 Introduction:

This report is intended as an outline defining the scope of electrical works,

and to point out the essential guidelines and criteria which will be used in
the preparation of the final electrical design drawings and specifications.

 System Description:

The scope of electrical installations in the Building includes the following:

 Low voltage network
 Lighting
 Small power
 Data network
 Telephone network
 Earthing System

 Basic Design Criteria:

 The design, selection and sizing of electrical equipment is affected by
many factors and installation conditions such as ambient temperature,
altitude, load, demand factors, percent loss of equipment life under short
time emergency overload conditions, voltage regulation, short circuit
capacities, the ability to start large motors, load characteristics, client
standards, and relevant codes and standards.
 The design criteria will attempt to recommend the lowest cost sizing
without lowering reliability, future expansion or safety to limit the
installed cost and minimize future spare costs.
 The electrical system will be economically designed for continuous and
reliable service, safety to personnel and equipment, ease of
maintenance and operation, minimum power losses, mechanical
protection of equipment, interchange ability of equipment, and addition
of future loads. System protective devices (relays, fuses, breaker trip
units, etc.,) will be selected and co-coordinated to ensure that the
interrupter nearest the point of short circuit (or high overload) will open
first and minimize disturbances on the rest of the system.
 The electrical distribution system will be designed and installed to meet
the power and grounding requirements of the electronic load equipment.
 The electrical distribution system will also be arranged to minimize
service interruptions, provide flexibility for growth and maintenance, and
provide continuous and reliable power under all desired conditions.

 Power Supply
 Power supply will be provided by two independent sources (different
incoming distribution lines). The minimum capacity of each supply
feeder will be sufficient to supply 100% of the sum of the full load
maximum site ratings of the connected transformers.
 General building loads (such as lighting, heating, ventilation, air
conditioning and process cooling equipment) and electronic load
equipment (klystrons, power supplies, beam lines, etc.) will be supplied
from separate switchgears respectively. The switchgear for general
building loads will be designated “dirty power switchgear” and
switchgear for electronic load equipment will be called “clean power
switchgear”.
 Reliability
 The design of the power system will be based on the need to provide a
stable source of electrical power and to minimize any down time
associated with the system as a whole or the individual components
Thereof.
 The reliability of the system will be enhanced by:
o a reliance on accepted national and international standards,
o a careful screening of suppliers,
o application of redundancy principles in system design if required.
 Provision for Future Expansion
 Sufficient power capacity will be installed to service the expected peak
loads for the ensuing five years. As the forecast for future energy
increases, additional equipment may be required to install.
 Any increase in capacity will be achieved through the installation of
additional equipment as opposed to replacement with larger sizes.
 All switchgear (low, medium and high voltage) and operator control
panels will be manufactured and installed to permit future additional
cubicles to be easily added to the lineup.
 6.15.1 Critical loads or loads requiring a high degree of availability will
be supplied by a UPS system and/or a standby generator capable of
automatically supplying the required power within 10 seconds after a
power failure.
 Design Factors
 Electrical power and associated control equipment will be designed to
withstand the effects of voltage depression resulting from a three phase
short circuit on the distribution network.
 The network will be designed such that any piece of electrical equipment
can safely be taken out of service for maintenance purposes.
 Available fault levels within the electrical system will be sufficient to start
and operate any electrical load without disrupting operation of other
equipment.
 Rating of protective equipment will be adequate to detect and isolate
electrical faults anywhere within the system.
 Voltage drops at normal operating conditions are not to exceed 3%.
 Voltage drop at motor terminals during starting is not to exceed 20%.
 Voltage drop on a feeder bus during starting is not to exceed 5% (10%
for large motors with infrequent starts). Appropriate measures like
capacitor assisted starting, reduced voltage starting, soft start and
transformer onload tap changers will be selected so as not to exceed
voltage drops
 Motors greater than 20 kW will be provided with reduced voltage closed
transition, autotransformer starters, or load controlled solid-state soft-
start starters.
 Motors in excess of 40 kW will be provided with local power factor
correction.
 Where motor anti-condensation heaters are utilized, the control circuit
will be designed for automatic operation of heaters whenever the motor
is off and, in the case of medium voltage motors, when the switchgear is
in the racked-out position.
 Transformer impedance will be selected to limit short-circuit currents to
values within the ratings of the connected equipment and to optimize
voltage regulation.
 The power circuit breakers will be manually operated for non-motor
loads. Static trip devices will be furnished on all load center power circuit
breakers.
 Breaker-protected combination starters will control motors fed from
MCCs.
 Office workstation areas will be designed to accommodate one separate
dedicated branch circuit wiring and receptacle for electronic load
equipment and another separate wiring and receptacle circuit for
convenience loads or high impact loads.

 Critical AC System
 An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will be provided for critical loads
such as critical field instrumentation necessary for monitoring and safe
shutdown of operations.
 UPS will include an inverter, static transfer switch, and manual bypass
switch. A failure or fault within the inverter will result in an automatic
transfer of the UPS loads to a nonregulated back-up power supply.
 The manual bypass switch will be used to transfer the UPS load to the
back-up source for maintenance on the inverter.
 To compensate for harmonics created by the connected equipment, the
continuous rating of the UPS systems will support 100% unbalanced
and 100% non-linear loads, with a crest factor of three.

 Earthining System
 The earthing system of the facilities will be based on earthing
specification 16390, IEEE Std 141, Recommended Practice for Electric
 Power Distribution in Industrial Plants and IEEE Std 1100, Powering and
earthing Electronic Equipment.
 Substation earthing will be based on IEEE Std 80, Guide for Safety in
Substation earthing so that maximum tolerable step and touch potentials
are not exceeded.
 The earthing system will be designed such that it adequately provides
protection against potential hazards associated with rise in voltage and
sparks caused by electrical faults, lightning discharges and
accumulation of static charges.
 The earthing system will ensure safety to personnel in relation to touch
and step voltages and protect equipment against damage associated
with rise of potential.
 A earthing system consisting of a grid of network of medium-hard drawn
bare copper conductors will be provided.
 Earth grid conductors will be sized to withstand maximum expected
future fault current for 0.5 seconds.
 The system will be designed to limit the overall resistance to earth to
two(2) OHMS or less for power earthing, (0.5) OHMS or less for light
current earthing and (0.1) OHMS or less for radio earthing, measured
during the dry season.
 All major electrical equipment rated 600 volts and above, such as
transformers, switchgear, large motors, motor controllers, etc., will be
connected to the earth with a minimum of two separate earthing
connections.
 A main earth grid consisting of bare stranded copper cable and
compression connections will be provided below grade throughout the
facilities area. Cable risers will be brought above grade from the grid at
 two or more locations near each site structure. These earthing systems
will consist of the conductive metal of approved raceway systems, such
as conduit and cable tray, and different sizes of bare stranded copper
cable.
 Electrical equipment, building steel, and metal components likely to
become energized under abnormal conditions will be effectively earthed
by direct or indirect connection to the main earth grid.
 Columns and beams not directly connected to the earthing system will
be considered to be effectively earthed if they can be traced to a
grounded column through a series of metal-to-metal connections.
Conductive coatings at the connections will be considered as an
adequate and effective ground path.
 Sensitive equipment, such as microcomputers, microprocessors,
electronic office machines, communication and telephone systems, and
instrumentation will be grounded in order to eliminate the non-current
carrying metallic parts becoming energized with a hazardous electrical
potential. These devices will be connected to a single point earthing bus.
Therefore, at each location, a local ground bus will be established as the
single grounding point where all the individual equipment- earthing
connections are made. If several local busses are required, a earthing
conductor will connect all local busses to a common bus. The common
earth bus, in turn, will be connected to the main ground grid.

 Lighting
 The lighting fixtures, transformers, panels, receptacles, switches, wire,
and raceways, and their design will comply with the requirements of IEC.
Illumination levels will be in accordance the recommendations of the CIE
 Area lux
Offices 500
corridors 150
Bathrooms 150
Lobbies & entrance 150
Stairs 100-150

 Lighting for control rooms, instrument boards and other similar

installations will be designed to illuminate vertical board-mounted
equipment and details without glare.
 Interior lighting will be switched with local switches throughout.
 Emergency lighting required for egress from buildings will be provided
by an emergency generator.
 Locally switched and pilot lighted lighting will be provided in mechanical
duct systems, at filter locations and near mechanical units where
frequent maintenance is required. In storage areas the lighting will be
designed to illuminate the lower shelves as much as possible.
Fluorescent lighting will be provided in crawl spaces and/or chases.
 Lighting panels will include individual labeled circuit breakers. The
panels will be designed so that, initially, approximately 20 percent spare
breakers and load capacity will be available for future use.
 Where practical, the lighting panels will be located in corridors so that
service and inspection can be done without interfering with the
occupants.
 In main areas, the circuits will be on a staggered basis so that if a single
branch circuit breaker will trip any given area will not be in total
darkness.
 Security lighting will be provided for the fenced areas, building
entrances, outside storage areas, parking areas and other specified
areas.
 Lighting will enable personnel to safely exit enclosed areas following the
loss of electric power and lighting circuits.
 Electromagnetic contractors to enable the switching of all outdoor
lighting fixtures from a central location will control power supplied to all
new outdoor lighting.

 Lighting Fixtures
 For selection of lighting fixtures (metal halide or fluorescent), economic
factors will be considered. HPS lamp fixtures will be considered in areas
where flood lighting is required.
 In general, suitable rapid start fluorescent fixtures will be used in low
ceiling indoor areas requiring high illumination levels such as offices,
control rooms etc.
 Fixtures for general room or area lighting requirements will be
symmetrical lens and fluorescent types. For control rooms, a ceiling
metallic grid parabolic system will be provided.
 Metal Halide and high-pressure sodium fixtures when used will have
constant wattage high power factor ballasts and colour-corrected lamps.
 Fluorescent fixtures will utilize T8 lamps with 4100K temperature and
CRI of 80 or better. Quiet ballasts (sound rated class A) will be used in
offices, conference rooms and similar low noise level areas.

 Receptacles
 All offices will be provided at least with two duplex receptacles adjacent
to the desk location. The receptacles will be placed in separate boxes at
least 150mm centre-to centre and not installed in one box.
 Lobbies and corridors will be provided with sufficient number of outlets
to require no more than a 15 meter cord for power-driven housekeeping
machines. One of these outlets will be provided near each caretaker’s
office and these outlets will be on separate circuits than outlets in user
spaces.
 Duplex receptacles will be provided in the mechanical duct systems at
filter locations and near mechanical units in the ceiling spaces and crawl
spaces where frequent maintenance will occur.
 Receptacles will be provided to serve portable lights and tools for
maintenance of outdoor installations of equipment and facilities as
follows:
a. Outlets will be located within 5 m of the equipment to be serviced
and about 1 m above grade or platform.
b. Outside areas where the equipment or facility is served with
permanent lighting.
c. The Owner will review the final number and location of outlets. These
will be protected by ground fault circuit interrupters.
 Receptacles in buildings will be provided, as required, to
supply electrical equipment not supplied by permanent wiring
and to serve portable electrical devices.
 Receptacles will be single-phase AC and will have a separate
contact for connection to the grounding pole in the plug.
Ground contacts in plugs and receptacles will be arranged so
that the grounding circuit is made first and broken last.
 Outdoor outlets will meet the following:
a. Plug will have shrouded contacts so that contacts remain
enclosed until circuit is broken.
b. Plugs will be held in the plugged-in position by locking
rings, twist lugs or equivalent.
c. Arcs resulting from breaking loads will be contained. Plug
and receptacle will incorporate arc-quenching design of the
main contacts, with means of delaying full withdrawal until
extinction is complete.
 Branch circuits supplying outlets for general use will have an
ampacity not less than the ampere rating of the largest
receptacle supplied by the circuit. One circuit will supply not
more than six outlets.
 To ensure a reliable, low resistance connection, all wiring
terminations to receptacles will be by screw-compression
wiring contacts. Push-in wiring contacts will not be accepted.
 Raceway System
 Cable Tray
 The main selection criteria for designing and installing a
proper cable tray system will be based upon the following:
o CSA load class
o Width and height
o Type of tray bottom
o Material
o Span
o Deflection
o Fittings
o Bonding
o Support structures
 For power and distribution, generally ladder, ventilated or solid
tray will be specified.
 For instrumentation, data and communications generally
channel or centre hung tray will be specified, although solid
and ventilated tray may occasionally be used as well.
 Cable tray and accessories will be rigid steel, hot-dipped
galvanized, CSA Standard load classification E.
 If covers are used, the weight of the cover will be taken into
account and added to cable tray loading. For outdoor
applications, wind and snow loading will be added to the
weight of the cables, thereby reducing cable tray load
capacities.
 Cable tray supports will be field located by the installation
contractor and placed at intervals not exceeding 6 metres
measured along the tray centerlines and also in accordance
with standard details.
 Cable trays must be supported either from overhead or
adjacent structural members. Closer supporting may be
required for outdoor installations, vertical installations, and
installations where more than one level of tray share the same
supports.
 Where possible, cable entries to electrical power sources (i.e.,
switchgear, MCC) will be from below to simplify tray systems.
 Trays will be located so that the lowest part of the cable tray
support assembly is at least 2.1 metres above floors to
maintain minimum headroom requirements. Trays in cable
spreading rooms may need to be less than 2 metres due to
the high concentration of cables in the area.
 Cable trays will not be routed through areas where there is
potential for accumulation of oil or other combustible materials
on the cables. If cable trays must be routed through these
areas, the cable trays must be provided with tray covers
designed to minimize the amount of such material reaching
the cables.
 Trays will not be located near heat sources (burner fronts,
steam piping, heat exchangers, etc.) unless cables are
adequately derated and suitable for the higher ambient
temperatures. If this is not practical or possible, a protective
heat barrier will be installed.
 Circuits in cable spreading areas will be limited to those
performing control and instrument functions and those power
supply circuits and facilities serving the control room and
instrument systems.
 Where routed through cable spreading areas, power supply
circuits to instrument and control room distribution panels will
be installed in conduits.
 6.30.1.17 Extra consideration must be given to the strength of
the support elements (beam clamps, anchor bolts, hanger
rods, etc.) used to support vertical stacks and long vertical
runs of cable tray.
 Each section of cable tray will be connected to adjacent
sections using splice plates or approved coupling device and
located within ¼ of the span from the supports.
 Where cable trays are located over any electrical equipment,
the minimum vertical separation of approximately 0.90m from
the top of the equipment to the bottom of the tray will be
maintained.
 The cable tray system will be mounted so that sufficient space
above the tray is provided to permit installation of any
approved cable-pulling equipment.
 A minimum variety of tray sizes and fittings will be chosen to
simplify design and inventory.
 Fittings will be limited to 45 and 90 degrees. Special, 30° and
60° fittings will be used only when required to satisfy special
requirements.
 The choice of radius for tray fittings will be a minimum of 8
times the diameter of the largest nonshielded cable or 12
times the diameter of the largest shielded cable to be
installed, whichever is larger. A minimum variety of radii will
be used.
 Except as indicated otherwise herein, all indoor vertical trough
and ladder type trays will be furnished with louvered ventilated
covers. All indoor horizontal trays located under grating floors
or insulated pipe be furnished with solid covers which extend
at least 610mm beyond that part of the trays directly exposed
beneath the grating floor or insulated pipe. Indoors, covers
may be omitted on those lower trays of stacked trough and
ladder type trays where a covered tray at a higher elevation in
the stack provides complete vertical shielding to the lower
tray. All outdoor trays will be furnished with solid covers. Trays
that are specified to have solid bottoms will also have solid
covers throughout, including all horizontal runs, all fittings, and
all vertical runs.
 The cable tray system will be electrically continuous. All trays
containing power circuits will be provided with a continuous
ground conductor installed in or on the entire length of the tray
system. This ground must be connected to the station ground
grid at locations indicated on the grounding drawings. For
cable trays containing control or instrument circuits only, a
ground conductor is not required; however, the tray will be
connected to building steel at intervals not exceeding 45
meters, and will be mechanically connected to any enclosure
 or raceway to which the tray terminates. Where connection of
control and instrument tray to building steel or at terminations
as indicated is not possible, ground jumpers will be used as
required to maintain electrical continuity. Cable trays will be
grounded at intervals not exceeding 15 m.
 Effective fire stops will be provided for cable entries into
equipment. All penetrations through walls for cable trays
especially into cable spreading rooms and all vertical
penetrations through floors will also be provided with fire
stops.
 Where trays extend vertically through concrete floors and
platforms, curbs or other suitable means will be provided to
prevent water flow through the floor or platform opening.
 The electrical conductors for redundant systems will be
separated by arrangement of cable trays and/or protective
barriers such that no single event will prevent operation of the
required number of redundant systems. The degree of
separation required varies with the potential hazards in a
particular area.
 Cable trays containing circuits for redundant systems will be
arranged to minimize the possibility of a fire damaging more
than one system or propagating from one system to another.
 Conductors of systems sensitive to electrical noise will not
occupy the same tray with conductors of power or control
systems, and will be run in a separate instrument tray system.
This tray system will be solid bottom with solid covers.
 Requirements of system manufacturers must be followed
when routing cables for noise sensitive systems.
 Trays for cables of different voltage levels will be stacked in
descending order with the higher voltage above. Instrument
cable trays will be lowest.

 Power Factor Correction

 Improvements in power factor may be desired for financial reasons (to
lower utility costs associated with power factor penalties) or operational
reasons (to lower system losses, increase system reserve capacity, or
improve voltage conditions).
 Power factor capacitors, if specified, will be added as necessary to
minimize the electrical kVA power demand. Larger, higher voltage
capacitor banks are generally more economical than capacitor units
installed with individual motors.
 Extreme caution will be used when applying capacitors to ensure that
they do not cause resonance conditions that can magnify harmonic
levels and cause excessive voltage distortion.
 Load harmonic profiles will be calculated or estimated (current harmonic
profile estimated from typical individual pieces of electronic load
equipment).
 Hazardous Locations
 Classifications will be shown on the “Area Classification” drawings.
 6.35.3 Each equipment enclosure will be suitable for the respective area
classification in which it is installed ( must be explosion proof).
 Lightning Protection
 A lightning protection system will be provided to protect facilities from
damage due to lightning stroke or discharge.
 The lightning protection system will be an active attraction system
designed to attract the lightning strike to a preferred point through an air
terminal and to convey the energy safely to earth.
 The lightning protection system will include the following components:
o An enhanced active air terminal of the type designed to minimize
corona emissions and optimize streamer inception at a
predetermined time.
o An insulated low impedance down-conductor to conduct the energy
to earth safely and effectively.
o A 6 meter copper-clad steel earth rod c/w access earth well and
chemical electrodes filled with conductive electrolytes to provide
better grounding conductivity (if required to reduce earthing
resistance to acceptable level).
o A lightning event counter.
 The air terminal will be insulated from the protected structure under all
conditions. The mast will be adequately rated for wind shear loading and
guy wires will be provided as appropriate to local environmental
conditions.
 The down-conductor will consist a plastic filler (to increase effective
diameter of core conductor), main copper conductor, semiconducting
stress control layer, polyethylene high voltage insulation,
semiconducting stress control layer, copper tape screen and electrically
conductive plastic sheath. Insulation breakdown ratings between main
conductor and copper tape will be no less than 200 kV based on 1/50 s
 wave shape . The lightning event counter will have an electronic register
that activates one count for every discharge where the peak current
exceeds 1500 A. The test wave shape will be the 8/20 s standard. The
lightning event counter will be suitable for outdoor installation in –40C
to + 40C.

 SYSTEM STUDIES
 General
 System studies will be performed to verify proper design of electrical
power systems and equipment for new facilities and major additions to
existing facilities.
 Short circuit calculations will indicate that all distribution equipment is
suitable for continuous operation at full load and will be capable of
withstanding thermal and electromagnetic forces due to short circuit and
fault conditions.
 Short Circuit Analysis
 A Short Circuit Study will be performed to cover three phase, single line
to ground, line to line, and line to line to ground faults in time frames of
first cycle, one to four cycles and 30 cycles. The Short Circuit Study will
focus on:
o Verifying switching equipment momentary and interrupting ratings
based on worst case three-phase to ground fault levels.
o Confirmations of short time withstand ratings of system components.
o Providing maximum and minimum fault levels for relay coordination
studies.
 Short circuit studies will be performed assuming the maximum ultimate
transient fault-current availability or minimum ultimate source
impedance.
 The maximum short-circuit current will be limited to a value no greater
than 95 percent (90 percent during preliminary design) of the fault
current rating at the point of common coupling assuming the following
conditions:
o Maximum system voltage (at contingency levels)
o Maximum system fault MVA
o Transformer impedance reduced by allowable tolerances
o Motor fault contribution of motors that could possibly be running
simultaneously
o Facility loads at maximum expected value
 Values obtained from worst-case analysis will be used to size and
purchase electrical equipment.
 Unless load flow analysis or actual system operating practices dictates
differently, all transformer tap settings will be assumed to be at the
midpoint.
 Voltage Regulation
 Electrical equipment is designed for optimum operation at its nominal
nameplate voltage. Any deviation from this rated voltage can result in
decreased efficiency, damaged electronic equipment, and severely
reduced life of electrical control and utilization equipment.
 The allowable limits of voltage regulation will be as follows:
o The voltage at the terminals of motors will be within ± 10 percent of
the motor rated voltage, under steady-state operating conditions.
 o The voltage at the terminals of any single motor while it is starting will
be at least 80 percent of the motor rated voltage. The largest motor
connected to the bus under consideration will be assumed to start
with all other motors running.
o The transient voltage on running motors while another motor is
starting will be at least 75 percent of motor rated voltage.
 Voltage regulation studies will consider the following conditions:
o Condition 1 - Establishing Minimum Bus Voltages
 Minimum system voltage (at contingency levels)
 Facility load at maximum expected value
 Transformer impedance’s increased by ANSI allowable
tolerances
o Condition 2 - Establishing Maximum Bus Voltages
 Maximum system voltage
 Facility load at minimum value (e.g., before initial startup)
 Transformer impedance’s decreased by ANSI allowable
tolerances
 Steady-state and transient voltage analysis will be performed to ensure
that proper operating voltage is maintained (inadequate voltage may
affect the performance of electronic load equipment such as operational
problems, synchronization problem or risk equipment damage.
 Design assumptions:
o Actual system data and constraints will be used to calculate voltages.
o Steady-state voltages will be evaluated at maximum, normal, and
minimum.
 o The maximum voltage on each circuit will be calculated assuming
that all motor loads are disconnected and in the case of a double
ended substation that both transformer banks are operational and
the bus-tie circuit breaker and/or switch is in its normal state.
o The normal voltage of each circuit will be calculated based on the
maximum operating loads.
o The minimum voltage of each circuit will be calculated based on the
normal operating load plus the operating load of the largest spare
(standby) motor if the spare motor is not interlocked to prevent
starting while the primary motor is running.
o Voltage drop calculations will be based on the minimum short circuit
level of the supply.
 Motor Starting Study
 Motor Starting Study will be completed using both static and dynamic
motor starting models to cover:
o Assessment of motor starting capability.
o Determinations of bus voltage drop.
o Identification of assisted starting requirements (capacitor assisted
starting, reduced voltage starting, soft start, etc.) if required.
o Transformer tap adjustments so as not to exceed the limits of voltage
drops.
 Load Flow study
 A Load Flow Study will be performed to:
o Identify equipment overload conditions (normal and contingency
operation).
o Identify steady state voltage problem areas (bus voltage profiles).
 o Select optimum transformer tap adjustments.
o Identify poor power factor (branch power factors).
o Identify system losses (current power flow & feeder capacity).
 Protective device Co-ordination
 Relay and protective devices will be selected and co-coordinated to
provide a system that permits the interrupting device nearest to a fault to
operate first.
 The design will be validated by a comprehensive coordination study.
 Relay and fuse co-ordination studies will be performed to include all
protection time/current characteristic devices from the largest single
protective device connected to the low voltage main distribution bus, up
to and including the incoming power supply protective devices.
 Harmonic Analysis
 Calculation or estimation of load harmonic profiles is a necessary
requirement for all power distribution systems intended to supply
electronic load equipment, to comply with IEEE standard 519 and 399.
 Based on project requirements, a harmonic load flow study will be
executed to calculate the fundamental voltage and current and the load
data from the harmonic source. The load flow report will be reviewed to
ensure that the system is operating properly at 50 Hz.
 Alternatively, harmonic profiles of load currents will be measured and
recorded at required locations and appropriate mitigation measures
recommended.