PSYCHOANALYSIS OF MAIN CHARACTER

PROBLEMS IN CASE 39 (2009) USING SIGMUND

FREUD'S PERSPECTIVE

Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the Requirements for Bachelor Degree of

English Education Study Program of Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang

Compiled by:
Ahmad Habib Najmudin

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF TANGERANG
2023
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Literature plays an important role and appears in many aspects, especially in
language education. It is a way of expressing something's aesthetic value, including
written works like novel, lyrics, poems, etc. Kustyarini (2014) explained that in
Indonesia, literature comes from Sanskrit which is a combination of the word sas which
means to direct, teach and give instructions. The word literature gets the suffix tra which
is usually used to indicate a tool or means. So, literature means a tool for teaching,
guidance, or teaching.
Darma (2022) also stated that literature is a reflection of what is happening in
society. The reflection can be in the form of life problems, philosophy, and psychology.
Referring to this, literary works can be understood psychologically from the
psychological aspect. Therefore, understanding a literary work is not only based on
substantive aspects but also other aspects such as psychology. Each character has interests
and problems, because of these interests and problems, they interact with each other.
Then from this interaction, the reader can listen to the character of each character in a
literary work. For example, what each character does, talks about, and thinks is nothing
but a reflection or depiction of the soul of each character.
The improvement of literature can be seen time to time, and film has developed
into a fascinating media in the modern period for anyone looking to increase their creative
thinking and talent in literature purposes. The majority of cineastes view cinema as a
platform for exchanging ideas and viewpoints regarding certain real-world events. They
also believe it as a promising business because many people enjoy watching movies in
their free time. Psychoanalysis also has a special connection with film before appointed as
one of approaches method by a number of French psychoanalysis and art critics
considered the most appropriate in cinematographic world (Moesono, 2003).
Widyatmi (2011) states that psychology is a science that studies behavior or
activities that are seen as manifestations of human psychic life. In psychology, behavior
or activities that exist in individuals or organisms are considered not to arise by
themselves, but as a result of a stimulus or stimuli that affect the individual or organism.
In this case the behavior or activity is considered as an answer or response to the
stimulus.
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Approach (1856-1939) was used to analyze the
film that the author was going to study, due to his psychoanalytic theory in the 1890s.
One of them is the theory that Paranoia/Hysteria is a symptom usually seen in people with
mental disorders. Freud also thought that paranoia might be a defense mechanism to
protect their self-esteem, and this is the only aspect of his Paranoia/Hysteria theory that is
still taken seriously today (Byrne & Baron, 1994). Aggressive behavior, diverted to
objects that are made a scapegoat, or may be sublimated in a way that is more acceptable
to society.
In the case of paranoia or aggression above, the researcher concluded that this is
often encountered in daily life, in other words, to defend themselves from the fear of
threats that are being experienced, as experienced by final semester students, when facing
their mini-thesis often experience excessive anxiety about the title of the thesis they
submit in other words "true or not", and indirectly this anxiety includes the paranoia they
experience through overthinking of the thesis so that they cover up their fear by waiting
for approval without starting it first.
In the other hand, the paranoia and psychological disorders experienced by Emily
Jenkins (Renee Zellweger), the main character in the film Case 39 (2009), with different
events. Emily experienced a mental disorder or paranoia when she found out that Lilith's
identity was actually a demon, so she covered her fear by continuing to fulfill what Lilith
ordered and avoiding the threats that Lilith said, and this psychological incident became
the focus of discussion in this study to find out the origin of the tragedy or event that
occurred, experienced by the main character in the film Case 39 (2009).
Case 39 (2009) is a supernatural horror film with a psychological thriller genre, it
is one of the most popular American films directed by Christian Alvart and on Rotten
Tomatoes, it received a rating of 21% based on 75 reviews. Case 39 tells of a female
social worker named Emily Jenkins (Renee Zellweger) who is assigned to investigate
case number 39, which is a case of violence experienced by a 10-year-old girl or a girl
named Lilith Sullivan (Jodelle Ferland).
This means that this study focuses on the character of Emily Jenkins (Renee
Zellweger) who is the main character in the film Case 39 (2009). Then to evaluate
Emily's personality, the author uses Sigmund Freud's personality theory which is based on
Sigmund Freud's personality psychology. The human psyche, according to Freud, is
 divided into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. We are born with our id,
according to Sigmund Freud
The id is an important aspect of our personality because it allows us to fulfill our
basic desires as social beings. The reality principle is the foundation of the ego. The ego
recognizes that other people have needs and wants and that acting rashly or selfishly can
backfire in the end. It is also the ego to comply with the demands while considering the
reality of the situation.
In the explanation above, the writer concludes that in this research, the writer
chooses the film Case 39 (2009) as the object of analysis, because the writer wants to find
the personality of the main character related to the human mind or psychology in this
novel based on Sigmund Freud's theory. This is also the reason the author uses or chooses
Sigmund Freud's theory as the object of analysis because according to the author, the
theory can be applied to analyze this film, and especially to analyze the personality
experienced by Emily Jenkins as the main character in this film.

B. Research Focus
Based on the research background described above, the researcher only focuses
on psychoanalytic analytic in the film Case 39 (2009) which refers to the psychology of
Emily Jenkins as the main actor in the film Case 39 (2009) and the researcher analyzes it
using Sigmund Freud's theory of perception who is nicknamed the father of
psychoanalytic.

C. Formulation of the Problem

Based on the research background described above, the researcher formulates the
problem in this study referring to knowing or describing “How is the psychology
experienced by Emily Jenkins in the film Case 39 (2009) who has experienced a
supernatural tragedy”.

D. Objective of the Research

Based on the research background described above, the objective of the research
is to explain the tragedy experienced in Case 39 (2009) which refers to knowing or
describing the psychology experienced by Case 39 (2009) by the main character, Emily
Jenkins who acts as an investigator of the case and reveals the identity of Lilith Sullivan.
E. Significant of the Research
The researcher hopes that the results of this study are expected to provide several
benefits for researchers and readers both theoretically and practically based on the
knowledge they have and also the guidance of the teacher.
1) Theoretical Benefits
The researcher hopes that the theoretical benefits in this research can provide
additional information and knowledge for readers and researchers, especially in
examining the psychology of the main character in the film Case 39 (2009) and in
similar genre of film.
2) The practical benefits are divided into several functions of this research, including:
a. For the Students
This research is expected to provide information and students in understanding
and developing ways to analyze the psychology of the main character in the film
Case 39 (2009) which has been watched based on the theory taught in terms of
criticizing literacy in Indonesia and it is hoped that students can provide solutions
in dealing with psychological disorders that are currently happening. on himself
and everyone around him, especially in the school/educational environment in
order to create effective learning. To the educational field, this research will also
provide insight into new ways of analyzing the psyche of film characters, which
will in turn provide a more in-depth understanding to psychoanalysis in relation to
film.
b. For the Teachers
It is expected that the teacher will get critical information and psychological
knowledge in the film Case 39 (2009) based on the perception and theoretical and
practical knowledge that has been achieved by paying attention to every behavior
and role experienced by Emily Jenkins as the main character.
Then the teacher is also expected to be able to direct students to prevent
psychological disorders. and able to overcome psychological disorders
experienced by students, especially in the world of education so that teachers can
create an effective learning environment.
c. For the Other Researchers
The researcher hope that this study become a reference source for other
researchers to understand and add insight in terms of criticizing literacy in the
form of the psychology of the main character in the film Case 39 (2009) using
several theories of Sigmund Freud by paying attention to every behavior and role
experienced by the main character Emily Jenkins and making sources to find out
the problems psychology in the community, especially in analyzing student
psychology and overcoming so that it can create a more effective learning
environment
 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Theoretical Review
1. Literature and Psychology
When we study the psychology of literature, we learn about people from the
inside out, which enables us to comprehend the depths of the human psyche. Literary
psychology appeals to issues with the human soul that describe it, not just the soul as
it appears in literature but also the soul of others. Every author frequently incorporates
personal experiences into its writing, and readers frequently go through the same
things.
Psychology and literature both study humans, but they focus on different
aspects of the human condition. Psychology which deals with actual situations in life
and literature which deals with human representation. Wellek & Warren (1956) stated
that literary theory and apologetics may emphasize either the typicality or the
particularity of literature; one may argue that literature is more specific than
psychology or sociology but more universal than history and biography. Changes in
literary theory's emphasis are present as well. The precise level of generality or
particularity in literary practice varies from work to work and from time to period.
Considering this salient correlation between literature and psychology, David
Lodge in his work titled Consciousness and the Novel Connected Essays explains the
meaning of literature as a record of human consciousness, the richest and most
comprehensive we have. Lyric poetry is arguably the most successful thing to
describe quality and the novel is arguably the most successful thing to describe the
experience of individual human beings moving through space and time (Aras, 2002).
Psychology and literature are two scientific disciplines that investigate the
human psyche. While literature uses fiction to represent human behavior, psychology
studies human behavior and its causes. These two disciplines that research human
behavior are related and complementary to one another (Emir, 2016). A literary work
also serves as the fundamental cornerstone of the relationship between literature and
psychology. According to Ulleberg & Rundmo (2003) on the international research
arena, the traffic psychology literature has witnessed two broad research traditions
 that aim to explain individual differences in risk driving behavior and traffic accident
involvement. These approaches are the personality trait approach and the social
cognition approach (Yimer, 2019).
Meanwhile, according to Meyer (1997), literature is a canon which consists of
those works in language by which a community defines itself through the course of its
history. It includes works primarily artistic and also those whose aesthetic qualities
are only secondary. The self-defining activity of the community is conducted in the
light of the works, as its members have come to read them.
Human beings through several aspects such as aspects of psychology,
sociology or phenomena that occur, besides that existence is also a bridge for many
people and researchers to reveal things that can only be found by research reason, for
example Sigmund Freud, a pioneer figure in psychoanalytic criticism, analyzing many
literary texts including Shakespeare's works (Meiliana, 2020).
In other words, there are many findings yet to be found by means of research,
and this knowledge can only be uncovered by precise analysis and criticism of literary
works. This is how new theories and formulations such as Freud’s psychoanalysis
theory are discovered and developed. The above statement its showing that a
psychology and literature are two branches of science that study human behaviour.
Psychology studies human behaviour while literature depicts human behaviour
through fiction. A literary work benefits from psychology in terms of successfully
presenting characters, expressing moods, and bringing the reader into the
psychological dimension of human reality.
Therefore literature has a relationship with psychology because a scientific
psychological approach to art, following standard empirical research methods,
objectively searches for universal phenomena common to all artists, works of art, and
art connoisseurs, not limited to certain things. Thus, the researcher can explain the
behavior and psychology experienced by the main character in the film Case 39
(2009).

2. The Study of Personality

Everyone has a unique personality, which will influence what constitutes
success and what constitutes a fulfilled existence. The statement that personality is
one of the most significant attributes that is not hyperbole. The experiences have
already benefited from it, and it will undoubtedly do so in the future. All of their
accomplishments to date, hopes for the future, and whether or not they'll make
excellent partners or parents. Personality and the characteristics of the people you
connect with might have an impact on even your health. Personality traits can restrict
or increase alternatives and choices, stop people from sharing specific experiences or
allow them to benefit from them. Some individuals are restricted or constrained by it,
while others have access to the world (Schultz & Schultz, 2015).
Psychoanalysis is one of the methods used for psychological research and the
research is related to the literature obtained by reading, observing and then poured
into scientific works because psychoanalysis is related to examining a person's
personality through expressions that match the state of mind as according to Elliott,
psychoanalytics based on Freudian psychoanalysis are related to the reality of
subconscious desires and are also related to individual social interactions connected
with human reason and desires (Iqbal, 2019).
Furthermore, according to Jung (1961), it is stated that a new psychoanalytic
theory, first put forward by Sigmund Freud and Breuer in 1893 in the form of a paper
entitled "On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena: Preliminary
Communication," comes from his analysis, they had an opportunity to observe and
treat a very intelligent hysterical woman patient during the years 1880 and 1882. In
1889 about a patient named Emmy von N. (Baroness Fanny Moser), a wealthy
middle-aged widow who began exhibiting hysterical symptoms 14 years earlier, when
her husband died. Freud cared for her for about 15 weeks. She suffered from loss of
appetite, seizures. convulsions in his face and neck, stuttering, and hallucinations of
snakes crawling across his face and the rat died. After observing the patient's events,
Freud concluded that hysteria or neurological disease is based on bad experiences that
have been experienced then become anxious and traumatized.
Subsequently, in 1915, Sigmund Freud began writing Introduction to
Metapsychology. He aims to rebuild the basic foundations of psychology. He
describes the mind from three perspectives throughout the book. Then there are the
many regions of the mind: the subconscious, which contains suppressed drives and
memories; the subconscious, which filters out materials that can be brought into the
conscious mind; and the conscious mind itself. Freud also described the movement
and amount of mental energy, as well as how opposing desires in the subconscious
cause conflict, which is also called the id, ego, and superego. Lapsley & Stey (2012)
stated that Id, ego, and superego were Sigmund Freud's three "provinces" or divisions
 of the mind. The id, which stands for the biological foundation of personality, is the
earliest and most basic psychic agents. The ego is a modification of the id that
emerges as a result of the direct influence of the external world. The superego
commands the psychic machinery to pursue idealistic ideals and perfection, whereas
the id pursues pleasure and the ego is controlled by the reality principle. It is the
origin of conscience and moral restraint.
In the explanation above, the researcher shows that Sigmund Freud's
psychological research began with the aim of examining the relationship between
psychology and physiology to find the beginning of psychological problems in the
form of hysteria or someone's fear, of course it is very closely related to the human
mind because psychological research is taken from observations made has occurred in
a person's state of mind which is actualized in his pattern of life through his
unconscious or experiences called id, ego, superego, and all of these are related to
one's desires and these desires are closely related to interactions that occur in the
social environment.

3. Personality’s Theory
In Freud's view, the id, ego, and superego are three crucially conceived
elements of the human personality. The Id functions subconsciously and is based on
the pleasure principle. Eros and Thanatos are two different types of biological
instincts that make up the id (Freud, 1923).
Hidayati, Suwandi, & Slamet (2019) states in Freud’s theory that eros, the
instinct for life, guides act that keep people alive, such as eating, breathing, and
having sex. Libido is the energy that comes from life instincts. All humans possess a
set of destructive instincts known as Thanatos, or death instincts. Sometimes this
aggression, or violent behavior, is directed towards other people. Freud was adamant
that Eros was more powerful than Thanatos. People always benefit from it in order to
survive. Id exists in the subconscious of people. The human is driven by instinct and
urge to immediately satisfy their basic biological demands. Additionally, the id is
dominated by the instincts of life (eros) and death (Thanatos). The id operates on the
tenets of pleasure.
a. Id
The id is all the irrational, non-logistical impulses that drive you to seek
pleasure. The id is in the conscious stage where you absorb information and
 transform it so that it can be perceived. It asserts that most actions are taken by
individuals to satisfy their personal desires. The principle, which states that people
want to experience and experience difficult things, is what the id is based on. This
is the underlying concept and the most basic human motivation (Lapsley & Stey,
2012). Rarely do the instincts of the id's directly manifest themselves to the world
at large. Following the superego and the outside world, the ego always controls
and alters the primal instincts. The demands of the three oppressive masters—the
id, the superego, and the outside world—are synchronized by the ego.
As a result, the ego turns into a battlefield for the conscious and unconscious
minds. Even the ego, which is a fundamental component of the id, adapts its
operations to meet the demands of the outside world. The ego's weakness is
demonstrated by its inability to satiate the id's demands, which results in the split
of the mind. It demonstrates the might of the ego to assume that it can meet the
id's want.
b. Ego
The relationship between a person's internal and exterior worlds is primarily
mediated by the ego; the id operates according to the reality principle. According
to Anthony W. Bateman, Jeremy Holmes (2021), Freud liked to relate the adult
personality to an archaeological site that had multiple civilizations, each built on
top of the one before it and maintaining some characteristics of that civilization.
He described the ego as a "precipitate of abandoned object cathexes," built from
the significant historical characters that each person has identified with.
In addition, Esposito, Cieri, di Giannantonio, & Tartaro (2019) said that the ego is
influenced by the contradictory impulses of other instances, whose actions are
often hidden. The id, which is present at birth and determined by constitution, is
made up of impulses and instincts that come from the body organization and find
expression in an unidentified psychological form. The second instance in which
the ego is exposed results from the absorbing of behavior codes, injunctions, and
social prohibitions that are perceived as restrictions and barriers to enjoying
satisfaction. This censorship system controls the passage of the instinct from the
id to the ego.
c. Superego
According to Freud (1923), the superego serves as the personality's "conscience"
and can cause guilt as retaliation for the ego's flaws. Since the superego is a
 descendant of the id's first object, cathexis (in the oedipal situation), it is
nonetheless close to the id and "may operate as its representation" (in contrast to
the ego, which represents reality). Additionally, as the unconscious Oedipus
complex is the source of conscience, guilt must also have its origins in
unconsciousness (Lapsley & Stey, 2012).
It also stated by Morris & Maisto (2014) that superego is not present at birth. In
reality, Freud believed that young children lack morality and only pursue their
pleasure. But as we become older, we begin to accept as our own the opinions that
our parents had about what was "good" and "bad." Our own internal self-control
eventually replaces our parents' exterior restraint. In the same way that parents
traditionally watched over and led their children, the superego eventually assumes
control and serves as our conscience. The superego also evaluates the ego's deeds
against an ideal of perfection and rewards or punishes the ego in accordance. The
superego functions at the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels, just as
the ego.
From the theory above, it can be concluded that in Freud’s theory there are id,
ego, and superego in human psychology that have an important role to see someone’s
personality. It’s typically the effect the biological instinct that contains Eros and
Thanatos.

4. Movies Theory
Movies are pictures in frame, where frame by frame is projected through the
projector lens mechanically so that on the screen the image looks alive. Movies move
quickly and alternately providing continuous visuals (Arsyad, 2015). Film is a type of
media that uses visuals and audiovisuals (or images harmonized with sound) to
convey information. In addition, films can be used to not only describe a phenomenon
or provide knowledge about natural events, but also to tell a narrative of the author's
life or a true story of someone's life. It also leads to a point of view or belief that a
film that depicts a depiction of society has been made.
Film can explore everything that happens in real life, and psychology in film is
one of interesting topic to explore. According to Tan (2018), around 1894-1895, the
publication of The Photoplay: A Psychological Study marked the beginning of the
psychology of the film. The Photoplay's first section looks at how films typically
address the mechanisms of the fundamental psychological processes that experimental
psychology looks into—namely perception, attention, memory, and emotion. In The
Photoplay, the psychological function that theatrical films eventually exploit is
imagination; nevertheless, the film also makes use of attention, perception, memory,
and emotion, which serve as foundational elements for the imagination throughout the
viewing experience.
The important aspect in film is character and also characterization. According
to Andrew Bennett (2016), characters are what give literature their life; they are the
focus of our admiration, censure, and devotion. In fact, our connection to literary
characters is so strong that they frequently stop being considered to be merely
"things". They can influence how we view ourselves and become a part of who we are
through the power of affiliation, compassion, and dislike.
Character is acting either protagonist or antagonist character and deal with
some sequence of events those later causes changes them. In sum, the audience must
know if the characters within a story is a main or peripheral character. According to
Abrams (1999), characters are people who are represented in a drama or narrative
work, the reader perceives the character as a unique or equipped object certain moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities related to how they say things and their
distinctive way of saying it (dialogue) and from what they do (action).
The reason in character describing temperament, desires, and moral traits for
their speech and actions called their motivation. other than that the character should
not suddenly break up and act in a way that doesn't suit his temperament as we know
before So, the character plays an important role in a literary works because there is a
story without character and character belongs to people in a story that is created to
make the story alive. In other words, character means a figure in a story.
Characters in stories who are played in narrative works such as films become
the main focus for the audience and readers. According to Putri (2017), she states in
the Pope’s book called Creativity: Theory, History, Practice, that there are two
categories of character below:
a. Major Character
The main character is referred to as a Protagonist, and their struggle with an
antagonist may be what causes the conflict in the film. The main character with
whom people can most often identify is the protagonist. The person or thing that
the protagonist battles against is known as the antagonist. The Protagonist
character is a given character sympathy and empathy, but often the protagonist is
 played into a tense situation to find a solution to the chaos that has occurred in his
life and describe the contents in a story as experienced by Emily Jenkins in the
main role in the film "Case 39 (2009)" which played a role in as a law enforcer
and has a sense of empathy for the case of Lilith, a girl who was abused by her
parents, but on the other hand Emily was trapped in a tense situation, namely
Lilith, who she knew was just an ordinary girl, turned out to be a demon in
disguise and that made the situation worse. The character played by Emily
experiences tension especially in her psychology and of course the protagonist can
also be called a hero in a story. While the Antagonist Character is a character
whose attitude is opposite to that of the protagonist. This character can cause
conflict and created between the protagonist and the antagonist, besides that the
antagonist character often manipulates the environment to look good, as played by
Lilith in Case 39 (2009). Lilith is a demon who is used as a girl and is often used
around her to fulfill her desires and desires to get complete love and attention for
everyone around her like Emily Jenkins.
b. Minor Character
Minor characters are unlikely to be used as a viewpoint character. Pope states that
minor characters can still shine in a literary work, although they will only appear
briefly and seldom. Minor characters are essentially flat stereotypes in two
dimensions. All the other characters in the story who have a smaller role are
referred to as minor characters. In Case 39 (2009) one of the minor characters that
also important to the film is Douglas J. Ames, Emily’s boyfriend that also take
over Lilith case.
In the other hand, Sutton (1971) that quoted in Putri (2017) divides characters into
four types below:
a. Flat Character
Flat characters tend to be predictable, basic, and possess a small number of
dominant features. They are portrayed with delicate particularity and have
complex motivations and temperaments. Flat characters are typically minor (such
as family members, friends, or employees), yet not all minor characters are
inherently flat.
b. Round Character
 A round character typically has a significant impact on the plot. They're frequently
referred to as the hero or heroine. However, a lot of major characters are
everything from heroic, thus it's better to use the more unbiased word protagonist.
c. Static Character
The static characters essentially don't change. Their lives are not significantly
impacted by the action (unlike the protagonist in a typical action or adventure
movie).

d. Dynamic Character
A dynamic character is one who undergoes substantial change during the story's
development. Changes in commitment, shifts in values, or shifts in perception are
all taken into consideration when determining whether a character is dynamic.
Character is someone who has an identity in a literary work and is represented
by their look, conversation, actions, name, and internal thoughts. Meanwhile, the
method to evaluate the personality and growth of the primary character, which deals
with the process of developing an image of a person in fiction complete with the
person's attributes, features, and motivations is characterization. According to Putri
(2017), there are two different approaches to characterization, including direct
characterization and indirect characterization. Direct characterization, which is
typically utilized in stories, is when the author discloses to the reader the personality
of the character. While it's typically employed in movies, indirect characterization is
used when an author displays elements that reflect a character's nature. There are four
different methods of indirect characterization: speech, thoughts, action, and looks.
In conclusion, Psychology and literature are very often intertwined with each
other. For example, psychoanalysis is one of the methods used for psychological
research and the research is related to the literature obtained by reading, observing
and then poured into scientific works. One of the most prominent personal in regard
to the development of psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud. According to Freud, the
human psyche consists of id, ego, and superego – all of which should work together
and create a harmonious bond which shapes a person’s mind. This concept can be
used to analyze various works of literature including films.

B. Relevant Study
 There are so many researched that have been conducted by other researcher
related to analysis psychology through the literature. There are some explanations about
previous related study.
The first previous related study was conducted by Nandika Tahta Aulia (2021).
The title of the research was “Personality Structure of the Main Character in Mitch
Albom's for One More Day: A Freudian Psychoanalysis”. This research is using
descriptive qualitative technique that requires to identify the personality traits of Mitch
Albom's Charley "Chick" Benetto, the protagonist of For One More Day. This study has
three goals: first, it wants to figure out who Charley "Chick" Benetto is as an Id; second,
it wants to figure out who he is as an Ego; and third, it wants to figure out who he is as a
Superego. The personality structure hypothesis of Sigmund Freud is applied in this study.
The id, which stores pulses and is the source of psychic energy, and the Ego, which
serves as a mediator and balances the demands of the pulses and the prohibitions of the
Superego, the Superego being in charge of supervising and preventing the complete
satisfaction of these pulses, are the three components of Freud's theory of personality. The
results of this study show that Charley "Chick" Benetto struggles to maintain a healthy
balance between his id, ego, and superego.
The second previous related study was conducted by Cahya Tri Atmaja (2019)
with the title “Alaska's Borderline Personality Disorder as Reflected in John Green's
Looking for Alaska”. This research examined the borderline personality disorder of The
Looking for Alaska's main character. The goal of this research is to clarify how the main
character deals with all the tension in her personality and the borderline personality
disorder that is detailed in the book. Structuralism theory and the Theory of Personality
by Sigmund Freud were used in this study's descriptive qualitative methodology to
describe the main character's personality in words. The novel The Looking for Alaska
served as the study's subject, and the study's major emphasis was Alaska Young. The
research tool was a list of an observational sheet, and the data were gathered through
library research. The study involved understanding Alaska's personality using Sigmund
Freud's Theory of Personality and structural theory to characterize Alaska's
characterisation and conflicts. The study's findings indicated that Alaska has a personality
that satisfies three essential characteristics of borderline personality disorder, and that
Alaska's personality affects how she handles conflict.
The third previous related study was conducted by Nurul Hikmah Maulanie
(2011) with the title “An Analysis of Esther's Psychopath Problem in Orphan Film
Viewed from Psychoanalysis Theory by Sigmund Freud”. In this study, the researcher
examines the protagonist of the film Orphan as a psychopathic problem-character. The
researcher used the Oprhan film as the analytical unit. The theoretical foundation of the
study is based on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic notions as applied to the psychopathic
condition. The research used descriptive qualitative methodology to describe the intrinsic
and extrinsic elements of the movie, such as the conversation and scenes, which are then
subjected to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis as the movie's extrinsic component. The
researcher dives into the specifics of psychopathic character and the factors that
contribute to it as seen through the lens of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis through
observations of the scenes and dialogues that the filmmaker presents Esther's
characterizations as the primary character of Orphan.
In the first previous study the researcher used novel For One More Day, the
second previous study used novel The Looking for Alaska, and the third previous study
used film Orphan as a data of the research. While this research is used film Case 39 as a
data of the research. The method that used in all of the previous research was descriptive
qualitative, same as this research that used descriptive qualitative as a method to conduct
this research. Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud was also the dependent variable that
used in analysis one of the characters in all of the previous studies, and this research also
used that as a way to analyse the character of the film Case 39. Those relevant studies
include Psychology and Sigmund Freud theory as a dependent variable. The differences
from the previous research with this research is the kind of literature that used and also
how the researcher collecting the data. The researcher used those related studies as
references and hopefully complete the deficiencies that contained in this research.
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

A. Approaches and Types of Research Methods

The researcher used a qualitative analysis and a descriptive approach that was
appropriate for this analysis when writing the thesis. It is possible to complete qualitative
work in a short time. Rather than numbers, information is collected in the form of words
as short descriptions. Descriptive research aims to explain a phenomenon accurately
based on the characteristics of the research. By using this method, researchers can also
explain or describe the behaviour or psychology experienced by the main character in the
film "Case 39 (2009)".
This type of research is field research which carried out with a qualitative
approach. Creswell states that the definition of qualitative research method is a process of
inquiry (question/investigation) regarding the understanding of a matter to obtain data,
information, texts of respondents' views using various methodologies in a social or
humanitarian problem or phenomenon (Creswell, Shope, Clark, & Green, 2006). They
also stated qualitative research is a type of research that explores and understands the
meaning in a number of individuals or groups of people originating from social or
humanitarian problems. In addition, the term qualitative research methodology in its full
sense is research that refers to research that produces descriptive data through written or
spoken words from research, and can be observed. behaviour. Qualitative methodologies,
like quantitative methodologies, are more than a set of data collection tools.
It can be concluded that what is meant by research methodology is a branch of
science that discusses/questions about ways to conduct research until compiling reports)
based on scientific facts or phenomena. As described in the film "Case 39", the researcher
analyses the main character (Emily Jenkins) and every element of behaviour contained in
the film such as analysing a psychological problem experienced by the characters in the
film.

B. Research Time
The research will conduct from January 2022 to September 2022. The researcher
also made a schedule for this study so that the time of the study was clearer.
 Months (2023)

No Activities Ja Feb March Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Submission
1
Tittle

Guidance of
2
Proposal

Seminar of
3
Mini Thesis

Guidance

and Revision
4
of Seminar

result

Data
5
Collection

Data
6
Analysis

Final test of
7
the research

C. Source of Research Data

This research was conducted by watching the film Case 39 (2009) accompanied
by subtitles rented for 30 days online from Youtube Movies as a data source, a film
directed by Christian Alvart which was released on October 16, 2009, with a duration of 1
hour 49 minutes. In addition, in addition to film scripts and dialogues, they are also used
as data sources in writing this thesis.
 Photographs and film can also be used to communicate and illustrate findings.
Words can be replaced by pictures, or pictures can provide information that words alone
cannot. Images, without a doubt, offer the reader a qualitative study of the feeling of
being there, experiencing locations and people firsthand. Some articles in sociology
magazines, such as Qualitative Sociology, include only photographs and no commentary
or analysis (Grady, 1996). Visual sociologists can be aim toward the ideal of visual
ethnography, where text will accompany photographs to provide features of description
and abstract generalization that images alone cannot handle.

D. Technique of Data Collection

In this research, the techniques that researcher uses is study document.
Documents are used in every evidence procedure that is based on a source of any kind,
including written, oral, visual, and monumental works. They give data for the process
analysis. The data for this study were collected in various ways by the researcher. The
correct procedure of collecting, measuring, and analyzing insights for studies using an
established and verified methodology is referred to as data collection. Narrative research
analysis is a term that refers to a collection of methods that rely on written or spoken
words or visual representations of people. Individual lives, as presented through their own
stories, are often central to this approach. This section describes the processes carried out
in this research, such as how the researcher obtained data by viewing the film and
collecting important notes, which helped the researcher in analyzing the film. To collect
information and facts, researchers use qualitative research methodologies.
In addition, researchers are not only limited to retelling or explaining events that
have occurred in the film "Case 39 (2009)", but interpreting or providing ideas about
these events that are useful for providing information to readers about the contents of the
film "Case 39 (2009)". This opinion is also supported and expressed. In descriptive
research, the researcher tries to direct the reader to certain statements and conclusions
based on what has been observed and explained by the researcher and how to analyze it.
Researcher are also free to run themselves and draw their own generalizations.
In conclusion, in qualitative research, researchers use several ways to collect and
collect data which are certainly related to and support the research problem, because this
research is descriptive, researchers describe and analyze the facts contained in the film
"Case 39 (2009) and to answer the questions raised by the researcher. formulated in the
problem formulation in chapter 1.
 Furthermore, the researcher has several steps in collecting data, so that this
research is more specific, and the following are the steps in collecting data:
1) Analysis of all data from the film "Case 39 (2009)" by understanding every activity of
the actors in the film.
2) Watch the film over and over again, then go through all the important sources such as
the maker to make sure that the information is research-related.
3) Marking phrases and all the important statements and information with screenshots of
scenes that match the research, after that the researcher identifies each important
statement and relates it to the appropriate theory in the study so as to create relevant
research.
After the researcher completes all the information such as identification and
classification of records and data, of course the researcher must form associations or ideas
that are appropriate for the research of the thesis concept itself as a closing in the
completion of the research.

E. Research Instrument
In this study, the researcher will be the main instrument in collecting data, as stated
by El Hussein, Kennedy, & Oliver (2017), Qualitative research methods are a research
method used to examine natural objects, in which the researcher is the primary
instrument, and the data is interpreted by looking at the guidelines.
In order to collect the data, instrument in research is needed. The researcher uses
document as the instrument. According to Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen (2006), in order to
understand human behaviour, content analysis focuses on examining and interpreting
recorded material. The content might include books, letters, movies, tapes, journals,
topics, reports, or other written materials. It could also be public records. In order to
complete this research and provide the best possible outcome, the researcher used the
document to address the issues. Based on the explanation above, the researcher assumes
that content analysis is to learn about human behaviour by analysing and interpreting
recorded material that such as public records, textbooks, letters, films, tapes, diaries,
themes, reports, or other documents.
By using research instrument the researcher can analyse research that has been
analysing, that is analysing teaching method in film Case 39 (2009). Besides, the
researcher can get the data and analyze in sufficient detail of the research. Thus, the
researcher will analyze the research very well.
 In analyzing psychological aspects in the film Case 39 (2009), the researcher used
research instrument or content analysis in order to find out what the psychological aspects
in the characters of the film Case 39 (2009). Therefore, the researcher watched the film
Case 39 (2009) as the instrument.

F. Technique of Data Analysis

The data analysis technique used by the researcher is content analysis, namely
descriptive and qualitative. A single-case study method will be implemented. By using
this technique, the purpose of this study is to clearly describe the psychology experienced
by the main character in the film “Case 39 (2009)”. Sullivan (2009) stated that the
majority of qualitative research focuses on developing theories or expanding knowledge
about social processes in general. The purpose of the theoretical study is to gain a better
understanding or explanation of aspects of social life that are not directly related to the
individual or the environment being studied. Researchers actively analyse and
demonstrate what is important to their audience in this investigation. The analysis will be
performed by:
1. Watching and re-watching the movie while paying attention to characterizations and
dialogues that take place throughout all the featured scenes, along with note-taking to
provide a detailed and chronological recount of all important aspects regarding
character psyches.
2. The researcher looks for consistencies between character actions and dialogues
throughout the movie to uncover detailed information about the characters’ psyches.
According to Rohrbach et al. (2017), The single-case study method is implemented by
paying attention to perspective of observation:
a. What is the point of view of the person observing the process?
b. Person/focus (which element of the therapeutic system i.e. client(s), therapist(s), or
dyad/system is studied?)
c. Aspect of process (what kind of communication variable is studied?)
d. Unit level (at what level is the process studied?)
e. Sequential phase (what temporal orientation of the text unit under investigation is
studied?)
Ultimately, this single case study will evaluate qualitative data and the
relationship between the work of literature and the hypothesis or research objectives will
 be revealed. This type of study was developed and popularized by Sigmund Freud himself
for analysing the cases.

G. Data Validity
To ensure that the description of the data that has been presented the above is
valid data and has a degree of trust Validity assurance techniques are carried out through:
confirmability, credibility, transferability, dependability.
1. Confirmability
Objectivity means the work process that is carried out to achieve the objective
conditions. As for the objectivity criteria, if it meets the minimum requirements, the
research design is made properly and correctly, the right research focus, literature
review relevant, appropriate data collection techniques focus of research problems,
data analysis is carried out true, the research results are useful for the development of
science knowledge.
2. Credibility
Internal validity (credibility) discusses how far research results can be trusted, to
achieve trust these are things to do:
a. Observation extension (Extended engagement)
b. Increased persistence (Persistent observation)
c. Triangulation (peer debriefing)
To achieve data validity, triangulation is one of the techniques checking as a
comparison against the data that has been taken.
1) Source Triangulation
2) Technical Triangulation
3) Time Triangulation
4) Negative case analysis
d. Negative case analysis is when the researcher is conduct research to find cases that
contrary to the statements of collected informants. With a negative case that
researchers appear to research in depth again to obtain real data.
e. Discussion with colleagues (peer debriefing)
f. Member check
The member check step in qualitative research is to get agreement on the
analytical, interpretive and conclusions from the data that has been organized.
 When the data that has been processed by the researcher can be agreed, then
credibility is acceptable, but otherwise if data analysis that has been made is not
agreed upon, then the researcher conducts a discussion to reach agreement on
interpretation.
3. Transferability
Transferability relates to research results that can be transferred by others and can be
applied in situations others, in order to achieve external validity the authors study in a
systematic, detailed, clear and accountable manner.
4. Dependability
To test and achieve the reliability of the data in the research, then the data is ready to
be re-audited against the entire study, from determining the focus of the problem,
enter the field, data collection, data analysis, test validity to the conclusion in writing
the validity of the data the author chooses the technique of guaranteeing validity what
data will be used. In deciding the validity of the data, the researcher chooses some of
the above techniques according to with the problem.
In sum up, the researcher will use confirmability, credibility, transferability,
and reliability to achieve a valid data. Confirmability use to ensure that the data and
findings are valid according to relevant studies. In credibility the researcher using
triangulation and member check to achieve credible data. Then the researcher use
transferability to examines the data in a systematic way.
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