian Fisser of Robinson Research Institute,
presented at the Eurosensors 2018 Conference in Austria)
C) HYDROGEN MONITORING IN THE GAS PHASE
Placing hydrogen monitoring in the gas phase of the
transformer allows for many of the inconsistencies of
in oil monitoring to be alleviated. This is largely due to
the larger concentration of hydrogen present in the
gas phase as well as the homogenous distribution of
hydrogen throughout the nitrogen blanket, as dispersion
rates across the headspace occur almost instantaneously
when compared to the much slower rates of those in oil.
This improved dispersion in conjunction with the sensors
faster response time when performing measurements
in a gas environment allow for an improvement in the
rate at which hydrogen generation is detected, as well as
improved trending when observing rate of change.
Fig 5. Comparison of the accuracy of headspace and
drain valve monitoring when compared to manual
samples
3. MODEL BENEFITS [1]
Monitoring hydrogen in oil via a drain valve installation
has proven to be an effective means of detecting
incipient faults in oil filled electrical equipment. However,
monitoring the headspace of transformers with a
nitrogen preservation system can offer many advantages
over this traditional approach, allowing for improved
response times and added reliability.
4. FURTHER INFORMATION
For information about our product solution
recommendations, contact sales@dynamicratings.com.

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What Can Go
Wrong On a
Power Transformer?
One study says about one out of every 200
transformers fails each year. According to another
study, major failures cost about $14,000 per MVA
in property damage.

Transformer monitoring significantly decreases the

risk of unexpected failure. Transformer monitoring
reduces business risk through:
• Providing better safety for workers and the public
• Reducing unexpected failures
• Reducing unplanned outages
• Providing better asset health planning during a time
of transformer supply chain issues

How Can We Help?

Dynamic Ratings offers a range of transformer monitors
to meet your unique needs. Transformer monitors
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Or visit: www.dynamicratings.com
TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
S P E C I A L E D I T I O N

Major Utility
Major Utility Implements
Implements Innovative Approach
to Transformer Health Assessment
Innovative Approach
with Reliability-based to
Dissolved Gas Analysis

Transformer Health Assessment

One of the largest U.S. electric power utility companies,
with Reliability-based
with nearly 50,000 megawatts Dissolved of generating
over 36,000 miles of high-voltage distribution lines, and over
Gascapacity,Analysis

O
ne7of the
million retail
largest U.S. electric electricity
power utility customers,
A CHALLENGEhasTO TRANSFORMER
an electric RELIABILITY
power
network
companies, withthat
nearlyincludes closeofto 6,500
50,000 megawatts high-voltage
Transformers transformers.
designed before the 1980s were robustly
generating capacity, built, using large internal clearances and generous
over 36,000The
miles company
of high-voltagespends
distributionsubstantial
lines, and timeofand
amounts copperresources
and steel, withto ensure
average service
that those transformers are maintained in ideal condition1980s,
over 7 million retail electricity customers, has an electric lifetimes of over 50 years. But since the late to
power network that includes close to 6,500 high-voltage computer-aided design
provide a high level of service to and
transformers.
their customers.
advanced manufacturing methods have made
But,spends
The company like utilities
substantial around the globe,it this
time and resources utility
possible is facing
to economize a significant
on expensive materials and
to ensure that those transformers are maintained in reduce overall size, resulting in lighter-weight, more
challenge when it comes to keeping
ideal condition to provide a high level of service to their
their transformer fleets up
compact transformers that have an average service
customers.and running, because of a changelifetime in transformer
closer to 30 years.manufacturing
that happened
But, like utilities around the globe, 30thisyears
utility isago.
facing Utilities are only now reaching the point where the
a significant challenge when it comes to keeping their first wave of the lighter-weight transformers is starting
transformer fleets up and running, because of a change to fail, at the same time as a wave of older transformers
in transformer manufacturing that happened 30 that were built 50 years ago. For the next 20 years, there
years ago. will be a steep increase in the number of transformers

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Intelligence. “Across the industry, high-
Seeking to improve its system for transformer
voltage transformers are nearing end-of-life
health assessment, the utility investigated
at the same time, and if we aren’t proactive,
advanced computer-based methods for
this could result
reaching endin excessive
of life, until mostdisruptions
transformers inand/
service RELIABILITY-BASED DGA gas analysis (DGA)
interpreting dissolved
or unplanned significant
have a similar capital expenditures
30-year lifespan. Seeking to improve its system for transformer health
test data. One approach was Reliability-
through “We’re
a approaching
perfect storm of increased assessment,
a nexus between the two based DGA,thedeveloped
utility investigated advanced
by Delta-X computer-of
Research
failure generations,
rates and a limited
” explained Nicole, asupply of new
Lead Engineer for Asset based methods for interpreting dissolved gas analysis
Victoria, BC, Canada.
transformers.”
Management System Intelligence. “Across the industry, (DGA) test data. One approach was Reliabilitybased DGA,
highvoltage transformers are nearing end-of-life at the Chemical
developed bythermodynamics is BC,
Delta-X Research of Victoria, applied
Canada. to
With transformer build times averaging two
same time, and if we aren’t proactive, this could result convert
Chemicalthe fault gas concentrations
thermodynamics is applied to convert into a
years and prices for copper and specially-
in excessive disruptions and/ or unplanned significant fault energy
the fault index, which
gas concentrations into a provides
fault energy a simple
index,
treated steel rising, electric power providers
capital expenditures through a perfect storm of measure of how
which provides much
a simple energy
measure is much
of how expendedenergy by
must take steps to keep existing transformers
increased failure rates and a limited supply of new anis expended
internalbyfault. Thefault.
an internal more Theenergy
more energyexpended
operating safely and reliably for as long as
transformers.” byexpended
a fault,bythe greater
a fault, the severity
the greater the severityofofthe fault.
the fault.
possible.
With transformer build times averaging two years
and prices for copper and speciallytreated steel rising,
Testing andpower
electric Health Assessment
providers must take steps to keep existing
Just like people,
transformers largesafely
operating transformers
and reliably for need
as long as
periodic health checkups and tests that help
possible.
with the early detection and diagnosis of
any problems
TESTING AND thatHEALTH
may be developing. The
ASSESSMENT
prevailing method
Just like people, for
largescreening
transformersand
need routine
periodic health
health assessment of transformers is sampling
checkups and tests that help with the early detection
and analysis of theofinsulating
and diagnosis any problemsoil.
that may be developing.
The prevailing method for screening and routine health
One of the most
assessment important
of transformers oil and
is sampling tests is of
analysis Figure1:1:Failure
Failure probability density function curve,curve,
Figure probability density function
dissolved gas analysis
the insulating oil. (DGA), which detects providing cumulative
providing cumulative severity of transformer
severity gassing
of transformer gas-
trace concentrations of gasesoilcreated
One of the most important by a gas
tests is dissolved history
sing (CSEV)
history and hazard
(CSEV) and factor
hazard (HF), the rate
factor at which
(HF), the
the rate
heat generating
analysis (DGA),fault
whichinside
detects a transformer.
trace concentrations atprobability
which theofprobability of failure is increasing.
failure is increasing.
of gases created by a heat generating fault inside
a transformer. Interpreting patterns of fault gas With fault energy index as a key metric, Reliability-
concentrations can detect and identify problems, based DGA applies advanced statistics to large data
even at an early stage. Conventional methods of sets of transformer DGA histories and DGA-related
2 DGA interpretation are handed down from the days transformer failures to create a model that indicates the
of slide rules, using common sense rules and simple probability of a failure as the fault energy index increases.
statistical limits. Although conventional DGA is (While common sense might suggest that there is a
effective enough to be widely used in the industry, simple linear relationship between the fault energy index
it has known weaknesses, including producing increasing and the probability of a failure, this is not
significant numbers of errors, both those that actually the case – Figure 1 shows how the fault energy
indicate a problem where one does not actually exist index value just before failure is distributed.)
(false positives) and those that miss existing issues Reliability-based DGA then uses the failure model to
(false negatives). evaluate the severity of a particular transformer’s gassing
Many transformers are erroneously classified as history and to predict the likelihood of near-term failure.
problematic, while others have serious problems that In short, Reliability-based DGA correlates fault gas
are passed over or misdiagnosed. Consequently, time production with transformer failures and provides a way
and resources are wasted on unnecessary investigation for owners to assess the state of their transformers. With
of false positives or false alarms, and in the case of false a clear understanding of their transformer fleet, owners
negatives, an unexpected failure can trigger costly can prioritize maintenance and asset replacements,
power outages or catastrophic damage. The utility making better operational and financial decisions with
wanted to find a way to reduce these issues. confidence.

FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES | 11

 financial decisions with confidence. our transformer maintenance, and to get all
we can out of our transformer fleet,” said Ms.
“We’ve
The utility
DGA methodevaluated thebuilt
The utility evaluated the Reliability-based
Reliability-based
by applying DGA our
it to existing DGA
analysis
riskKurant. criteria
transformers; two were explained by bad data; and in

around
data
methodfor by applying
Reliability-based
7,280 ittransformers, including
to existing DGA data
nearly 6,500 currently in service. Engineers
transformers, including the nearly 6,500
for 7,280 the three
currently in The DGA
cases no actual
“We’ve
results were in: to help
builttransformer
our problem
Reliability-based
around Reliability-based DGA to DGAassess
existed. criteria
analysis
was vastly
help assess
our
compared
based fleet,
service. Engineers
DGA DGA
Reliabilitybased versus which
the results
compared obtained
the
versus theresults gives
the resultsby Reliability-
obtained
obtained
results obtained
by
by by usfalsethe
superior
and ability
to conventional
our fleet,
focus
positives
which gives
andonfalse
at-risk to– soidentify
DGA in
uslargely avoidingtoboth
the ability
transformers,
negatives the utilityso
identify
we can
could

and focus on at-risk transformers,

conventional
conventional DGA DGA (Figure
(Figure 2). 2). saveimplement
andthem
money by better
increase
an targeting
asreliability
and when so
effectivetheir
needed,
by finding we
strategy
maintenance
in that
problems can
to efforts
replace
an organized
would

implement an effectiveotherwise strategy

and controlled
to replace
manner.”
Transformer fle t 7,280 100% have remained hidden.
Conventional DGA 1,785 24.5%
With their embrace of this new and
them as and when needed,
Reliability-based DGA
Conventional or R-DGA
1,729
2,783
23.8%
38.2%
improvedin
Because of the radically
this large
an
superiororganized
MAJOR UTILITY ADOPTS RELIABILITY-BASED DGA
transformer
utility
health analysis tool,
performance of
continues to
and controlled manner.”as amaintaining
Conventional and R-DGA
Conventional not R-DGA
731
1,054
10.0%
14.5%
Reliability-based DGA, the utility adopted it immediately
demonstrate
key componentthe
their
of itsreliability
dedication
Transformer Health
and affordability
to
Surveillance
of energy process. for the customers and
R-DGA not conventional 998 13.7%
“Reliability-based
communities DGA theyisserve.
one of the tools we’re using
With their embrace of this new and
Figure 2:
based
2: Comparison,
Comparison,conventional
DGA.Of
Ofthe
the1,054
conventionalDGA
1,054identified
identified
DGA and
and Reliability-
Reliability to effectively triage and prioritize our transformer
maintenance, and to get all we can out of our
byby conventional DGA
improved transformer health analysis tool,
based DGA.
only, most were false alarms. Of
conventional
the 996
DGA
identified
only, most were false alarms. Of the 996 identified by
R-DGA only, most were issues missed by conventional DGA.
by transformer fleet,” said Nicole.
“We’ve built our analysis criteria around Reliability-based
this large utility continues to
R-DGA only, most were issues missed by conventional DGA.
DGA to help assess our fleet, which gives us the ability
OfOfthe 1,054cases
the 1,054 cases where
where conventional
conventional DGA
DGA indicated to identify and focus on at-risk transformers, so we can
demonstrate
indicated
a problem anda Reliability-based
DGA did not,
determined
problem and
that it was all
almost determined
did not, ittheir
DGAReliability-based
was
that almost
were false alarms. all
Of the 998
dedication to
implement an effective strategy to replace them as and
when needed, in an organized and controlled manner.”
maintaining
were false alarms.
cases identified
problematic
Of the 998
as problematic
by
bythe reliability
cases identified
Reliability-based
Reliability-based DGA
but not by conventional DGA, most were considered bybut
DGAas
not
and affordability
With their embrace of this new and improved
transformer health analysis tool, this large utility
of
by
energy
conventional
the engineers
DGA, most werethat
to represent real problemsfor had beenthe
considered
missed by conventional DGA. Sixty-eight of those cases
customers and
continues to demonstrate their dedication to
maintaining the reliability and affordability of energy for
communities
were investigated in detail, and 63they
were confirmedserve.
as at- the customers and communities they serve.

3
“Of the 1,054 cases where conventional
DGA indicated a problem and
Reliability-based DGA did
not, it was determined
that almost all were
false alarms.”

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New complex windings configuration set up in magnetic programs

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (Mr. CHAOWEI SU – R&D SCIENTIST)

INTEGRATED’s magnetic programs has a new set up

to analyze complex winding configurations like in
zig zag transformers.

1. One port windings, for example series and parallel windings

1. Here:

and is winding current and winding voltage respectively

Load current is and load voltage is with no source winding.

Source current is and source voltage is with source winding.

Source impedance on winding is .

Source resistance on winding: real part { }.

Source inductance on winding: imaginary part { }/.

Source reactance on winding: imaginary part { }.

14 | TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com

 2a) Star loop winding
2) Two ports: input source port and load port. For example star-
loop, step-down and step-up.

2a. Here:

Winding current is and winding voltage is , which is also

Source current and voltage.

Load current is , load voltage is .

Input power is * , output power is

2b. Here:

2b) Step-down winding Winding current is and winding voltage is , which is also
Source current and source voltage.

Load current is , load voltage is .

Input power is *, output power is

2c. Here:

Winding current is and winding voltage is ,

which is also Source current and voltage.

Load current is , load voltage is .

Input power is * , output power is .

2c) Step-up winding 3a) Star windings

FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES | 15

3b) Delta windings 3c) star winding without ground line

3) One port with three phases. For example star and delta 3c. Here:
windings.
Winding currents and windings voltages are ( , ),
Winding currents and windings voltage is ( , ), i=1,2,3. i=A,B,C.

Load current and load voltage is ( , ), i=1,2,3 when no Load currents and load voltages are ( , ), i=A,B,C
source winding. when no source winding.

Source current and source voltage is ( , ) Source currents and source voltages are ( , ),
when source winding. i=A,B,C when source winding.

Source impedance on winding: / , i=1,2,3. Source impedance on winding: / , i=A,B,C.

Source resistance on winding: real part { / } , i=1,2,3. Source resistance on winding: real part { / } , i=A,B,C.

Source inductance on winding: imaginary part { / }/ , Source inductance on winding: imaginary part { / }
i=1,2,3. / , i=A,B,C..

Source reactance on winding: imaginary part { / }, Source reactance on winding: imaginary part
i=1,2,3. { / } , i=A,B,C..

Input power is * . Input power is * .

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TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
S P E C I A L E D I T I O N
Special Power: ‘Flexible Transformer’
Could Become The Grid’s New Superhero
By: Tomas Kellner
T
he world is mobilizing to meet net-zero emission
targets over the coming decades, and it seems that
everywhere you look, countries are erecting wind
turbines in the fields and off the coasts, switching from coal
to natural gas, adding hydropower storage, and studying
the next generation of nuclear reactors. One component
common to all these efforts, though, remains mostly out of
sight of the public, if not out of mind for electrical engineers
working to make this global energy transition happen. The
component is the electrical grid.
Electrical grids are huge power networks with millions
of branches that reach from power plants to homes and
businesses and ferry electricity sometimes across entire
countries. Despite their massive size, they must always
maintain a delicate balance between demand and supply to
keep the system from crashing down.
This balancing act was hard enough when power moved
one way from conventional power plants with predictable
output to consumers. Adding power-hungry and highly
variable loads like electric vehicles and weather-dependent
energy sources like wind and solar farms to the push-and-
pull, including homeowners with rooftop panels who can
now sell power back to the grid, raises this complexity to a
new level.
18 | TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
“The grid is the largest industrial system built by
mankind,” says Vera Silva, chief technology officer at GE
Renewable Energy’s Grid Solutions unit. She says that the
modern grid must “facilitate the access” to all of these
sources while ensuring “that the system is working like a
Swiss clock.”
Keeping everything in balance and working — in an era
when freak weather events can suddenly bring portions of
the power system to its knees — is even more impressive
when you realize that much of the technology that forms the
backbone of the grid was invented more than a century ago.
But GE and Prolec GE engineers are now working to make the
job of utilities and grid operators easier. They are developing
a new kind of “flexible” transformer” that could help protect
the grid from contingencies like power line failures or
extreme weather, help prevent severe outages and restore
power faster when they happen, and help operators bring
more renewables online. At the same time, it could also make
the modern grid cheaper to build and maintain.
GE and Prolec GE, a subsidiary of a 50-50 joint venture
between GE and the private company Xignux, successfully
turned on what is believed to be the world’s first “flexible
power transformer” three weeks ago in Columbia,
Mississippi, at a site operated by Cooperate Energy, a local
FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com
 utility. The U.S. Department of
Energy’s Office of Electricity
has been funding the project.
Engineers at the site will run
the device through six months
of test and field exercises
to validate its performance
to assess how it could help
transform the grid and bring it
into the 21st century.
There are few parts of the
an early age he was taking apart radios and fixing TV sets and learning math from
his father, a teacher at a local college. He went on to study electrical engineering in
Morocco, got his PhD in Canada, and a decade ago landed at GE Research, where
he started looking for ways to modernize the grid. The ubiquitous transformer was
a good place to start. “The flexible transformer design came from the need to have
a device that’s a little bit more versatile,” Ndiaye says. “Today, transformers are very
expensive, and their procurement takes a lot of time. The reason they are expensive is

Trust
grid more important than the
transformer. Its basic function
is to boost voltage at the power
plant for an efficient transmission
Proudly serving the Electric Utility Industry with the
over high-voltage wires. At the
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other end, sometimes hundreds
of miles away, another series of
transformers bring the voltage
down so it can go safely into
your wall socket.
But here’s the rub: The
transformer is essentially a
living fossil dating to the dawn Learn more about
of electricity. “Like much of the Tallman Equipment
grid, transformer design hasn’t
changed over the last 100
years,” says Ibrahima Ndiaye, an
engineer at GE Research who is
leading the charge. “If William
Stanley, the inventor who built
the first practical transformer,
came today, he would point at
a transformer and say, ‘Hey, this
is my design. We added a little
bit of control and monitoring
here and there, but in general,
nothing has changed.’” (Stanley
merged his transformer business
with GE in 1903.)
Other factors to consider:
Today about 70% of transformers
COME VISIT US AT:
on the grid are older than 25
years, and some 15% already
reach or exceed their average life
expectancy of 40 years.
Ndiaye wants to change that.
Growing up in Senegal, from

FREE Subscription: www.electricity-today.com TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES | 19

“When you have a lot of renewables, your power
can quickly disappear,” says GE’s Ibrahima Ndiaye.
“That’s why you need much faster controls and
flexible equipment to work with them.”
because they are tailored to the application that you want,
the location where it goes, the voltage it will handle, what
will be the power that you need, and other factors. The
manufacturer will design it exactly that way. As a result, it
can only serve at that location or a location that is identical.”
It’s kind of like walking to a store and buying a radio that’s
tuned to a single station — say, NPR in New York City — and
comes with preset volume so you can listen to it in your
home. But if you take it out to noisy Times Square or to a
different city, you will be out of luck if you want to listen to
your favorite show. The flexible transformer is more like a
traditional radio set. It essentially allows grid operators to
“tune” their transformers to the locations where they want
them to work. “Today, if I have to replace a transformer, or if
it fails, I have to have one ready exactly as a twin; otherwise
I’m not going anywhere,” Ndiaye says. “If I don’t have a spare,
I need to wait two years or three to have one come in. If you
are transporting a lot of power and suddenly you cannot
do that anymore for a long period of time, you lose a lot of
reliability.”
As a result, utilities hold a lot of spare transformers,
which can be pricey. “If I have 20 different transformers, I
technically need 20 spares,” Ndiaye says. But with the flexible
transformer, “I will be able to run the same amount of
transformers with the same reliability with one spare. Think
about how much this will help reduce your inventory cost.”
Being able to reconfigure the flexible transformer to
a location where it’s needed and dramatically reduce
costs will be a huge benefit. But there’s more. The flexible
transformer also comes with a new “knob” that allows
operators to alter the transformer’s impedance, kind
of like changing the volume at which your radio plays.
This is something they couldn’t do before. Impedance is
essentially resistance in circuits using alternating current
(AC), and changing it as they please to respond to real-
time conditions allows grid operators to change the grid
condition and dynamically set it to more optimal conditions,
20 | TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
for instance, to bring more volatile power from renewable
sources online. The output of a solar farm can change from
minute to minute when clouds move over, potentially
disturbing the delicate supply-and-demand balance that
must exist on the grid.
Today, when wind output drops off, utilities can call for
more generation from other sources, sometimes utilizing
fossil fuels, or they must reconfigure their lines and change
the flow of power. But the flexible transformer will be able
to help here, too. “Imagine how big the grid is and all the
incidents that can happen to that balance, as small as
turning a light on and off, and larger, like a wind turbine not
running as expected because of a weak breeze, or a cloud
moving in over a solar farm,” Ndiaye says. “When you have a
lot of renewables, your power can quickly disappear. That’s
why you need much faster controls and flexible equipment
to work with them. Being able to change the impedance
can help you improve how you control the line and make it
more stable and optimal.”
Being able to change impedance can also help them
manage disruptions. For example, they can more quickly
isolate parts of the grid that may have sustained damage,
say, due to a severe storm, and protect other parts of the
system from the fault cascading.
One of the brilliant features of the new flexible transistor
is that the team has managed to sneak the new technology
inside the same footprint taken by existing transformers.
This is useful, given that transformers live in substations,
which are often located on lots that can be difficult to
expand, particularly in nearby cities. The design also utilizes
true-and-tried materials like copper, steel, and mineral oil to
speed up production, testing and adoption.
The first flexible transformer “has been pushing power for
the past three weeks,” Ndiaye says. “This is the first time in
the world anyone has done it, and so far the transformer is
doing what it was designed to do.”
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UNITED STATES
WINDS OF CHANGE: VINEYARD
WIND USHERS IN A NEW ERA
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BOSTON - The crisp Atlantic air off the
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22 | TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
NEWS
providing a solution to one of renewable
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storage.
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BIDEN’S CLIMATE LAW IS
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WASHINGTON - A year and a half follow-
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transition presents a mix of successes
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CANADA
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HALIFAX - Nova Scotia is poised for a
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MORE RED INK AT MANITOBA
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WINNIPEG - Manitoba’s NDP admin-
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HYDRO-QUEBEC BEGINS
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STRATEGY TO WEAN THE
PROVINCE OFF FOSSIL FUELS
MONTREAL - Hydro-Québec is in
the preliminary stages of dialogue
with various financiers and potential
collaborators to strategize the
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 implementation of a
$185-billion initiative aimed
at transitioning Quebec away
from fossil fuel dependency.
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INTERNATIONAL
UKRAINE’S GREEN
FIGHTBACK: RISING
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farms - powering homes with electric cars
and heat pumps.
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KYIV - Two years after sever-

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