Human Rights

Abdullah Aarez Page 1 of 46
Human Rights
Compiled by
Abdullah Khan
Student of BS English at GDC Samarbagh
“Learning Never Exhausts the mind”
__ Leonardo da Vinci
 Human Rights :
 Human rights refer to the basic rights and freedoms that every individual is
entitled to by virtue of being human.
 These rights are typically enshrined in legal documents, such as international
treaties and national constitutions, to protect individuals from discrimination,
oppression, and abuse. Human rights encompass a wide range of civil,
political, economic, social, and cultural rights that are essential for the full
development and well-being of individuals and communities.
 Human rights are a fundamental concept that underpins the idea of the
inherent dignity and worth of every individual. These rights are considered to
be universal, inalienable, and applicable to all people, regardless of their
nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, or any other characteristic. Human
rights form the foundation for justice, equality, and freedom in societies
around the world.
 Key principles of human rights include :

1. Universality :
Human rights are considered applicable to all individuals, irrespective of their
background or circumstances.
2. Inalienability :
Human rights are inherent and cannot be surrendered, transferred, or revoked,
regardless of any circumstances.
3. Invisibility :
Human rights are interconnected, and the violation of one right can impact the
enjoyment of others. They are often categorized into civil and political rights,
and economic, social, and cultural rights.
4. Equality :
Human rights emphasize the equal worth and dignity of all individuals,
promoting equal opportunities and protection against discrimination.
5. Accountability :
Governments, institutions, and individuals are accountable for upholding and
respecting human rights. Legal mechanisms and international bodies are in place
to address violations and promote justice.
 Historical background of Human Rights :

The historical background of human rights can be traced back through centuries,
with various philosophical, religious, and legal developments contributing to the
evolution of the concept. Here is a brief overview of the historical background of
human rights :
1. Ancient roots :
Elements of human rights thinking can be found in the ethical and legal teachings
of ancient civilizations. For example, ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato
and Aristotle, discussed the concept of natural law and the inherent dignity of
individuals. Similarly, various religious texts, including the Bible, contain
principles that laid the groundwork for later human rights ideas.
2. Magna Carta (1215) :

Often considered a foundational document in the development of human rights,
the Magna Carta was a medieval English charter that limited the power of the
monarchy and established certain legal protections for individuals. Although
initially focused on the rights of the aristocracy, it laid the groundwork for the
idea that rulers should be subject to the law and that individuals have certain
fundamental rights.
3. Enlightenment era (17th-18th century) :

The Enlightenment period in Europe saw the emergence of key philosophical
ideas that influenced the development of human rights. Thinkers such as John
Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Voltaire advocated for the rights of
individuals, emphasizing concepts like natural rights, equality, and the social
contract.
4. American and French Revolutions ( late 18th century ) :

The American Declaration of Independence (1776) and the French Declaration of
the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) reflected the influence of
Enlightenment ideals. These documents proclaimed fundamental rights and
freedoms and contributed to the global spread of the concept of human rights.
5. Post world war II and the Universal declaration of Human Rights (1948) :
The horrors of World War II and the Holocaust prompted the international
community to establish a framework for protecting human rights. The Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United Nations in 1948,
was a pivotal document that outlined a comprehensive set of rights and principles
to be universally recognized and protected.
6. Subsequent human rights instruments :

Following the UDHR, numerous international treaties and conventions were
established to address specific aspects of human rights, including the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), both
adopted in 1966.
 Need and importance of human rights in Pakistan :

The need and importance of human rights in Pakistan, as in any other country,
are crucial for the well-being and development of individuals and society as a
whole. Here are several reasons highlighting the significance of human rights in
Pakistan:
1. Dignity and respect for individual :

Human rights uphold the inherent dignity of every individual, regardless of their
background, ethnicity, religion, or gender. In Pakistan, where diverse
communities coexist, recognizing and respecting the rights of all citizens is
essential for fostering a harmonious and inclusive society.
2. Rules of law and Governance :

Human rights serve as a foundation for the rule of law. In Pakistan, ensuring that
the government and its institutions respect and protect human rights is vital for
establishing a just and accountable governance system.
3. Social justice and equality :

Human rights principles emphasize the importance of social justice and equality.
In a country like Pakistan, where socio-economic disparities exist, protecting
human rights helps address issues related to poverty, education, and access to
resources, contributing to a more equitable society.
4. Protection of vulnerable group :

Human rights provide a framework for protecting vulnerable groups such as
women, children, religious minorities, and marginalized communities. In
Pakistan, where certain groups may face discrimination or persecution,
safeguarding their rights is essential for ensuring equal opportunities and
protection.
5. Freedom of expression and democracy :

Human rights, including freedom of expression, are essential for the functioning
of a democratic society. In Pakistan, where democracy is a fundamental part of
the governance structure, respecting the rights of citizens to express their
opinions and participate in political processes is crucial.
6. Education and health :

Human rights encompass the right to education and health. Ensuring access to
quality education and healthcare in Pakistan is vital for the overall development
and well-being of its population.
7. Counter - terrorism and security :

A commitment to human rights can contribute to counter-terrorism efforts by
addressing root causes of conflict and extremism. Respecting human rights in the
context of security operations helps build trust between the government and its
citizens.
 Islam and Human Rights :

Islam recognizes the dignity and inherent rights of every individual. The concept
of human rights in Islam is derived from its foundational principles, including
justice, compassion, and the belief in the equality of all human beings. Islamic
teachings emphasize the protection of life, property, intellect, religion, and
lineage. The Qur'an and Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad)
provide guidelines on ethical conduct, social justice, and the treatment of
individuals. While Islamic countries may vary in their interpretation and
application of human rights, the core principles of justice, equality, and respect
for human dignity are integral to Islamic teachings.
 Human rights in the Qur'an :
The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, contains numerous verses that address the
rights and responsibilities of individuals. Some key principles related to human
rights in the Qur'an include:
1. Dignity and equality :

The Qur'an emphasizes the equal worth and dignity of all human beings. In Surah
Al-Hujurat (49:13), it states, "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male
and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another.
Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.
Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted."
2. Freedom and religion :

The Qur'an recognizes the freedom of religion in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:256):
"There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course
has become clear from the wrong."
3. Justice and fair treatment :

Numerous verses emphasize justice and fair treatment. In Surah An-Nisa (4:135),
it says, "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah,
witnesses in justice, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being
just. Be just; that is nearer to righteousness."
4. Protection of life :
The Qur'an prohibits the unjust taking of life. In Surah Al-Isra (17:33), it states,
"And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right."
 The Hadith of Human rights :

The Hadith, comprising the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad,
complements the Quran and provides further guidance on human rights. Some
Hadith that address human rights include:
1. Treatment of prisoners :
The Prophet emphasized humane treatment of prisoners of war, instructing his

followers to provide proper care and not to harm them.
2. Economic justice :
The Prophet advocated for economic justice, emphasizing fair wages and just
transactions. He said, "Give the worker his wages before his sweat dries" (Sahih
Ibn Majah).
3. Equality :
The Prophet emphasized equality among believers, stating, "All mankind is from
Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-
Arab have any superiority over an Arab" (Musnad Ahmad).
4. Kindness to animal :
The Hadith also includes teachings on compassion towards animals, aligning
with the idea of respecting the rights of all living beings.
 human rights in the light of khutba hujjat ul wida :

The Khutbah Hujjat ul Wida, also known as the Farewell Sermon, is a significant
sermon delivered by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) during his
farewell pilgrimage in the year 632 CE. While the Khutbah Hujjat ul Wida
primarily addresses various aspects of Islamic teachings, it also includes
principles and guidance that can be related to human rights. The sermon
emphasizes the sanctity of human life, the importance of justice, and the equality
of all individuals. Here are some key points from the Khutbah Hujjat ul Wida
that are relevant to human rights:
1. Equality and brotherhood :

The Prophet, in his farewell sermon, stressed the equality and brotherhood of all
Muslims. He declared that no Arab is superior to a non-Arab and vice versa, and
no white person is superior to a black person, and vice versa. This underscores
the principle of equality and the rejection of discrimination based on race,
ethnicity, or social status.
2. Protection of life and property :

The Prophet highlighted the sacredness of human life and the protection of
property. He emphasized that “Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful
owners your capital, however is yours to keep.”
3. Justice and fair treatment :
The sermon emphasizes the importance of justice and fair treatment. The Prophet
warned against injustice and oppression,“Beware, no one committing a crime a
responsible for it but him, neither the child is responsible for the crime of his
father’s nor the father is responsible for the crime of his child.”
4. Women’s Right want of husbands and wives :
“O people, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but
they also have rights over you, remember that you have taken them as your wives
only under Allah’s trust and with his permission. If they abide by your rights then
to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women
well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And
it is your right that they do not allow anyone to enter your house whom you do
not approve of as well as never to be unchaste.”
5. Freedom of religion :
The Prophet affirmed the freedom of religion, stating that all practices and beliefs
of the pre-Islamic era are abolished except for the rights of the individual. This
reflects a commitment to religious freedom and the right of individuals to
practice their faith without coercion.
6. Right of workers and servants :

“And your slaves I see that you feed them with such food as you eat
your selves, and clothe them with the same clothes that you, your selves wear.”
7. Right of inheritance :
“O people, Allah, the mighty and Exalted has ordained to everyone his due share
(of inheritance). Hence there is no need of special testament for and heir
(departing from the rules laid down by shariah).
 Women rights and CEDAW :
 Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against
women (CEDAW) :
CEDAW is an international treaty adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly in 1979. It is often referred to as the international bill of rights for
women. CEDAW is a comprehensive document that addresses various aspects of
women's rights and aims to eliminate discrimination against women in all areas
of life.
 Key provisions of CEDAW :

1. Non discrimination :
CEDAW asserts the principle of non-discrimination, emphasizing that women
should enjoy the same rights and opportunities as men in political, economic,
social, cultural, and civil spheres.
2. Elimination of stereotype :
The convention calls for the elimination of stereotypes and prejudices based on
gender, recognizing that these contribute to discrimination against women.
3. Political and public life :

CEDAW promotes women's participation in political and public life, advocating
for equal opportunities in decision-making processes and leadership roles.
4. Education and employment :

The convention addresses women's rights to education and employment,
emphasizing equal access to educational and career opportunities.
5. Health :
CEDAW recognizes women's rights to health care, including family planning,
and it emphasizes the importance of addressing maternal mortality and ensuring
reproductive rights.
6. Violence against women :

The convention explicitly addresses violence against women, urging states to
take measures to prevent, investigate, and punish gender-based violence.
7. Marriage and family relations :
CEDAW advocates for equality within marriage and family relations,
emphasizing the equal rights and responsibilities of spouses and addressing
harmful practices.
 Significance for women’s rights :

1. Legal frame work :
CEDAW serves as a legal framework for addressing gender-based discrimination
and promoting women's rights. Countries that are party to CEDAW commit to
taking legislative, administrative, and other measures to eliminate discrimination.
2. Monitoring and reporting :

States parties are required to submit periodic reports on the measures they have
taken to implement the provisions of CEDAW. This monitoring process helps
assess progress and identify areas where further action is needed.
3. Advocacy and awareness :

CEDAW has played a crucial role in raising awareness about women's rights
globally. It has become a tool for advocacy, encouraging governments, civil
society, and individuals to work towards gender equality and the elimination of
discrimination.
4. Influence on national legislation :

Many countries have used CEDAW as a basis for developing and amending
national laws to align with international standards on women's rights.
 Rights of the child :

The Rights of the Child, as outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC), is a comprehensive international treaty that focuses on the protection and
promotion of the rights of children. The CRC was adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly in 1989 and entered into force in 1990. It is considered the
most widely ratified human rights treaty globally, with almost every country
being a party to it. Here are key aspects of the Rights of the Child under the CRC:
1. Non Discrimination ( Article 2 ) :
The CRC establishes the principle of non-discrimination, emphasizing that all
children, without any distinction, should enjoy the rights outlined in the
convention. States parties are obligated to ensure that no child is discriminated
against on the basis of race, color, gender, language, religion, disability, or any
other status.
2. Best interests of the child ( Article 3 ) :

The best interests of the child are a primary consideration in all actions and
decisions that affect children. This principle guides policymakers, authorities,
and institutions to prioritize the well-being and interests of the child in all matters.
3. Right to life , survival and development (Article 6 ) :

The CRC recognizes the right to life, survival, and development of the child.
States parties are obligated to ensure that every child has the right to life and
shall take appropriate measures to ensure the full development of the child.
4. Respect for the views of the child ( Article 12 ) :

Children have the right to express their views in all matters affecting them, and
these views should be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity
of the child. This underscores the importance of involving children in decisions
that concern their lives.
5. Protection from violence , abuse and neglect ( Article 19 ) :

Children have the right to be protected from all forms of physical or mental
violence, abuse, neglect, or exploitation. States parties are required to take
measures to protect children from harm and ensure their well-being.
6. Education ( Article 28 and 29 ) :

The CRC recognizes the right to education, emphasizing that primary education
should be compulsory and free. States parties are also obligated to ensure that
education is directed to the development of the child's personality, talents, and
mental and physical abilities.
7. Health and healthcare ( Article 24 ) :
Children have the right to the highest attainable standard of health and access to
healthcare services. States parties are required to take measures to reduce child
mortality, ensure access to essential healthcare, and promote the well-being of
children.
8. Freedom from child labor ( Article 32 ) :

The CRC prohibits child labor and calls for the protection of children from
economic exploitation. States parties are required to set minimum age limits for
employment and regulate working conditions for young workers.
 Rights of minorities ( declaration on the rights of persons belonging to

minorities 1992 ) :
The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,
Religious, and Linguistic Minorities, adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly in 1992, is a key international instrument that outlines the rights and
protections for individuals belonging to minority groups. This declaration aims to
promote and protect the rights of minorities, acknowledging their distinct
identities and the importance of preserving their cultural, religious, and linguistic
heritage. Here are some key aspects of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons
Belonging to Minorities:
1. Non Discrimination and equality ( Article 2 ) :

Minorities have the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their
own religion, and to use their own language, free from discrimination. The
declaration emphasizes the principles of equality and non-discrimination for
individuals belonging to minorities.
2. Preservation of identity ( Article 1 ) :

Minorities have the right to maintain, express, and transmit their cultural,
religious, and linguistic identity. States are encouraged to take measures to
protect and promote the identity of minorities within their territories.
3. Participation in Cultural , religious and social life ( Article 4 ) :

Minorities have the right to participate effectively in cultural, religious, social,
economic, and public life. States are encouraged to ensure that minorities can
fully enjoy their rights and contribute to the cultural diversity of the society.
4. Education ( Article 5 ) :
Minorities have the right to establish and manage their own educational
institutions. States are encouraged to ensure that education is accessible to all,
including minorities, in a manner consistent with their cultural identity.
5. Use of Minority language (Article 6 ) :

Minorities have the right to use their own language in private and public life, and
states are encouraged to take measures to facilitate the use of minority languages.
6. Employment ( Article 7 ) :
Minorities have the right to participate in economic activities and have access to
employment without discrimination. States are encouraged to promote policies
that facilitate the economic and employment opportunities for individuals
belonging to minorities.
7. Protection against discrimination ( Article 8 ) :

States are obligated to take effective measures to prevent and eliminate
discrimination against persons belonging to minorities, ensuring that they enjoy
their human rights and fundamental freedoms without any form of discrimination.
8. Access to to media ( Article 9 ) :

Minorities have the right to access and use media in their own language. States
are encouraged to ensure that media outlets reflect the diversity of the society,
including the voices of minority groups.
 Rights of refugee (Convention relating to the status of refugee 1951 ) :

The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted in 1951, is a key
international treaty that defines the rights and legal status of refugees. The
primary purpose of the convention is to provide a legal framework for the
protection of refugees and to ensure that they are treated fairly and without
discrimination. The convention has been a crucial instrument in international
refugee law and has been supplemented by the 1967 Protocol. Here are some key
aspects of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees:
1. Definition of refugee ( Article A1 (2) ) :
The convention provides a definition of who qualifies as a refugee. According to
the convention, a refugee is someone who is outside their country of nationality
or habitual residence due to a well-founded fear of persecution on grounds of
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion.
2. Non discrimination ( Article 2 ) :

Refugees should not be discriminated against based on their race, religion, or
country of origin. They should receive the same treatment as other foreign
nationals in the host country.
3. Freedom of religious and practice ( Article 4 ) :

Refugees have the right to freedom of religion and should be allowed to practice
their religion without any restrictions.
4. Right to work ( Article 17 ) :

Refugees should have the right to work in the country of asylum. They should
enjoy the same rights as other foreign workers and should not be subjected to any
discriminatory measures.
5. Housing ( Article 21 ) :
Refugees should be accorded the same treatment as other foreign nationals with
respect to housing. They should not be subjected to arbitrary restrictions on their
place of residence.
6. Education ( Article 22 ) :
Refugees should have access to education on the same basis as nationals. They
should enjoy the same treatment regarding elementary education, and the
contracting states should facilitate their access to higher education.
7. Social security and public assistance ( Article 23 ) :

Refugees should be accorded the same treatment as nationals with respect to
social security and public assistance. They should have access to social and
economic rights on a non-discriminatory basis.
8. Refugee status determination ( Article 32 ) :
The convention outlines the procedures for the determination of refugee status,
ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to present their case and appeal
unfavorable decisions.
 Fundamental rights of the citizen in Pakistan :

Pakistan's Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights to its citizens.
These rights are enshrined in various articles of the Constitution and include:
1. Right to equality (Article 25 ) :

All citizens are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the
law without discrimination based on race, religion, caste, sex, place of birth, or
residence.
2. Right to freedom of speech and expression (Article 19 ) :

Citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression, subject to
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the
integrity, security, or defense of Pakistan, or any part thereof, friendly relations
with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt
of court, commission of or incitement to an offence.
3. Right to freedom of assembly ( Article 16 ) :

Citizens have the right to assemble peacefully and without arms, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of public order.
4. Right to freedom of association ( Article 7 ) :

Citizens have the right to form associations or unions, subject to any reasonable
restrictions imposed by law in the interest of sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan,
public order or morality.
5. Right to freedom of religion ( Article 20 ) :

Every citizen has the right to profess, practice, and propagate their religion,
subject to law, public order, and morality.
6. Right to education ( Article 25-A ) :
The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age
of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law.
7. Right to information ( Article 19-A ) :

Every citizen shall have the right to have access to information in all matters of
public importance subject to regulation and reasonable restrictions imposed by
law.
 Women Rights in the constitution :

The Constitution of Pakistan includes provisions safeguarding the rights of
women. Here are some key aspects regarding women's rights as enshrined in the
Constitution :
1. Equality before law ( Article 25 ) :

The Constitution ensures that all citizens are equal before the law and are entitled
to equal protection of the law without discrimination. This includes women, who
are guaranteed equal rights and opportunities.
2. Non-Discrimination ( Article 25 ) :
Discrimination on the basis of gender is prohibited. Women cannot be
discriminated against in any matter pertaining to employment, educational
opportunities, or any other field.

The state is mandated to provide free and compulsory education to all children,
including girls, between the ages of five and sixteen years.
4. Right to freedom of movement ( Article 15 ) :

Women, like all citizens, have the right to move freely throughout Pakistan,
subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by law.
5. Right to freedom of speech and expression ( Article 19 ) :

Women enjoy the same rights to freedom of speech and expression as men,
subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by law.
6. Right to inheritance ( Islamic law and legislation ) :
Islamic law (Sharia) governs matters of inheritance in Pakistan. Women have the
right to inherit property and assets from their parents, spouses, and other relatives,
although the specific provisions may vary depending on the interpretation of
Sharia law.
7. Protection against harassment ( Various legislation ) :

Pakistan has laws in place to protect women against harassment, including the
Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act 2010, which
aims to create a safe working environment for women.
8. Protection against Violence ( Various legislation ) :

Several laws have been enacted to protect women against violence, including the
Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2012 and the Criminal Law
(Amendment) Act 2011, which criminalizes various forms of violence against
women, including domestic violence, acid attacks, and honor killings.
 Child rights in the Constitution :

In Pakistan, the Constitution includes several provisions related to the rights of
children, ensuring their protection, welfare, and development. Some of the key
provisions regarding child rights in the Constitution of Pakistan include:

As mentioned earlier, Article 25-A of the Constitution guarantees free and
compulsory education to all children aged five to sixteen years. This provision
aims to ensure that every child has access to education, which is crucial for their
overall development and future prospects.
2. Protection against child labor :

Although not explicitly mentioned in a single article, various provisions of the
Constitution, along with subsequent legislation, aim to protect children from
exploitation and child labor. For example, Article 11 of the Constitution prohibits
slavery, forced labor, and child labor.
3. Protection of the juvenile justice ( Article 10-A ) :
Article 10-A of the Constitution ensures the right to a fair trial and due process,
which is relevant for juvenile offenders. It emphasizes the importance of special
treatment for juveniles in the criminal justice system, considering their age and
maturity level.
4. Directive principles of state policy ( Article 37 ) :

Article 37 of the Constitution outlines various principles of state policy,
including provisions related to the welfare of children. While these principles are
not enforceable by courts, they provide guidance to the state in formulating
policies and legislation for the protection and welfare of children.
5. Protection from cruelty and inhuman treatment ( Article 14 ) :

Article 14 of the Constitution prohibits the torture of any person, including
children. This provision safeguards children from physical or mental abuse,
neglect, or any form of cruelty.
 Constitution and the minority :

The Constitution of Pakistan contains several provisions aimed at safeguarding
the rights and interests of minorities within the country. These provisions are
designed to ensure that minorities are treated fairly, have equal rights, and can
freely practice their religion and culture. Here are some key aspects of the
Constitution concerning minorities:
1. Freedom of religion ( Article 20 ) :

Article 20 of the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens of
Pakistan, including minorities. It states that every citizen has the right to profess,
practice, and propagate their religion, subject to law, public order, and morality.
2. Protection of minorities’ Rights ( Article 36 ) :

Article 36 of the Constitution specifically addresses the rights of minorities. It
ensures the protection of the rights of minorities, including their rights to freely
profess and practice their religion, and to promote and safeguard their distinct
language, script, or culture.
3. Non-Discrimination ( Article 25 ) :
Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees equality of citizens before the law and
prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or
residence. This provision ensures that minorities are not discriminated against in
any sphere of public life.
4. Reserved seats in the parliament ( Article 51 ) :

The Constitution provides for reserved seats in the National Assembly and
provincial assemblies for non-Muslim minorities. These seats are allocated
through a proportional representation system to ensure minority representation in
the legislative bodies.
5. Protection of places of worships ( Article 295 ) :

Article 295 of the Constitution prohibits the desecration of places of worship and
sacred religious symbols of any religion. This provision is aimed at protecting the
religious sentiments and places of worship of all religious communities,
including minorities.
6. Minorities rights in the education institutions ( Article 22 ) :

Article 22 of the Constitution ensures the protection of the educational rights of
minorities. It states that no citizen shall be denied admission to educational
institutions maintained by the state or receiving aid from the state on grounds of
religion, race, caste, or place of birth.
7. Freedom of speech and expressions ( Article 19 ) :

Article 19 guarantees freedom of speech and expression to all citizens, including
minorities. This provision allows individuals to freely express their opinions and
beliefs without fear of persecution or discrimination.
 Present condition of human rights in Pakistan :

1. Freedom of expression , attacks on civil society groups :
 Government threats and attacks on media continued to contribute to a climate
of fear among journalists and civil society groups, with many resorting to
self-censorship. Authorities have pressured or threatened media outlets not to
criticize government institutions or the judiciary. In several cases in 2023,
government regulatory agencies blocked cable operators and television
channels that aired critical programs.
 In May, journalists Sami Abraham, Arshad Sharif, Sabir Shakir, and Imran
Riaz Khan were charged with abatement of mutiny and publication of
statements causing public mischief by criticizing state institutions and the
army in their journalistic work and unspecified social media posts. In October
2022, Arshad Sharif was Killed by the police in Kenya. Sharif had left
Pakistan citing threats to his life.
2. Freedom of and religion belief :

 The Pakistani government did not amend or repeal blasphemy law provisions
that have provided a pretext for violence against religious minorities and have
left them vulnerable to arbitrary arrest and prosecution. The death penalty is
mandatory for blasphemy, and dozens of people remained on death row as of
late 2021.
 According to a Pakistani human rights organization, the Centre for social

justice at least 1,855 people have been charged under Pakistan’s blasphemy
laws between 1987 and February 2021.
3. Abuses against women and girls :

 Violence against women and girls—including rape, murder, acid attacks,
domestic violence, and forced and child marriage—remained widespread.
Human rights defenders estimate that roughly 1,000 women are killed in so-
called honor killings every year.
 The UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF, estimates that 18.9 million girls in

Pakistan marry before the age of 18, and 4.6 million before 15. Married girls
are often forced into dangerous pregnancies at a young age and pregnancies
that are too closely spaced. Women from religious minority communities
remain particularly vulnerable to forced marriage The government did little
to stop child and forced marriages.
4. Children's rights :
 More than 400 children were killed in the floods, and many more injured.
UNICEF reported that at least 3.4 million children needed urgent
humanitarian assistance and were at increased risk of waterborne diseases,
drowning, and malnutrition. Most of the approximately 16 million affected
children were without homes, lacked access to safe drinking water, and had to
live in unsanitary conditions.
 The situation was exacerbated by the fact that the 72 worst hit districts in
Pakistan already had high levels of poverty and impaired growth and
development among children. The floods also fully or partially
destroyed more than 18,000 schools. The hardest-hit province, Sindh, had
nearly 16,000 schools destroyed alone. Another were used to house families
displaced by the floods.
5. Sexual orientation and gender identity :

 Pakistan’s penal code continued to criminalize same-sex sexual conduct,
placing men who have sex with men and transgender people at risk of police
abuse, and other violence and discrimination.
 Transgender women in Pakistan, particularly in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

province, remained under threat of attack and at least seven transgender
women were killed in the province in 2022. In September,protests by
religious groups against a 2018 transgender rights law caused lawmakers to
consider revising it, threatening the rights protections it enshrines.
 Violation of human rights in Pakistan :

1. Equality and Non-discrimination :
 In 2012, Canada and Austria called on Pakistan to do everything possible to
prevent underage and forced marriage as well as forced conversion through
marriage.5 Yet, in 2014, it was estimated that still approximately 1,000 girls
per year were forcibly 4 converted to Islam.6 What is more, in 2016, the
National Assembly withdrew a bill stipulating the minimum age for marriage
to be increased to 18 due to immense pressure form the Council of Islamic
Ideology. As a result, to this day, 21% of Pakistani girls marry before they
reach majority.7 Therefore, this repeated recommendation must be considered
as not implemented at all.
 With only 16% of Upper House seats being filled by women in 2016, 10
Pakistan is still far from ensuring equal political participation, as
recommended by the UK in 2012.
2. Right to life , liberty and security of the person :
 Despite several state recommendations16 , Pakistan has not yet ratified the
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance. The fact that at least 936 dead bodies bearing heavy marks of
torture have been recovered since 2011 in Balochistan alone,17 while
Pakistani security forces have, since 2012, also intensified this abominable
practice in Sindh, demonstrates that no progress has been made from HRW’s
and AI’s 2012 UPR submission18 detailing the security forces’ so-called ‘kill
and dump’ operations. Balochi and Sindhi human rights activists continue to
be particularly targeted.
 The Pakistani Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances, which

was established in 2010 and had located 982 missing persons by 2016, has
failed, so far, to solve 1,273 cases of enforced disappearances.
3. Administration of justice and the rule of law :

Inadequate regulations in Pakistan’s Criminal Procedure Code (CPC), such as
Section 173 CPC, which precludes superior police officials from ordering the
filing of First Information Reports on criminal complaints, reinforce impunity of
perpetrators of enforced disappearances, by forcing victims’ families to take the
cumbersome route through the court system to avail themselves of a second
instance. Hence, Pakistan has not implemented numerous state recommendations
directed at improving access to redress against rights violations and criminal acts
committed against them.
4. Freedom of religion :
 Blasphemy laws, which are according to repeated state submissions and
recommendations in violation of the ICCPR,continue to be used to settle
personal disputes, especially endangering the predominantly Shia indigenous
population of Gilgit-Baltistan. Those laws, which provide only vague
definitions of offences and require no evidence other than the accusation of
one person, are regularly misused by extremists to target minorities.
Recommendations to repeal or bring blasphemy laws in line with the ICCPR
have, therefore, not been implemented.
 Pakistan, therewith, violates basic principles of international human rights
protection and has made no effort whatsoever to comply with numerous state
8 recommendations.
5. Minorities and indigenous people :
Pakistan still does not recognise non-religious minorities, such as the Sindhi,
Balochi or the indigenous predominantly Shia peoples of Gilgit-Baltistan, as
pointed out by CERD’s second cycle submission. In February 2012, sectarian
violence resurged in Gilgit-Baltistan, triggered by a quick succession of well-
organized killings targeting Shia travellers on the three routes that connect Gilgit-
Baltistan with Islamabad, killing more than sixty indigenous people. This
incident shows that Pakistan has not implemented measures to prevent violence
against minorities,
6. Human Rights and counter terrorism :

Further enabled by the Anti-Terrorism Act46 (ATA) and a military judiciary,
Gilgit Baltistan’s population is stripped of its communicative freedoms; the case
of Baba Jan, a progressive youth leader and regional politician of Gilgit Baltistan,
who in 2014 was sentenced to life imprisonment by an Anti-Terrorism Court
along with eleven other human rights defenders,47 illustrates the Pakistani
Government’s non-implementation of state recommendations48 to adhere to
international law when applying the country’s anti-terrorism laws
 human trafficking :
 Human trafficking is a heinous crime that involves the exploitation of
individuals through force, fraud, or coercion for various purposes such as
forced labor, sexual exploitation, or commercial sexual exploitation. Victims
of human trafficking can be men, women, or children and can be trafficked
within their own countries or across borders.
 Traffickers often use manipulation and threats to control their victims,
depriving them of their freedom and exploiting them for financial gain.
Human trafficking is a highly profitable industry, generating billions of
dollars in illegal profits each year.
 Trafficking as a violation of human rights :

Human trafficking is undeniably a gross violation of human rights. It deprives
individuals of their fundamental rights and freedoms, exploiting them for the
financial gain of traffickers. Here are several ways in which human trafficking
violates human rights:
1. Right to freedom :
Human trafficking involves the coercion, abduction, or deception of individuals,
depriving them of their freedom and subjecting them to exploitation against their
will. This violates the basic human right to liberty and freedom from slavery or
servitude.
2. Right to dignity and security :

Trafficking subjects victims to degrading and inhumane treatment, including
physical and psychological abuse. It robs them of their dignity and sense of
security, violating their right to be free from torture or cruel, inhuman, or
degrading treatment or punishment.
3. Right to work and fair wages :

Trafficking often involves forced labor, where victims are made to work under
exploitative conditions without fair wages or labor rights. This violates their right
to work in just and favorable conditions, as well as their right to receive fair
compensation for their labor.
4. Right to privacy and family life :

Trafficking often involves the separation of victims from their families and
communities, isolating them from social support networks. This violates their
right to privacy, family life, and the protection of the family unit.
5. Rights of children :
Children are particularly vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation. Trafficking
violates their rights to protection, education, and development, endangering their
physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
 Women rights violations :

Violations of women's rights can encompass a wide range of issues, including but
not limited to:
1. Gender based violations :

This includes physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence perpetrated
against women and girls. It can take various forms such as domestic violence,
sexual assault, harassment, forced marriage, and trafficking.
2. Discriminatory laws and practices :
In many parts of the world, women face legal and social barriers that restrict their
rights and opportunities compared to men. These may include unequal access to
education, employment, property rights, and political participation.
3. Reproductive rights :
Women's ability to make decisions about their own bodies, including access to
contraception, safe abortion, and maternal healthcare, can be restricted due to
legal, cultural, or religious factors.
4. Child marriage :
Millions of girls worldwide are forced into marriage before they reach adulthood,
often leading to early pregnancies, limited educational opportunities, and
increased vulnerability to violence and poverty.
5. Gender pay gap :

Women frequently face wage disparities compared to men for the same work or
work of equal value, contributing to economic inequality and financial
dependence.
6. Limited access to education :

Cultural norms, poverty, and discriminatory policies can prevent girls and
women from accessing education, perpetuating cycles of poverty and gender
inequality.
7. Under-representation in leadership and decisions making :

Women are often marginalized in political, economic, and social decision-
making processes, resulting in their voices being underrepresented in positions of
power.
8. Online harassment and cyberbullying :

Women and girls may face harassment, bullying, and threats of violence in
online spaces, inhibiting their freedom of expression and participation in digital
platforms.
 Rights of children violations :
Violations of children's rights are numerous and varied, spanning different
aspects of their well-being and development. Some common violations include:
1. Child labor :
Millions of children worldwide are forced into exploitative labor, depriving them
of their right to education, safety, and health. They may work in hazardous
conditions, for long hours, and for little or no pay.
2. Child trafficking :
Children are trafficked for various purposes, including forced labor, sexual
exploitation, and organ trafficking. They are often lured with false promises or
abducted and subjected to abuse and exploitation.
3. Child marriage :
Child marriage, particularly of girls, robs children of their right to education,
health, and personal development. It exposes them to early pregnancies, domestic
violence, and limited life opportunities.
4. Violence and abuse :

Children may experience physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse in
various settings, including homes, schools, and institutions. This can have long-
lasting effects on their physical and mental health.
5. Lack of access to education :

Millions of children worldwide are denied access to quality education due to
factors such as poverty, discrimination, conflict, and inadequate infrastructure.
This violates their right to education and hinders their future opportunities.
6. Orphanage trafficking :
In some regions, orphanages are run as businesses, exploiting children for profit
through practices such as trafficking, exploitation, and neglect.
7. Malnutrition and lack of healthcare :
Many children suffer from malnutrition, lack of access to clean water, sanitation,
and healthcare services, which undermines their right to health and development.
 Prisoner’s rights violations :

Violations of prisoner rights can occur in various forms and are often indicative
of systemic issues within the criminal justice system. Some common violations
include:
1. Inhuman or degrading treatment :

Prisoners may be subjected to physical or psychological abuse, including torture,
solitary confinement, overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, lack of access to
medical care, and denial of basic necessities such as food, water, and hygiene
products.
2. Denial of dual process :

Prisoners have the right to a fair trial and legal representation. However, they
may face arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention, lack of access to legal
counsel, or coerced confessions.
3. Discrimination :
Certain groups of prisoners, such as racial or ethnic minorities, women,
LGBTQ+ individuals, and people with disabilities, may face discrimination and
differential treatment within the prison system, including harsher punishments
and limited access to programs and services.
4. Violation of freedom of expression :

Prisoners may have their rights to freedom of expression curtailed through
censorship of mail, restrictions on access to information, and limitations on their
ability to communicate with the outside world, including journalists and human
rights organizations.
5. Violation and abuse :

Prisoners may face violence and abuse from other inmates or prison staff,
including sexual assault, harassment, and excessive use of force. Fear of
retaliation and lack of effective mechanisms for reporting and addressing abuse
can perpetuate a culture of silence and impunity.
6. Overuse of solitary Confinement :

Solitary confinement, especially when used for prolonged periods or as a
punitive measure, can have severe psychological effects and constitute cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment. Its overuse is a significant concern in many
prison systems.
7. Lack of Accountability and oversight :

Weak mechanisms for monitoring and accountability within the prison system
can contribute to human rights violations going unchecked and perpetrators
facing impunity.
 Labor rights :
Labor rights encompass the fundamental rights of workers to fair and safe
working conditions, just wages, reasonable working hours, and the freedom to
organize and collectively bargain. Violations of labor rights can take various
forms and occur in different sectors and contexts. Some common violations
include:
1. Unsafe working condition :

Workers may face hazardous conditions that endanger their health and safety,
including exposure to toxic substances, lack of protective equipment, and
inadequate training.
2. Exploitative wages :
Some employers may pay workers below the legal minimum wage or fail to
provide overtime pay for extra hours worked. This can lead to poverty wages and
perpetuate cycles of poverty and inequality.
3. Excessive working hours :

Long working hours without adequate rest periods can lead to exhaustion, stress,
and increased risk of accidents and injuries. In some cases, employers may
coerce or force workers to work overtime without appropriate compensation.
4. Child labor :
The employment of children under the legal minimum age or in hazardous
conditions deprives them of their right to education, health, and personal
development. Child labor is often prevalent in industries such as agriculture,
manufacturing, and domestic work.
5. Forced labor :
Workers may be subjected to forced labor through coercion, deception, or debt
bondage. This can occur in various sectors, including agriculture, construction,
manufacturing, and domestic work.
6. Discrimination :
Discrimination based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion,
disability, or sexual orientation violates workers' rights and perpetuates
inequality in the workplace. Discriminatory practices may include unequal pay,
denial of promotions, and harassment.
7. Lack of freedom of association :

Workers have the right to form trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and
participate in peaceful strikes. However, some employers may intimidate,
threaten, or retaliate against workers who attempt to exercise these rights.
 Introduction of UNO :
 The United Nations Organization (UNO), commonly referred to as the United
Nations (UN), is an intergovernmental organization established in 1945 after
World War II. It was founded with the primary aim of promoting international
cooperation and maintaining peace and security among nations. The UN
replaced the ineffective League of Nations and has since become the
preeminent global forum for addressing a wide range of issues, from
humanitarian crises to sustainable development.
 The UN is comprised of 193 member states, including virtually all recognized

sovereign nations in the world. It is headquartered in New York City, with
additional major offices in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi, and other locations
 One of the central pillars of the UN's mission is the protection and promotion
of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),
adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, serves as a foundational
document affirming the inherent dignity and equality of all human beings. It
outlines a comprehensive set of rights and freedoms, including civil, political,
economic, social, and cultural rights, which are universally applicable and
indivisible.
 Charter based organs :

Charter-based organs refer to the principal organs of the United Nations whose
mandates are derived directly from the UN Charter. These organs play crucial
roles in the governance and functioning of the UN, each with specific
responsibilities and functions. The main charter-based organs are:
1. The general assembly :

As the main deliberative, policy making, and representative organ of the UN, the
General Assembly comprises all 193 member states, each having one vote. It
addresses a wide range of global issues, including peace and security,
development, human rights, and international law. The General Assembly adopts
resolutions and declarations, oversees the UN budget, and elects non-permanent
members of the Security Council and other UN bodies.
2. The security council :

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and
security. It has 15 members, including five permanent members (China, France,
Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) with veto powers, and ten
non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The Security Council can
authorize peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, and issue binding resolutions
on conflicts and threats to peace.
3. The economic and social council :

ECOSOC is the principal UN body for coordinating international economic,
social, and related issues. It consists of 54 member states elected by the General
Assembly for three-year terms. ECOSOC promotes sustainable development,
fosters cooperation on economic and social policies, and oversees specialized
agencies, programs, and functional commissions within the UN system.
4. The trusteeship council :
Originally established to oversee the administration of trust territories, the
Trusteeship Council has suspended its operations since 1994 following the
completion of its main mandate. It meets periodically to review the status of
territories that have not yet achieved self-government or independence.
5. The international court of justice :

The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN, tasked with settling legal
disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal questions
referred by UN organs and specialized agencies. It consists of 15 judges elected
by the General Assembly and the Security Council for nine-year terms.
 International instruments :
International instruments, in the context of international law, refer to legal
agreements, treaties, conventions, protocols, and other formal documents that
establish rules, principles, and standards for the behavior of states and other
international actors. These instruments serve as the basis for regulating various
aspects of international relations, including human rights, trade, environmental
protection, arms control, and many other areas.
 Universal declaration of human rights :

 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document that acts
like a global road map for freedom and equality – protecting the rights of
every individual, everywhere. It was the first time countries agreed on the
freedoms and rights that deserve universal protection in order for every
individual to live their lives freely, equally and in dignity.
 The UDHR was adopted by the newly established United Nations on 10

December 1948, in response to the “barbarous acts which […] outraged the
conscience of mankind” during the Second World War. Its adoption
recognized human rights to be the foundation for freedom, justice and peace.
 Work on the UDHR began in 1946, with a drafting committee composed of

representatives of a wide variety of countries, including the USA, Lebanon
and China. The drafting committee was later enlarged to include
representatives of Australia, Chile, France, the Soviet Union and the United
Kingdom, allowing the document to benefit from contributions of states from
all regions, and their diverse religious, political and cultural contexts. The
UDHR was then discussed by all members of the UN Commission on Human
Rights and finally adopted by the General Assembly in 1948.
 The Declaration outlines 30 rights and freedoms that belong to all of us and
that nobody can take away from us. The rights that were included continue to
form the basis for international human rights law. Today, the Declaration
remains a living document. It is the most translated document in the world.
 UDHR 30 rights :
 Article 1 Free and equal :

 All human beings are born free and equal and should be treated the same way.
 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a
spirit of brotherhood.
 Article 2 Freedom from discrimination :

 Everyone can claim their rights regardless of sex, race, language, religion,
social standing, etc.
 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other
status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,
jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a
person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under
any other limitation of sovereignty.
 Article 3 Right to life :

 Everyone has the right to life and to live in freedom and safety.
 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
 Article 4 Freedom from slavery :

 No one has the right to treat you as a slave nor should you enslave anyone.
 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall
be prohibited in all their forms.
 Article 5 freedom from torture :

 No one has the right to torture you.
 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading

treatment or punishment.
 Article 6 Right to recognition before law :

 You should be legally protected in the same way everywhere like anyone else.
 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
 Article 7 Right to equality before law :

 The law is the same for everyone and should be applied in the same manner to
all.
 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to
equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any
discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to
such discrimination.
 Article 8 access to justice :

 You have the right to obtain legal help and access the justice system when
your rights are not respected.
 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national

tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the
constitution or by law.
 Article 9 freedom from arbitrary detention :

 No one can arrest or detain you arbitrarily , or send you away from your
country unjustly.
 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

 Article 10 right to a fair trail :
 Trials should be public and tried in a fair manner by an impartial and
independent tribunal.
 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an

independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and
obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
 Article 11 presumption of innocence :

 You are considered innocent until it can be proved you are guilty according to
law. If accused of a crime you have the right to a defence.
 Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent
until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all
the guarantees necessary for his defence.
 No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or
omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or
international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier
penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal
offence was committed.
 Article 12 right to privacy :

 You have the right to protection if someone tried to harm your good name,
enter your home without permission or interfere with your correspondence.
 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family,

home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation.
Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or
attacks.
 Article 13 freedom of movement :

 You have the right to leave or move within your own country and you should
be able to return.
 Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the
borders of each State.
 Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return
to his country.
 Article 14 Right to asylum :

 If you are persecuted at home, you have the right to seek protection in another
country.
 Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
persecution.
 This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising
from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles
of the United Nations.
 Article 15 right to nationality :

 You have the right to belong to a country and have a nationality.
 Everyone has the right to a nationality.
 No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to
change his nationality.
 Article 16 right to marriage and to found a family :

 Men and women have the right to marry when they are legally able without
limits due to race, nationality or religion. Families should be protected by the
Government and the justice system.
 Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or
religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to
equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
 The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled
to protection by society and the State.
 Article 17 right to own property :

 You have the right to own things. No one has the right to illegally take them
from you.
 Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with
others.
 No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
 Article 18 freedom of religion or belief :

 Everyone has the right to freely manifest their religion, to change it and to
practice it alone or with others.
 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this
right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his
religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
 Article 19 freedom of expression :

 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek receive
and impart information and ideas though any media and regardless of
frontiers.
 Article 20 freedom of assembly :

 You have the right to organize and participate in peaceful meetings.
 Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
 Article 21 right to partake in public affairs :

 Everyone has the right to take part in their country’s political affairs and equal
access to public service. Governments should be voted for regularly.
 Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly
or through freely chosen representatives.
 Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
 Article 22 right to social security :

 Society should help individuals to freely develop and make the most of all
advantages offered in their country.
 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is
entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation
and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the
economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free
development of his personality.
 Article 23 right to work :

 Everyone has the right to work in just and favourable conditions and be free
to choose your work with a salary that allows you to live and support family.
Everyone should receive equal pay for equal work.
 Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
 Article 24 right to leisure and rest :

 Each work day should not be too long and everyone has the right to rest and
take regular paid holidays.
 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
 Article 25 right to adequate standard of living :

 You have the right to have what you need so that you and your family do not
go hungry, homeless or fall ill.
 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and of his family, including foods, clothing, housing
and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the
event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other
lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
 Article 26 right to education :

 You have the right to go to school, continue your studies as far as you wish
and learn regardless of race, religion or country of origin.
 Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be
compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally
available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis
of merit.
 Article 27 right to take part in cultural , artistic and scientific life :

 You have the right to share the benefits of your community’s culture, arts and
sciences.
 Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the
community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its
benefits.
 Article 28 right to free and fair world :

 To make sure your rights are respected, there must be an order that can
protect them. This order should be global.
 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
 Article 29 duty to your community :

 You have duties toward the community within which your personality can
fully develop. The law should guarantee human rights. It should allow
everyone to respect others and to be respected.
 Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
development of his personality is possible.
 Article 30 right to inalienable :

 No one, institution nor individual, should act in any way to destroy the rights
enshrined in the UDHR.
 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State,

group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act
aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
 international covenant on civil and political rights 1966 :

 The ICCPR is a key international human rights treaty, providing a range of
protections for civil and political rights. The ICCPR, together with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on
Economic Social and Cultural Rights, are considered the International Bill
of Human Rights. The ICCPR obligates countries that have ratified the
treaty to protect and preserve basic human rights, such as: the right to life
and human dignity; equality before the law; freedom of speech, assembly,
and association; religious freedom and privacy; freedom from torture, ill-
treatment, and arbitrary detention; gender equality; the right to a fair trial;
right family life and family unity; and minority rights. The Covenant
compels governments to take administrative, judicial, and legislative
measures in order to protect the rights enshrined in the treaty and to provide
an effective remedy. The Covenant was adopted by the U.N. General
Assembly in 1966 and came into force in 1976. As of December 2018, 172
countries have ratified the Covenant.
 Scope and purpose :

The ICCPR aims to protect and promote civil and political rights globally. These
rights include the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom
of assembly, the right to a fair trial, and the right to participate in government.
 Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations
to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and
freedoms,Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and
to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for
the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present
Covenant,Agree upon the following article
 Article 1 :
affirms all peoples' right to self-determination, which includes the right to "freely
select their political status," pursue economic, social, and cultural goals, and
manage and dispose of their resources. It acknowledges a people's negative right
not to be deprived of their means of sustenance. It puts a responsibility on those
parties remaining responsible for non-self-governing and trust areas to support
and respect their self-determination.
 Articles 2 – 5 :
state that a State party must respect and protect the rights enshrined in the
Covenant to all individuals subject to its authority. With a few exceptions, these
rights apply to all individuals on the State's territory without discrimination. If
required, States should establish legislation to safeguard these rights adequately
and provide remedies to those whose rights under the Covenant have been
violated.
Articles 6 – 27 lists the substantive rights and fundamental freedoms guaranteed
by the treaty. These are the articles that are commonly invoked by individuals
alleging that their rights under the Covenant have been violated.
 It provides protection of the life, liberty and physical security of the

individual. It also sets out specific prohibitions on torture, slavery and forced
labour. The rights of a person in the context of deprivation of liberty,
commonly by arrest, and in detention are also covered here.
 The Covenant also deals with movement into, out of and within a State, with
particular rules applicable to the expulsion of aliens.
 In addition to the Covenant guarantees the right to a fair trial, prohibits

retrospective criminal punishment, and provides that everyone has the right to
be recognized as a person before the law.
 It also address the right to privacy, freedom of thought and religion, freedom
of opinion and expression, the right to peaceful assembly, freedom of
association, including through trade unions. The right to marriage and family
are also recognized.
 Article 25 :
 Article 25 stands alone as the major right to political participation in the
Covenant, outlining the rights to vote and to be elected, as well as the rights to
take part in public affairs and to have equal access to the public service.
 The Covenant also obliges State Parties to ensure the rights to equality before
the law and to equal protection of the law, without discrimination. It
guarantees persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities the
right, in community with other members of the group, to enjoy and practice
their own culture, religion or language.
Articles 28 – 45 sets up the Human Rights Committee (HRC) and provides for its
functions and procedures. It also allows parties to recognize the competence of
the Committee to resolve disputes between parties on the implementation of the
Covenant.
 international covenant on economic , social and cultural rights 1966 :
The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on
December 16, 1966. It came into force on January 3, 1976, after it was ratified by
a sufficient number of countries. The ICESCR is one of the two principal treaties
forming the International Bill of Human Rights, along with the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).
 The ICESCR recognizes that economic, social, and cultural rights are
essential to human dignity and are intrinsic to the full development of the
human personality. It outlines a broad range of rights that are fundamental to
ensuring the well-being and quality of life of individuals. These rights include:
i. Article 1 :
All peoples have the right of self-determination, including the right to determine
their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural
development.
ii. Article 2 :
Each State Party undertakes to take steps to the maximum of its available
resources to achieve progressively the full realization of the rights in this treaty.
Everyone is entitled to the same rights without discrimination of any kind.
iii. Article 3 :
The States undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to the
enjoyment of all rights in this treaty.
iv. Article 4 :
Limitations may be placed on these rights only if compatible with the nature of
these rights and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a
democratic society.
v. Article 5 :
No person, group or government has the right to destroy any of these rights.
vi. Article 6 :
Everyone has the right to work, including the right to gain one’s living at work
that is freely chosen and accepted.
vii. Article 7 :
Everyone has the right to just conditions of work; fair wages ensuring a decent
living for himself and his family; equal pay for equal work; safe and healthy
working conditions; equal opportunity for everyone to be promoted; rest and
leisure.
viii. Article 8 :
Everyone has the right to form and join trade unions, the right to strike.
ix. Article 9 :
Everyone has the right to social security, including social insurance.
x. Article 10 :
Protection and assistance should be accorded to the family. Marriage must be
entered into with the free consent of both spouses. Special protection should be
provided to mothers. Special measures should be taken on behalf of children,
without discrimination. Children and youth should be protected from economic
exploitation. Their employment in dangerous or harmful work should be
prohibited. There should be age limits below which child labor should be
prohibited.
xi. Article 11 :
Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living for himself and his
family, including adequate food, clothing and housing. Everyone has the right to
be free from hunger.
xii.Article 12 :
Everyone has the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
physical and mental health.
xiii. Article 13 :
Everyone has the right to education. Primary education should be compulsory
and free to all.
xiv. Article 14 :
Those States where compulsory, free primary education is not available to all
should work out a plan to provide such education.
xv. Article 15 :
Everyone has the right to take part in cultural life; enjoy the benefits of scientific
progress.
 The UNICEF :
 UNICEF, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, plays
a crucial role in promoting and protecting the rights of children worldwide.
While UNICEF is not directly responsible for overseeing the implementation
of the ICESCR, its work aligns closely with the principles and goals of the
Covenant, particularly regarding the rights of children to education, health,
and social protection. UNICEF works with governments, civil society
organizations, and other partners to advance children's rights and ensure their
well-being in accordance with international human rights instruments like the
ICESCR.
 UNICEF advocates for the rights and well-being of children, promoting

policies and programs that advance their rights to survival, development,
protection, and participation.
 UNICEF provides emergency assistance to children and families affected by

natural disasters, conflicts, and other crises, ensuring access to essential
services such as food, water, healthcare, and education.
 UNICEF works to improve child health and nutrition globally by supporting

immunization programs, promoting breastfeeding, combating malnutrition,
and addressing other health challenges facing children.
 UNICEF promotes access to quality education for all children, particularly

those in disadvantaged and marginalized communities. This includes efforts
to improve school infrastructure, train teachers, and increase enrollment rates.
 UNICEF works to prevent and respond to violence, exploitation, abuse, and
neglect of children. This includes supporting child protection systems,
advocating for legal reforms, and providing assistance to vulnerable children.
 The UNHCR :
 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a
specialized agency of the United Nations mandated to protect and support
refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people. Established in
1950, it works to provide humanitarian aid, advocate for refugee rights, and
seek durable solutions to displacement situations.
 The primary functions of the UNHCR include :

1. Protection :
Ensuring the safety and rights of refugees and displaced persons under
international law, including access to asylum procedures, shelter, healthcare, and
education.
2. Assistance :
Providing humanitarian aid such as food, water, shelter, and healthcare to
refugees and displaced persons in emergencies and protracted situations.
3. Durable solution :
Facilitating durable solutions for refugees, which can include voluntary
repatriation, local integration, or resettlement in a third country.
4. Advocacy :
Advocating for the rights and needs of refugees and displaced persons, raising
awareness of their situations, and promoting international cooperation to address
refugee crises.
5. Coordination :
Coordinating with governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
other UN agencies to respond effectively to refugee crises and displacement
situations.
 The International labour organization (ILO) :
 The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the
United Nations system, established in 1919. It is the oldest UN agency and
focuses on promoting social justice and internationally recognized human and
labor rights.
 The ILO has a tripartite structure, which means it brings together

governments, employers, and workers' representatives to shape labor
standards, policies, and programs. Its key objectives include:
1. Setting labour standard :

Developing and promoting international labor standards through the adoption of
conventions and recommendations. These standards cover a wide range of issues,
including freedom of association, collective bargaining, forced labor, child labor,
and discrimination in employment.
2. Promoting decent work :

Advancing opportunities for all women and men to obtain decent and productive
work in conditions of freedom, equity, security, and human dignity. This includes
efforts to improve working conditions, promote social protection, and enhance
employment opportunities.
3. Facilitating social dialogue :

Fostering dialogue and cooperation among governments, employers, and workers
to address labor-related challenges and promote consensus-based decision-
making.
4. Providing technical assistance :

Offering technical assistance and capacity-building support to member states to
help them implement international labor standards and improve labor market
governance.
5. Conduct research and analysis :

Undertaking research and analysis on labor market trends, policies, and issues to
inform evidence-based policy making and program development.
6. Global advocacy :
Advocating for social justice and the rights of workers on the global stage,
including through partnerships with other international organizations, civil
society groups, and the private sector.

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Abdullah Aarez Page 1 of 46

 Key principles of human rights include :

 Historical background of Human Rights :

2. Magna Carta (1215) :

3. Enlightenment era (17th-18th century) :

4. American and French Revolutions ( late 18th century ) :

6. Subsequent human rights instruments :

 Need and importance of human rights in Pakistan :

1. Dignity and respect for individual :

2. Rules of law and Governance :

3. Social justice and equality :

4. Protection of vulnerable group :

5. Freedom of expression and democracy :

6. Education and health :

7. Counter - terrorism and security :

 Islam and Human Rights :

1. Dignity and equality :

2. Freedom and religion :

3. Justice and fair treatment :

 The Hadith of Human rights :

The Prophet emphasized humane treatment of prisoners of war, instructing his

 human rights in the light of khutba hujjat ul wida :

1. Equality and brotherhood :

2. Protection of life and property :

6. Right of workers and servants :

 Key provisions of CEDAW :

3. Political and public life :

4. Education and employment :

6. Violence against women :

 Significance for women’s rights :

2. Monitoring and reporting :

3. Advocacy and awareness :

4. Influence on national legislation :

 Rights of the child :

2. Best interests of the child ( Article 3 ) :

3. Right to life , survival and development (Article 6 ) :

4. Respect for the views of the child ( Article 12 ) :

5. Protection from violence , abuse and neglect ( Article 19 ) :

6. Education ( Article 28 and 29 ) :

8. Freedom from child labor ( Article 32 ) :

 Rights of minorities ( declaration on the rights of persons belonging to

1. Non Discrimination and equality ( Article 2 ) :

2. Preservation of identity ( Article 1 ) :

3. Participation in Cultural , religious and social life ( Article 4 ) :

5. Use of Minority language (Article 6 ) :

7. Protection against discrimination ( Article 8 ) :

8. Access to to media ( Article 9 ) :

 Rights of refugee (Convention relating to the status of refugee 1951 ) :

2. Non discrimination ( Article 2 ) :

3. Freedom of religious and practice ( Article 4 ) :

4. Right to work ( Article 17 ) :

7. Social security and public assistance ( Article 23 ) :

 Fundamental rights of the citizen in Pakistan :

1. Right to equality (Article 25 ) :

2. Right to freedom of speech and expression (Article 19 ) :

3. Right to freedom of assembly ( Article 16 ) :

4. Right to freedom of association ( Article 7 ) :

5. Right to freedom of religion ( Article 20 ) :

7. Right to information ( Article 19-A ) :