INDIAN

CIVILIZATION
a presentation by Arjon Requina
• GEOGRAPHY

IINDIAN

annual revenue growth

• LAND AND PEOPLE

Early hostory

annual revenue growth

 .

• The Khyberpass and

the Indian ocean are
the passageways for
contact with the
outside world.

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Early history
• The Indian civilization begins from the
riverbanks of the Ganges and the Indus River.
India has gained its name from the river Indus;
the Indian civilization is also known as the Indus
valley civilization which is the earliest known
urban culture of the Indian subcontinent.

• From 5500-1300 BC, an early Neolithic to Bronze

Age civilization emerged in Pakistan, West India,
Afghanistan, Turkey, and Iran, Ruins of cities like
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa showcase brick
homes, art, writing, counting, irrigation, cereal
c cultivation, and tall houses.

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• The people of the Indus Valley, or
Harappan (Harappa was the first city in
the region found by archaeologists),
achieved many notable advances in
technology, including great accuracy in
their systems and tools for measuring
length and mass.

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Dravidian
• Dark skin people. It is
believed that the Dravidians
today are descendants of the
Indus Valley. About 200
million dark skinned
Dravidians lives in Tamil
areas of India, Pakistan, and
Sri Lanka. The Indus valley
Civilization lived on
throughout the region.

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ii. Aryan vedic era SANSKRIT

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 -Aryans-
• Indo- European invaders
• Nomadic
• Settled in Indo-Gangetic
• Conquered the Harrapan
civilization

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 RELIGIONS
• This Era laid the
foundation of
three religions-
Hinduism, Jainism,
Buddhism

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•
hinduism
Early Aryans laid the foundation of Hinduism,
India’s main religion.
• Brahma the creator. Lesser gods are Vishnu
(preserver) and shiva the (destroyer)
• Nine versions of a divine mother (an
elephant God, a sun god earth God, Rat God,
monkey God, etc.
• Other beliefs concern on herbal medicine,
(ayurveda), yoga (physical exercise),
meditation, karma (destiny), reincarnation (a
cycle of births and deaths).
• The Rig Veda Hindu scripts says this “THE
TRUTH IS ONE “

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The vedas
• Vedic literature reflects the life and culture of the ancient Aryans of India, but
it greatly affected Indian life.
• The Vedas consist of four literary works;
• RIG VEDA,
• SAMA VEDA,
• YAJUR VEDA
• ATHARVA VEDA
handing down hymns, prayers, rituals poetry, and stories.

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Jainism and
buddhism
• The founder of this religions, SHRI
MAHAVIRA, AND GAUTAMA BUDHHA.
• Jainism starts around the 6th century
B.C
• BUDHHISM WAS FOUNDED by
Siddhartha Gautama, a prince In Nepal.
• ‘BUDHHA” (OR THE ENLIGHTENED ONE)
• Buddha taught four “Noble Truth”,

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Buddha four
noble truths
(1). Man’s life is filled with suffering.
(2). Man’s suffering is caused by his
selfish desires.
(3). Man can end his suffering by
conquering his selfish desires.
(4) holy man may attain a state of
nirvana (perfect happiness).

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 “the eight-
fold path”
• To Reach nirvana, a person must follow
the Eight- fold path, “namely.
Right belief
Right aspiration
Right speech
Right conduct
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right thought
Right meditation.

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SANSKRIT EPICS
• The two Sanskrit epics were the
• MAHABHARATA and the RAMAYANA.
• They are also classics of world literature.
• The Mahabharata is the longest epic poem in the world.
• The Ramayana is shorter and tells the story of prince Rama, the
seventh reincarnation of the Hindu God Vishnu.

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 CASTE SYSTEM
• Brahman or brahmin, the
highest class of priests,
scholars, lawmakers,
aristocrats, educators.
• Soldiers, merchants, artists,
farmers.
• Workers and slaves.
• “Untouchables, and called
Dalit, from which to Filipino
word for “poor” comes
from.

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iii. PERSIAN
AND GREEKS
INVASIONS

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• Eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan today came under the rule of
Darius the Great and Alexander the Great.
At the end of 6th century B.C Darius I of Persia conquered the
Aryan kingdoms of the Indus valley.
The Persian introduced Persian administration to the next (Maurya
empire).
In 326 B.C, another invader Alexander the Great of Macedonia,
reached the northwest frontiers of the subcontinent unto present
day Pakistan.

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 MAURYA EMPIRE
• The first truly subcontinental empire was the
Maurya empire (322-185 B.C. Founded by
Chandragupta Maurya.
• He united the whole Indian subcontinent
(including Afghanistan and Pakistan). Except
south India
• Asoka his grandson, become the greatest Maurya
emperor (273-232 B.C)

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 CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA

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 Islam and the
Mughal(mugol empire)

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• From Persia again came invaders, this time as the Muslims known as Mughal (Mogul).
• In 1956, Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis khan, swept across the Khyber pass and
establish the Mughal (mogul) empire.
• He took Islam into the heart of India up to Delhi.
• By the 14th century, Islamic kings ruled over a kingdom as a large Asoka’s Maurya empire.
• The Mughal ruled most of the subcontinent for 200 years until its defeat during the war of
independence (Indian rebellion) of 1857.
• The Mughal rulers introduced Islam, the religion of modern Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan,
and Iran.

• Akbar the Great (1556-1605) was the grandson of Babur. Babur laid the basis for the dynasty, but
Akbar punished the empire into south India, and integrated Islam into the subcontinent.
• His grandson, shah Jahan, gained fame by building in 1653 the taj mahal at agra in memory of his
favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal.

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 AKBAR THE GREAT SHAH JAHAN

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 TAJ MAHAL

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• Mumtaz Mahal was the
empress consort of
Mughal Empire from
1628 to 1631 as the
chief consort of the fifth
Mughal emperor, Shah
Jahan. The Taj Mahal in
Agra, often cited as one
of the Wonders of the
World, was
commissioned by her
husband to act as her
tomb.

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 BRITISH
EMPIRE IN
SOUTH ASIA

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• The relations between British and Indians, though
never amicable, nevertheless remain strong even after
independence.
• Today southern Indians in Britain comprise one of the
largest minority groups in Europe,
• British carry many Indian influences in their culture,
that the biggest jewel in the British monarch’s crown
is the Kohinoor diamond from India.

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The Koh-i-Noor Diamond, meaning "Mountain of
Light" in Persian, is a legendary diamond of
Indian origin. The diamond has been a subject of
desire, intrigue and conquests for centuries. A
widely traveled gem, it has passed through the
hands of the Mughals emperors, Persian Shahs,
Emirs of Afghanistan and Maharajas of Punjab.
The stone later ended up in the British Crown
Jewels in 1849, when a ten-year-old Maharaja
Duleep Singh was persuaded to hand over the
Koh-i-Noor to Queen Victoria when the Punjab
Region of India was annexed. Since then, Koh-i-
Noor has remained in the British Crown Jewels,
becoming a symbol that many attach to the
humiliation and pain of colonial past, conquests
and the British raj.

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THE WEST GOES
TO INDIES
• In the 15th century, European explorers came in search of the riches of the east, which they
called “INDIES”.
• The first Europeans to arrive in India were the Portuguese.
• In 1498 Vasco de Gama rounded the cape of good hope and reached India.
• A few years later in 1503, the Portuguese empire-builder ALBUQUERQUE captured Goa in 1510
and made it the capital of the Portuguese empire in Asia.

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 VASCO DE GAMA

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•
BRITISH RAJ
In 1639 Francis Day, a company agent, developed madras, and
eventually acquired more ports.
• The British under Sir Robert Clive ousted the French and other
powers to take the over most of the subcontinent in 1793.
• The era produced the infamous atrocity of the “Black Hole of
Kolkata “, when over a hundred of men, women and children were
left by the French to die in a small room.
• The British empires glory however began to end when native Indian
(“sepoy”) soldiers in the British army mutinied in 1857.
• The “sepoy mutiny “was put down, but the British east India
company was blamed for it.
• In 1858, India was placed under the direct rule from London. Direct
rule by Britain brought many improvements which contributed to
the making if modern India as follows.

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 • In 1639 Francis Day, a company agent, developed madras, and eventually
acquired more ports.
• The British under Sir Robert Clive ousted the French and other powers to take the
over most of the subcontinent in 1793.
• The era produced the infamous atrocity of the “Black Hole of Kolkata “, when over
a hundred of men, women and children were left by the French to die in a small
room.
• The British empires glory however began to end when native Indian (“sepoy”)
soldiers in the British army mutinied in 1857.
• The “sepoy mutiny “was put down, but the British east India company was
blamed for it.
• In 1858, India was placed under the direct rule from London. Direct rule by Britain
brought many improvements which contributed to the making if modern India as
follows.

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 “BLACK HOLE OF KOLKATA”

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• In 1858, India was placed under the direct rule from London. Direct rule by Britain brought many improvements
which contributed to the making if modern India as follows.

• The Indian subcontinent was unified under a centralized government.

• Transportation and communications were modernized by network of railways, highways, telephones,
telegraph, and a postal system.
• Introduction of printed books and newspaper, better farming methods, irrigation systems, sanitation, and
medical care.
• Finally, western class, trained in the English language and familiar with western values and practices.

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 GANDHI AND
NATIONALISM
• The Indians hated colonial bondage and yearned to be free. they resented the loss of their
Independence and the arrogance of the British, who treated them as an inferior race in their own
country.
• In 1885 educated Indians formed the Indian national congress as a forum to express their
grievances and demands.
• They advocate a representative government and their political and economic reforms.
• During the first world war, a great patriot-lawyer named Mohandas k. Gandhi (father of the Indian
independence “).
• From 1920 until his death in 1948, Gandhi was the undisputed leader of Indian nationalism.

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• Gandhi wrote 'My idea of
nationalism is that my
country may become free,
that if need Be the whole of
the country may die, so that
the Human race may live.
There is no room for race
hatred there. Let that be our
nationalism. Further, he
wrote that 'nationalism, like
virtue, is its own reward.

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Indian inpendence
• The wind of change blew over the British empire after WW II, and grew a new British
government agreed to grant independence to the Indian subcontinent and other colonies.
• Sadly, Gandhi failed to reconcile the Hindus and Muslims, and the result was the partition
of India and Pakistan.
• On August 15,1947, the British empire in India was partitioned into two separate
dominion state, the union of India (later the republic of India), and the dominion of
Pakistan (later the Islamic republic of Pakistan). The eastern half of which later became the
people’s republic of Bangladesh.
• After independence, the subcontinent was convulsed by violent Hindu Muslims riots, as
millions of Muslims migrated to Pakistan and millions of Hindus moved down to India.
• On January 30,1948, he was shot during a republic rally in new Delhi by a crazy Indian
anarchist.
• His death was deeply mourned by his people and the entire world.

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Mahatma gandhi
• Was a prominent political and spiritual leader of
the Indian independence movement.
• “Ninoy” Aquino, a hero of the people power
revolution in the Philippines (1986) cited Gandhi as
a role model.
• Martin Luther king, leader of the American black
civil rights movement in the 1960’s also citied him
thus “Christ gave us the goals and mahatma Gandhi
the tactics.”
• He was assassinated in 1948 just as he was about
to be awarded the Nobel prize for peace.

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Indian contributions to
civilization
• Like China India is a cradle of civilization and one of the world’s greatest
storehouses of art, literature, religion, and science.
• India gives the world two major religions -HINDUHISM AND BUDDHISM
• Two minor religions JANISM-AND SIKHISM
• India developed philosophy ahead of the west. Long before the Greeks
and romans, several philosophical systems, including yoga, the discipline
of the mind and the body by spiritual training, meditation.
• India enriched world literature with the first fable (Panchatantra)
dramatic masterpieces the clay cart by sudakra and Shakuntala by
Kalidas.
• The great epics Mahabharata and Ramayana.

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• Indian arts and scared, portraying gods, and various motifs which spread across
the world (swastika, lotus, elephants)
• In music and dance styles that’s exist not only in India, but also in Indonesia etc.
• The European waltz, the guitar, flute, violin, and temple bells are of Indian
origin.
• The Indians produced commodities like ,
• Cotton cloth, spices, sugar, palm oil, coconut oil, tamarind, camphor,
sandalwood, lemon oranges, butter, smelted metals, and alloys (gold, iron,
copper,) scents perfumes , ointment, precious gems and diamonds.
• India originated numerals, mathematics, astronomy, algebra, and geometry.
• Classical India did cataract and plastic surgery, dental surgery.
• Finally ancient Indian games are still widely played, such as snake and ladders,
playing cards, dice, and polo.

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SOUTH ASIA AND
EAST ASIA
Why the east Asian civilizations of China and Japan, especially the
continuing empire of China, hardly no contacts with the Indian
civilizations, considering the antiquity of both?

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The isolation of the Indian peninsula by the Himalayas
mountain range and the expanse of the Indian ocean, secondly
, the Indian civilization was not notable for maritime
adventures, unlike Chinese and Japanese admirals of the sea(
Zheng he, Koxinga ). And finally , the Indians had a strange
belief that if any Hindu crossed the seas, would loses his
religion( hence his soul). This is why two great civilizations had
a little contact

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This is why two great civilizations had a little
contact, and also, Why the Indian influence
in the Philippines , as many studied in
history, was brought not by Hindu travelers
but by Muslims traders.

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 references
Indus civilization | History, Location, Map, Artifacts, ...
Britannica https://www.britannica.com › ... › The Ancient
World
Ancient Indian History & Civilization - Video & Lesson
... Study.com https://study.com › ... › Early Indian
Civilization
Book of sir f2 was my primary sources

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 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

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