PSYCHOANALYSIS OF MAIN CHARACTER

PROBLEMS IN CASE 39 (2009) USING SIGMUND

FREUD'S PERSPECTIVE

Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the Requirements for Bachelor Degree of

English Education Study Program of Muhammadiyah University of Tangerang

Compiled by:
Ahmad Habib Najmudin

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH TANGERANG
2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

Student’s Name : Ahmad Habib Najmudin

NIM :
Study Level : Bachelor Degree (S1)
Study Program : English Education
Title : Psychoanalysis of Main Character Problems in Case 39
(2009) using Sigmund Freud's Perspective
This research has been approved by advisors to be presented in undergraduate
research defense examination.

Tangerang, 2024

Approval by: Signature:

Advisor I,
Moh. Iqbal Firdaus, M. Hum ……………………………………
NBM. 109 4923

Advisor II,
Nargis, M. Hum ……………………………………
NBM. 121 1170

Head of English Educational Study Program,

Yudhie Indra Gunawan, M. Pd

NBM. 114 6134
VALIDATION SHEET
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY
 ABSTRACT

Keyword:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 TABLE OF CONTENT

APPROVAL SHEET...............................................................................................ii
VALIDATION SHEET..........................................................................................iii
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY....................................................................iv
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENT.........................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I.............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1
A. Background of the Problem..........................................................................1
B. Research Focus.............................................................................................4
C. Formulation of the Problem..........................................................................4
D. Objective of the Research.............................................................................4
E. Significance of the Research.........................................................................4
CHAPTER II............................................................................................................7
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...........................................................................7
A. Theoretical Review.......................................................................................7
1. Literature and psychology.........................................................................7
2. The study of personality............................................................................9
3. Personality’s theory.................................................................................11
4. Movies’ theory........................................................................................13
B. Relevant Study............................................................................................18
CHAPTER III........................................................................................................21
METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................21
A. Approaches and Type of Research Methods...............................................21
B. Research Time.............................................................................................22
C. Source of Research Data.............................................................................23
D. Technique of Data Collection.....................................................................23
E. Research Instruments..................................................................................25
 F. Technique of Data Analysis........................................................................25
G. Data Validity...............................................................................................27
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................29
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Literature plays an important role and appears in many
aspects, especially in language education. It is a way of expressing
something's aesthetic value, including written works like novel, lyrics, poems,
etc. Kustyarini (2014) explained that in Indonesia, literature comes from
Sanskrit which is a combination of the word sas which means to direct, teach
and give instructions. The word literature gets the suffix tra which is usually
used to indicate a tool or means. So, literature means a tool for teaching,
guidance, or teaching.
Darma (2022) also stated that literature is a reflection of what is
happening in society. The reflection can be in the form of life problems,
philosophy, and psychology. Referring to this, literary works can be
understood psychologically from the psychological aspect. Therefore,
understanding a literary work is not only based on substantive aspects but also
other aspects such as psychology. Each character has interests and problems,
because of these interests and problems, they interact with each other. Then
from this interaction, the reader can listen to the character of each character in
a literary work. For example, what each character does, talks about, and thinks
is nothing but a reflection or depiction of the soul of each character.
The improvement of literature can be seen time to time, and film has
developed into a fascinating media in the modern period for anyone looking to
increase their creative thinking and talent in literature purposes. The majority
of cineastes view cinema as a platform for exchanging ideas and viewpoints
regarding certain real-world events. They also believe it as a
promising business because many people enjoy watching movies in their free
time. Psychoanalysis also has a special connection with film before appointed
as one of approaches method by a number of French psychoanalysis and art
critics considered the most appropriate in cinematographic world (Moesono,
2003).
Widyatmi (2011) states that psychology is a science that studies
behavior or activities that are seen as manifestations of human psychic life. In
psychology, behavior or activities that exist in individuals or organisms are
considered not to arise by themselves, but as a result of a stimulus or stimuli
that affect the individual or organism. In this case the behavior or activity is
considered as an answer or response to the stimulus.
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Approach (1856-1939) was used to
analyze the film that the author was going to study, due to his psychoanalytic
theory in the 1890s. One of them is the theory that Paranoia/Hysteria is a
symptom usually seen in people with mental disorders. Freud also thought that
paranoia might be a defense mechanism to protect their self-esteem, and this is
the only aspect of his Paranoia/Hysteria theory that is still taken seriously
today (Byrne & Baron, 1994). Aggressive behavior, diverted to objects that
are made a scapegoat, or may be sublimated in a way that is more acceptable
to society.
In the case of paranoia or aggression above, the researcher concluded
that this is often encountered in daily life, in other words, to defend
themselves from the fear of threats that are being experienced, as experienced
by final semester students, when facing their mini-thesis often experience
excessive anxiety about the title of the thesis they submit in other words "true
or not", and indirectly this anxiety includes the paranoia they experience
through overthinking of the thesis so that they cover up their fear by waiting
for approval without starting it first.
In the other hand, the paranoia and psychological disorders
experienced by Emily Jenkins (Renee Zellweger), the main character in the
film Case 39 (2009), with different events. Emily experienced a mental
disorder or paranoia when she found out that Lilith's identity was actually a
demon, so she covered her fear by continuing to fulfill what Lilith ordered and
avoiding the threats that Lilith said, and this psychological incident became
the focus of discussion in this study to find out the origin of the tragedy or
event that occurred, experienced by the main character in the film Case 39
(2009).
Case 39 (2009) is a supernatural horror film with a psychological
thriller genre, it is one of the most popular American films directed by
Christian Alvart and on Rotten Tomatoes, it received a rating of 21% based on
75 reviews. Case 39 tells of a female social worker named Emily Jenkins
(Renee Zellweger) who is assigned to investigate case number 39, which is a
case of violence experienced by a 10-year-old girl or a girl named Lilith
Sullivan (Jodelle Ferland).
This means that this study focuses on the character of Emily Jenkins
(Renee Zellweger) who is the main character in the film Case 39 (2009). Then
to evaluate Emily's personality, the author uses Sigmund Freud's personality
theory which is based on Sigmund Freud's personality psychology. The human
psyche, according to Freud, is divided into three parts: the id, the ego, and the
superego. We are born with our id, according to Sigmund Freud
The id is an important aspect of our personality because it allows us to
fulfill our basic desires as social beings. The reality principle is the foundation
of the ego. The ego recognizes that other people have needs and wants and
that acting rashly or selfishly can backfire in the end. It is also the ego to
comply with the demands while considering the reality of the situation.
In the explanation above, the writer concludes that in this research, the
writer chooses the film Case 39 (2009) as the object of analysis, because the
writer wants to find the personality of the main character related to the human
mind or psychology in this novel based on Sigmund Freud's theory. This is
also the reason the author uses or chooses Sigmund Freud's theory as the
object of analysis because according to the author, the theory can be applied to
analyze this film, and especially to analyze the personality experienced by
Emily Jenkins as the main character in this film.
B. Research Focus
Based on the research background described above, the researcher
only focuses on psychoanalytic analytic in the film Case 39 (2009) which
refers to the psychology of Emily Jenkins as the main actor in the film Case
39 (2009) and the researcher analyzes it using Sigmund Freud's theory of
perception who is nicknamed the father of psychoanalytic.

C. Formulation of the Problem

Based on the research background described above, the researcher
formulates the problem in this study referring to knowing or describing “How
is the psychology experienced by Emily Jenkins in the film Case 39 (2009)
who has experienced a supernatural tragedy”.

D. Objective of the Research

Based on the research background described above, the objective of
the research is to explain the tragedy experienced in Case 39 (2009) which
refers to knowing or describing the psychology experienced by Case 39
(2009) by the main character, Emily Jenkins who acts as an investigator of the
case and reveals the identity of Lilith Sullivan.

E. Significance of the Research

The researcher hopes that the results of this study are expected to
provide several benefits for researchers and readers both theoretically and
practically based on the knowledge they have and also the guidance of the
teacher.
1) Theoretical Benefits
The researcher hopes that the theoretical benefits in this research can
provide additional information and knowledge for readers and researchers,
especially in examining the psychology of the main character in the film
Case 39 (2009) and in similar genre of film.
2) The practical benefits are divided into several functions of this research,
including:
a. For the Students
This research is expected to provide information and students in
understanding and developing ways to analyze the psychology of the
main character in the film Case 39 (2009) which has been watched
based on the theory taught in terms of criticizing literacy in Indonesia
and it is hoped that students can provide solutions in dealing with
psychological disorders that are currently happening. on himself and
everyone around him, especially in the school/educational environment
in order to create effective learning. To the educational field, this
research will also provide insight into new ways of analyzing the
psyche of film characters, which will in turn provide a more in-depth
understanding to psychoanalysis in relation to film.
b. For the Teachers
It is expected that the teacher will get critical information and
psychological knowledge in the film Case 39 (2009) based on the
perception and theoretical and practical knowledge that has been
achieved by paying attention to every behavior and role experienced
by Emily Jenkins as the main character.
Then the teacher is also expected to be able to direct students to
prevent psychological disorders. and able to overcome psychological
disorders experienced by students, especially in the world of education
so that teachers can create an effective learning environment.
c. For the Other Researchers
The researcher hope that this study become a reference source for other
researchers to understand and add insight in terms of criticizing
literacy in the form of the psychology of the main character in the film
Case 39 (2009) using several theories of Sigmund Freud by paying
attention to every behavior and role experienced by the main character
Emily Jenkins and making sources to find out the problems
psychology in the community, especially in analyzing student
psychology and overcoming so that it can create a more effective
learning environment.
 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Theoretical Review
1. Literature and psychology
When we study the psychology of literature, we learn about people
from the inside out, which enables us to comprehend the depths of the
human psyche. Literary psychology appeals to issues with the human soul
that describe it, not just the soul as it appears in literature but also the soul
of others. Every author frequently incorporates personal experiences into
its writing, and readers frequently go through the same things.
Psychology and literature both study humans, but they focus on
different aspects of the human condition. Psychology which deals with
actual situations in life and literature which deals with human
representation. Wellek & Warren (1956) stated that literary theory and
apologetics may emphasize either the typicality or the particularity of
literature; one may argue that literature is more specific than psychology
or sociology but more universal than history and biography. Changes in
literary theory's emphasis are present as well. The precise level of
generality or particularity in literary practice varies from work to work and
from time to period.
Considering this salient correlation between literature and
psychology, David Lodge in his work titled Consciousness and the Novel
Connected Essays explains the meaning of literature as a record of human
consciousness, the richest and most comprehensive we have. Lyric poetry
is arguably the most successful thing to describe quality and the novel is
arguably the most successful thing to describe the experience of individual
human beings moving through space and time (Aras, 2002).

15
 Psychology and literature are two scientific disciplines that
investigate the human psyche. While literature uses fiction to represent
human behavior, psychology studies human behavior and its causes. These
two disciplines that research human behavior are related and
complementary to one another (Emir, 2016). A literary work also serves
as the fundamental cornerstone of the relationship between literature and
psychology. According to Ulleberg & Rundmo (2003) on the international
research arena, the traffic psychology literature has witnessed two broad
research traditions that aim to explain individual differences in risk driving
behavior and traffic accident involvement. These approaches are the
personality trait approach and the social cognition approach (Yimer,
2019).
Meanwhile, according to Meyer (1997), literature is a canon which
consists of those works in language by which a community defines itself
through the course of its history. It includes works primarily artistic and
also those whose aesthetic qualities are only secondary. The self-defining
activity of the community is conducted in the light of the works, as its
members have come to read them.
Human beings through several aspects such as aspects of
psychology, sociology or phenomena that occur, besides that existence is
also a bridge for many people and researchers to reveal things that can
only be found by research reason, for example Sigmund Freud, a pioneer
figure in psychoanalytic criticism, analyzing many literary texts including
Shakespeare's works (Meiliana, 2020).
In other words, there are many findings yet to be found by means
of research, and this knowledge can only be uncovered by precise analysis
and criticism of literary works. This is how new theories and formulations
such as Freud’s psychoanalysis theory are discovered and developed. The
above statement its showing that a psychology and literature are two
branches of science that study human behaviour. Psychology studies
human behaviour while literature depicts human behaviour through

16
 fiction. A literary work benefits from psychology in terms of successfully
presenting characters, expressing moods, and bringing the reader into the
psychological dimension of human reality.
Therefore literature has a relationship with psychology because a
scientific psychological approach to art, following standard empirical
research methods, objectively searches for universal phenomena common
to all artists, works of art, and art connoisseurs, not limited to certain
things. Thus, the researcher can explain the behavior and psychology
experienced by the main character in the film Case 39 (2009).

2. The study of personality

Everyone has a unique personality, which will influence what
constitutes success and what constitutes a fulfilled existence. The
statement that personality is one of the most significant attributes that is
not hyperbole. The experiences have already benefited from it, and it will
undoubtedly do so in the future. All of their accomplishments to date,
hopes for the future, and whether or not they'll make excellent partners or
parents. Personality and the characteristics of the people you connect with
might have an impact on even your health. Personality traits can restrict or
increase alternatives and choices, stop people from sharing specific
experiences or allow them to benefit from them. Some individuals are
restricted or constrained by it, while others have access to the world
(Schultz & Schultz, 2015).
Psychoanalysis is one of the methods used for psychological
research and the research is related to the literature obtained by reading,
observing and then poured into scientific works because psychoanalysis is
related to examining a person's personality through expressions that match
the state of mind as according to Elliott, psychoanalytics based on
Freudian psychoanalysis are related to the reality of subconscious desires
and are also related to individual social interactions connected with human
reason and desires (Iqbal, 2019).

17
 Furthermore, according to Jung (1961), it is stated that a new
psychoanalytic theory, first put forward by Sigmund Freud and Breuer in
1893 in the form of a paper entitled "On the Psychical Mechanism of
Hysterical Phenomena: Preliminary Communication," comes from his
analysis, they had an opportunity to observe and treat a very intelligent
hysterical woman patient during the years 1880 and 1882. In 1889 about a
patient named Emmy von N. (Baroness Fanny Moser), a wealthy middle-
aged widow who began exhibiting hysterical symptoms 14 years earlier,
when her husband died. Freud cared for her for about 15 weeks. She
suffered from loss of appetite, seizures. convulsions in his face and neck,
stuttering, and hallucinations of snakes crawling across his face and the rat
died. After observing the patient's events, Freud concluded that hysteria or
neurological disease is based on bad experiences that have been
experienced then become anxious and traumatized.
Subsequently, in 1915, Sigmund Freud began writing Introduction
to Metapsychology. He aims to rebuild the basic foundations of
psychology. He describes the mind from three perspectives throughout the
book. Then there are the many regions of the mind: the subconscious,
which contains suppressed drives and memories; the subconscious, which
filters out materials that can be brought into the conscious mind; and the
conscious mind itself. Freud also described the movement and amount of
mental energy, as well as how opposing desires in the subconscious cause
conflict, which is also called the id, ego, and superego. Lapsley & Stey
(2012) stated that Id, ego, and superego were Sigmund Freud's three
"provinces" or divisions of the mind. The id, which stands for the
biological foundation of personality, is the earliest and most basic psychic
agents. The ego is a modification of the id that emerges as a result of the
direct influence of the external world. The superego commands the
psychic machinery to pursue idealistic ideals and perfection, whereas the
id pursues pleasure and the ego is controlled by the reality principle. It is
the origin of conscience and moral restraint.

18
 In the explanation above, the researcher shows that Sigmund
Freud's psychological research began with the aim of examining the
relationship between psychology and physiology to find the beginning of
psychological problems in the form of hysteria or someone's fear, of
course it is very closely related to the human mind because psychological
research is taken from observations made has occurred in a person's state
of mind which is actualized in his pattern of life through his unconscious
or experiences called id, ego, superego, and all of these are related to one's
desires and these desires are closely related to interactions that occur in the
social environment.

3. Personality’s theory
In Freud's view, the id, ego, and superego are three crucially
conceived elements of the human personality. The Id functions
subconsciously and is based on the pleasure principle. Eros and Thanatos
are two different types of biological instincts that make up the id (Freud,
1923).
Hidayati, Suwandi, & Slamet (2019) states in Freud’s theory that
eros, the instinct for life, guides act that keep people alive, such as eating,
breathing, and having sex. Libido is the energy that comes from life
instincts. All humans possess a set of destructive instincts known as
Thanatos, or death instincts. Sometimes this aggression, or violent
behavior, is directed towards other people. Freud was adamant that Eros
was more powerful than Thanatos. People always benefit from it in order
to survive. Id exists in the subconscious of people. The human is driven by
instinct and urge to immediately satisfy their basic biological demands.
Additionally, the id is dominated by the instincts of life (eros) and death
(Thanatos). The id operates on the tenets of pleasure.
a. Id
The id is all the irrational, non-logistical impulses that drive you to
seek pleasure. The id is in the conscious stage where you absorb

19
 information and transform it so that it can be perceived. It asserts that
most actions are taken by individuals to satisfy their personal desires.
The principle, which states that people want to experience and
experience difficult things, is what the id is based on. This is the
underlying concept and the most basic human motivation (Lapsley &
Stey, 2012). Rarely do the instincts of the id's directly manifest
themselves to the world at large. Following the superego and the
outside world, the ego always controls and alters the primal instincts.
The demands of the three oppressive masters—the id, the superego,
and the outside world—are synchronized by the ego.
As a result, the ego turns into a battlefield for the conscious and
unconscious minds. Even the ego, which is a fundamental component
of the id, adapts its operations to meet the demands of the outside
world. The ego's weakness is demonstrated by its inability to satiate
the id's demands, which results in the split of the mind. It demonstrates
the might of the ego to assume that it can meet the id's want.
b. Ego
The relationship between a person's internal and exterior worlds is
primarily mediated by the ego; the id operates according to the reality
principle. According to Anthony W. Bateman, Jeremy Holmes (2021),
Freud liked to relate the adult personality to an archaeological site that
had multiple civilizations, each built on top of the one before it and
maintaining some characteristics of that civilization. He described the
ego as a "precipitate of abandoned object cathexes," built from the
significant historical characters that each person has identified with.
In addition, Esposito, Cieri, di Giannantonio, & Tartaro (2019) said
that the ego is influenced by the contradictory impulses of other
instances, whose actions are often hidden. The id, which is present at
birth and determined by constitution, is made up of impulses and
instincts that come from the body organization and find expression in
an unidentified psychological form. The second instance in which the

20
 ego is exposed results from the absorbing of behavior codes,
injunctions, and social prohibitions that are perceived as restrictions
and barriers to enjoying satisfaction. This censorship system controls
the passage of the instinct from the id to the ego.
c. Superego
According to Freud (1923), the superego serves as the personality's
"conscience" and can cause guilt as retaliation for the ego's flaws.
Since the superego is a descendant of the id's first object, cathexis (in
the oedipal situation), it is nonetheless close to the id and "may operate
as its representation" (in contrast to the ego, which represents reality).
Additionally, as the unconscious Oedipus complex is the source of
conscience, guilt must also have its origins in unconsciousness
(Lapsley & Stey, 2012).
It also stated by Morris & Maisto (2014) that superego is not present at
birth. In reality, Freud believed that young children lack morality and
only pursue their pleasure. But as we become older, we begin to accept
as our own the opinions that our parents had about what was "good"
and "bad." Our own internal self-control eventually replaces our
parents' exterior restraint. In the same way that parents traditionally
watched over and led their children, the superego eventually assumes
control and serves as our conscience. The superego also evaluates the
ego's deeds against an ideal of perfection and rewards or punishes the
ego in accordance. The superego functions at the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious levels, just as the ego.
From the theory above, it can be concluded that in Freud’s theory
there are id, ego, and superego in human psychology that have an
important role to see someone’s personality. It’s typically the effect the
biological instinct that contains Eros and Thanatos.

21
4. Movies’ theory
Movies are pictures in frame, where frame by frame is projected
through the projector lens mechanically so that on the screen the image
looks alive. Movies move quickly and alternately providing continuous
visuals (Arsyad, 2015). Film is a type of media that uses visuals and
audiovisuals (or images harmonized with sound) to convey information. In
addition, films can be used to not only describe a phenomenon or provide
knowledge about natural events, but also to tell a narrative of the author's
life or a true story of someone's life. It also leads to a point of view or
belief that a film that depicts a depiction of society has been made.
Film can explore everything that happens in real life, and
psychology in film is one of interesting topic to explore. According to Tan
(2018), around 1894-1895, the publication of The Photoplay: A
Psychological Study marked the beginning of the psychology of the film.
The Photoplay's first section looks at how films typically address the
mechanisms of the fundamental psychological processes that experimental
psychology looks into—namely perception, attention, memory, and
emotion. In The Photoplay, the psychological function that theatrical films
eventually exploit is imagination; nevertheless, the film also makes use of
attention, perception, memory, and emotion, which serve as foundational
elements for the imagination throughout the viewing experience.
The important aspect in film is character and also characterization.
According to Andrew Bennett (2016), characters are what give literature
their life; they are the focus of our admiration, censure, and devotion. In
fact, our connection to literary characters is so strong that they frequently
stop being considered to be merely "things". They can influence how we
view ourselves and become a part of who we are through the power of
affiliation, compassion, and dislike.
Character is acting either protagonist or antagonist character and
deal with some sequence of events those later causes changes them. In
sum, the audience must know if the characters within a story is a main or

22
peripheral character. According to Abrams (1999), characters are people
who are represented in a drama or narrative work, the reader perceives the
character as a unique or equipped object certain moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities related to how they say things and their distinctive way
of saying it (dialogue) and from what they do (action).
The reason in character describing temperament, desires, and moral
traits for their speech and actions called their motivation. other than that
the character should not suddenly break up and act in a way that doesn't
suit his temperament as we know before So, the character plays an
important role in a literary works because there is a story without character
and character belongs to people in a story that is created to make the story
alive. In other words, character means a figure in a story.
Characters in stories who are played in narrative works such as
films become the main focus for the audience and readers. According to
Putri (2017), she states in the Pope’s book called Creativity: Theory,
History, Practice, that there are two categories of character below:
a. Major Character
The main character is referred to as a Protagonist, and their struggle
with an antagonist may be what causes the conflict in the film. The
main character with whom people can most often identify is the
protagonist. The person or thing that the protagonist battles against is
known as the antagonist. The Protagonist character is a given character
sympathy and empathy, but often the protagonist is played into a tense
situation to find a solution to the chaos that has occurred in his life and
describe the contents in a story as experienced by Emily Jenkins in the
main role in the film "Case 39 (2009)" which played a role in as a law
enforcer and has a sense of empathy for the case of Lilith, a girl who
was abused by her parents, but on the other hand Emily was trapped in
a tense situation, namely Lilith, who she knew was just an ordinary
girl, turned out to be a demon in disguise and that made the situation
worse. The character played by Emily experiences tension especially

23
 in her psychology and of course the protagonist can also be called a
hero in a story. While the Antagonist Character is a character whose
attitude is opposite to that of the protagonist. This character can cause
conflict and created between the protagonist and the antagonist,
besides that the antagonist character often manipulates the
environment to look good, as played by Lilith in Case 39 (2009). Lilith
is a demon who is used as a girl and is often used around her to fulfill
her desires and desires to get complete love and attention for everyone
around her like Emily Jenkins.
b. Minor Character
Minor characters are unlikely to be used as a viewpoint character. Pope
states that minor characters can still shine in a literary work, although
they will only appear briefly and seldom. Minor characters are
essentially flat stereotypes in two dimensions. All the other characters
in the story who have a smaller role are referred to as minor characters.
In Case 39 (2009) one of the minor characters that also important to
the film is Douglas J. Ames, Emily’s boyfriend that also take over
Lilith case.
In the other hand, Sutton (1971) that quoted in Putri (2017) divides
characters into four types below:
a. Flat Character
Flat characters tend to be predictable, basic, and possess a small
number of dominant features. They are portrayed with delicate
particularity and have complex motivations and temperaments. Flat
characters are typically minor (such as family members, friends, or
employees), yet not all minor characters are inherently flat.
b. Round Character
A round character typically has a significant impact on the plot.
They're frequently referred to as the hero or heroine. However, a lot of
major characters are everything from heroic, thus it's better to use the
more unbiased word protagonist.

24
c. Static Character
The static characters essentially don't change. Their lives are not
significantly impacted by the action (unlike the protagonist in a typical
action or adventure movie).

d. Dynamic Character
A dynamic character is one who undergoes substantial change during
the story's development. Changes in commitment, shifts in values, or
shifts in perception are all taken into consideration when determining
whether a character is dynamic.
Character is someone who has an identity in a literary work and is
represented by their look, conversation, actions, name, and internal
thoughts. Meanwhile, the method to evaluate the personality and growth of
the primary character, which deals with the process of developing an
image of a person in fiction complete with the person's attributes, features,
and motivations is characterization. According to Putri (2017), there are
two different approaches to characterization, including direct
characterization and indirect characterization. Direct characterization,
which is typically utilized in stories, is when the author discloses to the
reader the personality of the character. While it's typically employed in
movies, indirect characterization is used when an author displays elements
that reflect a character's nature. There are four different methods of
indirect characterization: speech, thoughts, action, and looks.
In conclusion, Psychology and literature are very often intertwined
with each other. For example, psychoanalysis is one of the methods used
for psychological research and the research is related to the literature
obtained by reading, observing and then poured into scientific works. One
of the most prominent personal in regard to the development of
psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud. According to Freud, the human psyche
consists of id, ego, and superego – all of which should work together and

25
 create a harmonious bond which shapes a person’s mind. This concept can
be used to analyze various works of literature including films.

B. Relevant Study
There are so many researched that have been conducted by other
researcher related to analysis psychology through the literature. There are
some explanations about previous related study.
The first previous related study was conducted by Nandika Tahta Aulia
(2021). The title of the research was “Personality Structure of the Main
Character in Mitch Albom's for One More Day: A Freudian Psychoanalysis”.
This research is using descriptive qualitative technique that requires to identify
the personality traits of Mitch Albom's Charley "Chick" Benetto, the
protagonist of For One More Day. This study has three goals: first, it wants to
figure out who Charley "Chick" Benetto is as an Id; second, it wants to figure
out who he is as an Ego; and third, it wants to figure out who he is as a
Superego. The personality structure hypothesis of Sigmund Freud is applied in
this study. The id, which stores pulses and is the source of psychic energy, and
the Ego, which serves as a mediator and balances the demands of the pulses
and the prohibitions of the Superego, the Superego being in charge of
supervising and preventing the complete satisfaction of these pulses, are the
three components of Freud's theory of personality. The results of this study
show that Charley "Chick" Benetto struggles to maintain a healthy balance
between his id, ego, and superego.
The second previous related study was conducted by Cahya Tri Atmaja
(2019) with the title “Alaska's Borderline Personality Disorder as Reflected in
John Green's Looking for Alaska”. This research examined the borderline
personality disorder of The Looking for Alaska's main character. The goal of
this research is to clarify how the main character deals with all the tension in
her personality and the borderline personality disorder that is detailed in the
book. Structuralism theory and the Theory of Personality by Sigmund Freud
were used in this study's descriptive qualitative methodology to describe the

26
main character's personality in words. The novel The Looking for Alaska
served as the study's subject, and the study's major emphasis was Alaska
Young. The research tool was a list of an observational sheet, and the data
were gathered through library research. The study involved understanding
Alaska's personality using Sigmund Freud's Theory of Personality and
structural theory to characterize Alaska's characterisation and conflicts. The
study's findings indicated that Alaska has a personality that satisfies three
essential characteristics of borderline personality disorder, and that Alaska's
personality affects how she handles conflict.
The third previous related study was conducted by Nurul Hikmah
Maulanie (2011) with the title “An Analysis of Esther's Psychopath Problem
in Orphan Film Viewed from Psychoanalysis Theory by Sigmund Freud”. In
this study, the researcher examines the protagonist of the film Orphan as a
psychopathic problem-character. The researcher used the Oprhan film as the
analytical unit. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on Sigmund
Freud's psychoanalytic notions as applied to the psychopathic condition. The
research used descriptive qualitative methodology to describe the intrinsic and
extrinsic elements of the movie, such as the conversation and scenes, which
are then subjected to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis as the movie's extrinsic
component. The researcher dives into the specifics of psychopathic character
and the factors that contribute to it as seen through the lens of Sigmund
Freud's psychoanalysis through observations of the scenes and dialogues that
the filmmaker presents Esther's characterizations as the primary character of
Orphan.
In the first previous study the researcher used novel For One More
Day, the second previous study used novel The Looking for Alaska, and the
third previous study used film Orphan as a data of the research. While this
research is used film Case 39 as a data of the research. The method that used
in all of the previous research was descriptive qualitative, same as this
research that used descriptive qualitative as a method to conduct this research.
Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud was also the dependent variable that used

27
in analysis one of the characters in all of the previous studies, and this research
also used that as a way to analyse the character of the film Case 39. Those
relevant studies include Psychology and Sigmund Freud theory as a dependent
variable. The differences from the previous research with this research is the
kind of literature that used and also how the researcher collecting the data. The
researcher used those related studies as references and hopefully complete the
deficiencies that contained in this research.

28
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

A. Approaches and Type of Research Methods

The researcher used a qualitative analysis and a descriptive approach
that was appropriate for this analysis when writing the thesis. It is possible to
complete qualitative work in a short time. Rather than numbers, information is
collected in the form of words as short descriptions. Descriptive research aims
to explain a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristics of the
research. By using this method, researchers can also explain or describe the
behaviour or psychology experienced by the main character in the film "Case
39 (2009)".
This type of research is field research which carried out with a
qualitative approach. Creswell states that the definition of qualitative research
method is a process of inquiry (question/investigation) regarding the
understanding of a matter to obtain data, information, texts of respondents'
views using various methodologies in a social or humanitarian problem or
phenomenon (Creswell et al., 2006). They also stated qualitative research is a
type of research that explores and understands the meaning in a number of
individuals or groups of people originating from social or humanitarian
problems. In addition, the term qualitative research methodology in its full
sense is research that refers to research that produces descriptive data through
written or spoken words from research, and can be observed. behaviour.
Qualitative methodologies, like quantitative methodologies, are more than a
set of data collection tools.
It can be concluded that what is meant by research methodology is a
branch of science that discusses/questions about ways to conduct research
until compiling reports) based on scientific facts or phenomena. As described

29
 in the film "Case 39", the researcher analyses the main character (Emily
Jenkins) and every element of behaviour contained in the film such as
analysing a psychological problem experienced by the characters in the film.

B. Research Time
The research will conduct from January 2022 to September 2022. The
researcher also made a schedule for this study so that the time of the study was
clearer.
Months (2023)

No Activities Ja Feb March Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Submission
1
Tittle

Guidance of
2
Proposal

Seminar of
3
Mini Thesis

Guidance

and Revision
4
of Seminar

result

Data
5
Collection

Data
6
Analysis

30
 Final test of
7
the research

C. Source of Research Data

This research was conducted by watching the film Case 39 (2009)
accompanied by subtitles rented for 30 days online from Youtube Movies as a
data source, a film directed by Christian Alvart which was released on October
16, 2009, with a duration of 1 hour 49 minutes. In addition, in addition to film
scripts and dialogues, they are also used as data sources in writing this thesis.
Photographs and film can also be used to communicate and illustrate
findings. Words can be replaced by pictures, or pictures can provide
information that words alone cannot. Images, without a doubt, offer the reader
a qualitative study of the feeling of being there, experiencing locations and
people firsthand. Some articles in sociology magazines, such as Qualitative
Sociology, include only photographs and no commentary or analysis (Grady,
1996). Visual sociologists can be aim toward the ideal of visual ethnography,
where text will accompany photographs to provide features of description and
abstract generalization that images alone cannot handle.

D. Technique of Data Collection

In this research, the techniques that researcher uses is study document.
Documents are used in every evidence procedure that is based on a source of
any kind, including written, oral, visual, and monumental works. They give
data for the process analysis. The data for this study were collected in various
ways by the researcher. The correct procedure of collecting, measuring, and
analyzing insights for studies using an established and verified methodology is
referred to as data collection. Narrative research analysis is a term that refers
to a collection of methods that rely on written or spoken words or visual
representations of people. Individual lives, as presented through their own

31
stories, are often central to this approach. This section describes the processes
carried out in this research, such as how the researcher obtained data by
viewing the film and collecting important notes, which helped the researcher
in analyzing the film. To collect information and facts, researchers use
qualitative research methodologies.
In addition, researchers are not only limited to retelling or explaining
events that have occurred in the film "Case 39 (2009)", but interpreting or
providing ideas about these events that are useful for providing information to
readers about the contents of the film "Case 39 (2009)". This opinion is also
supported and expressed. In descriptive research, the researcher tries to direct
the reader to certain statements and conclusions based on what has been
observed and explained by the researcher and how to analyze it. Researcher
are also free to run themselves and draw their own generalizations.
In conclusion, in qualitative research, researchers use several ways to
collect and collect data which are certainly related to and support the research
problem, because this research is descriptive, researchers describe and analyze
the facts contained in the film "Case 39 (2009) and to answer the questions
raised by the researcher. formulated in the problem formulation in chapter 1.
Furthermore, the researcher has several steps in collecting data, so that
this research is more specific, and the following are the steps in collecting
data:
1) Analysis of all data from the film "Case 39 (2009)" by understanding
every activity of the actors in the film.
2) Watch the film over and over again, then go through all the important
sources such as the maker to make sure that the information is research-
related.
3) Marking phrases and all the important statements and information with
screenshots of scenes that match the research, after that the researcher
identifies each important statement and relates it to the appropriate theory
in the study so as to create relevant research.

32
 After the researcher completes all the information such as
identification and classification of records and data, of course the researcher
must form associations or ideas that are appropriate for the research of the
thesis concept itself as a closing in the completion of the research.

E. Research Instruments
In this study, the researcher will be the main instrument in collecting
data, as stated by El Hussein, Kennedy, & Oliver (2017), Qualitative research
methods are a research method used to examine natural objects, in which the
researcher is the primary instrument, and the data is interpreted by looking at
the guidelines.
In order to collect the data, instrument in research is needed. The
researcher uses document as the instrument. According to Ary, Jacobs, &
Sorensen (2006), in order to understand human behavior, content analysis
focuses on examining and interpreting recorded material. The content might
include books, letters, movies, tapes, journals, topics, reports, or other written
materials. It could also be public records. In order to complete this research
and provide the best possible outcome, the researcher used the document to
address the issues. Based on the explanation above, the researcher assumes
that content analysis is to learn about human behavior by analyzing and
interpreting recorded material that such as public records, textbooks, letters,
films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other documents.
By using research instrument the researcher can analyze research that
has been analyzing, that is analyzing teaching method in film Case 39 (2009).
Besides, the researcher can get the data and analyze in sufficient detail of the
research. Thus, the researcher will analyze the research very well.
In analyzing psychological aspects in the film Case 39 (2009), the
researcher used research instrument or content analysis in order to find out
what the psychological aspects in the characters of the film Case 39 (2009).
Therefore, the researcher watched the film Case 39 (2009) as the instrument.

33
F. Technique of Data Analysis
The data analysis technique used by the researcher is content analysis,
namely descriptive and qualitative. A single-case study method will be
implemented. By using this technique, the purpose of this study is to clearly
describe the psychology experienced by the main character in the film “Case
39 (2009)”. Sullivan (2009) stated that the majority of qualitative research
focuses on developing theories or expanding knowledge about social
processes in general. The purpose of the theoretical study is to gain a better
understanding or explanation of aspects of social life that are not directly
related to the individual or the environment being studied. Researchers
actively analyse and demonstrate what is important to their audience in this
investigation. The analysis will be performed by:
1. Watching and re-watching the movie while paying attention to
characterizations and dialogues that take place throughout all the featured
scenes, along with note-taking to provide a detailed and chronological
recount of all important aspects regarding character psyches.
2. The researcher looks for consistencies between character actions and
dialogues throughout the movie to uncover detailed information about the
characters’ psyches.
According to Rohrbach et al. (2017), The single-case study method is
implemented by paying attention to perspective of observation:
a. What is the point of view of the person observing the process?
b. Person/focus (which element of the therapeutic system i.e. client(s),
therapist(s), or dyad/system is studied?)
c. Aspect of process (what kind of communication variable is studied?)
d. Unit level (at what level is the process studied?)
e. Sequential phase (what temporal orientation of the text unit under
investigation is studied?)

34
 Ultimately, this single case study will evaluate qualitative data and the
relationship between the work of literature and the hypothesis or research
objectives will be revealed. This type of study was developed and popularized
by Sigmund Freud himself for analyzing the cases.

G. Data Validity
To ensure that the description of the data that has been presented the
above is valid data and has a degree of trust Validity assurance techniques are
carried out through: confirmability, credibility, transferability, dependability.
1. Confirmability
Objectivity means the work process that is carried out to achieve the
objective conditions. As for the objectivity criteria, if it meets the
minimum requirements, the research design is made properly and
correctly, the right research focus, literature review relevant, appropriate
data collection techniques focus of research problems, data analysis is
carried out true, the research results are useful for the development of
science knowledge.
2. Credibility
Internal validity (credibility) discusses how far research results can be
trusted, to achieve trust these are things to do:
a. Observation extension (Extended engagement)
b. Increased persistence (Persistent observation)
c. Triangulation (peer debriefing)
To achieve data validity, triangulation is one of the techniques
checking as a comparison against the data that has been taken.
1) Source Triangulation
2) Technical Triangulation
3) Time Triangulation
4) Negative case analysis

35
 d. Negative case analysis is when the researcher is conduct research to
find cases that contrary to the statements of collected informants. With
a negative case that researchers appear to research in depth again to
obtain real data.
e. Discussion with colleagues (peer debriefing)
f. Member check
The member check step in qualitative research is to get agreement on
the analytical, interpretive and conclusions from the data that has been
organized. When the data that has been processed by the researcher can
be agreed, then credibility is acceptable, but otherwise if data analysis
that has been made is not agreed upon, then the researcher conducts a
discussion to reach agreement on interpretation.
3. Transferability
Transferability relates to research results that can be transferred by others
and can be applied in situations others, in order to achieve external validity
the authors study in a systematic, detailed, clear and accountable manner.
4. Dependability
To test and achieve the reliability of the data in the research, then the data
is ready to be re-audited against the entire study, from determining the
focus of the problem, enter the field, data collection, data analysis, test
validity to the conclusion in writing the validity of the data the author
chooses the technique of guaranteeing validity what data will be used. In
deciding the validity of the data, the researcher chooses some of the above
techniques according to with the problem.
In sum up, the researcher will use confirmability, credibility,
transferability, and reliability to achieve a valid data. Confirmability use to
ensure that the data and findings are valid according to relevant studies. In
credibility the researcher using triangulation and member check to achieve
credible data. Then the researcher used transferability to examines the data
in a systematic way.

36
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