Marine Mammal Stranding

Response Manual
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GUIDE FOR THE RESCUE, REHABILITATION, AND
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RELEASE OF STRANDED CETACEANS AND DUGONGS IN
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THE PHILIPPINES

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Lemnuel V. Aragones and Gail E. Laule
(Editors)

2008 Lemnuel Aragones

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 Acknowledgments

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This Manual is the result of a great deal of hard work by a relatively small number of professionals. It stems

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from a firm commitment to helping stranded marine mammals. It is a major contribution to the dream, slowly

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becoming reality, of developing a Philippine Marine Mammal Stranding Network. Everyone involved in this

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project, especially the authors of each chapter, spent many hours of their own time researching, writing,

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editing, proofing, designing, and creating this Manual. Everyone deserves to feel a sense of pride in the final
product.

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Many thanks to Tim Desmond, CEO of Ocean Adventure, who came to the Philippines with a history of

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involvement in stranded marine mammals and has generously and continuously offered the resources and

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expertise of OA. Without the full support and participation of OA staff, this Manual would never have been
written.

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We would like to recognize the NGO Wildlife in Need for providing staff and significant grant monies to
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support the development and printing of this Manual. Thanks in particular to Ana Borja for her assistance in
printing our first edition.
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Sea World Busch Gardens Conservation Fund has provided the bulk of the monies that have funded not only
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the Cetacean Stranding Response Workshops that are the basis for this manual, but for the printing of this
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manual as well. Monies have also gone to produce the accompanying video, and for site visits to some of the
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BFAR Regional offices. Without their financial assistance, much of our efforts would still be just a good idea.
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This effort has been a unique collaboration between governmental agencies and the private sector. We are
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grateful for the vision and support of The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources especially that of
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Director Malcolm Sarmiento, of Mr. Edwyn Elesna, Chief of Fisheries Quarantine and Wildlife Regulations
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Section, and of Director Jovita Ayson of Region II BFAR. Special thanks also to Ms. Gloria Diaz of NFARMC.
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We are thankful for the contributions of individuals who were part of the original core group but have moved
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on elsewhere - Wayne Phillips (Chapters 6, 8), Ariel Torres (Chapters 2, 6) and Dr. Chris Torno (Chapters 6, 8
and 11). Special thanks to Dr. Robert Braun, consulting veterinarian of Ocean Adventure, whose extensive
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knowledge and experience in marine mammal strandings was invaluable. This manual was improved by his
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review and comments. We also extend our thanks to Scott Sharpe of Ocean Adventure who has contributed
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greatly to our Workshops and whose input was integrated into the Manual (Chapter 6). Finally, we extend
special recognition to Josh Villaruel for his wonderful illustrations and Micaela Ledesma for her artwork,
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layout, and oversight of the production of this Manual. We couldn't have done it without her.

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 Foreword
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A well organized effort to rescue a sick or injured marine mammal, or collect detailed information from a dead
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marine mammal, has a far greater impact than just the fate of the individual animal or the collection and
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:56789":5::5;C"58@"<E":E<7A5<9"?E::B87<79C"<E"T9":E69"?E8?9689@"5TEB<"<F9"G69C96A5<7E8"E="<F976":56789"
documentation of a single case study. It is a powerful tool to raise awareness of the value of marine mammals

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and to motivate communities to be more concerned about the preservation of their marine resources as a whole.

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This training manual is the culmination of efforts made by several contributors over the past 7 years, and it stands
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as a key step in the process of developing a National Marine Mammal Stranding Network here in the Philippines.
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Ocean Adventure (OA) has made the development of a marine mammal stranding response capability in the
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Philippines a priority program for its corporate social responsibility since beginning operations in the Philippines in
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2001. The founding staff brought with them over 30 years of technical experience with assessment, stabilization,
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transport, and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals from the United States and elsewhere around the world.
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OA is the host facility for the Cetacean Stranding Response Workshop, and as such has offered Workshop
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attendees direct access to animals, equipment, and expertise necessary to develop the skills for successful
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marine mammal stranding efforts. The majority of authors of this manual are OA staff who have devoted

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tremendous time and effort in developing and serving as instructors for the Workshop.

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Wildlife in Need (WIN), led by Gail Laule, has been centrally involved in this process by obtaining international
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funding support from Sea World Busch Gardens Conservation Fund for not only training first responders to marine
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mammal stranding, but also assisting the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) in the development
of a National Marine Mammal Stranding Network. WIN has taken the lead in organizing and conducting the
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Workshops and in the production of the written materials such as this manual. BFAR has been mandated to
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protect the marine mammals of the Philippines. BFAR's Director Sarmiento has followed through on that mandate
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by organizing support within BFAR to insure that as many BFAR staff as possible participate in the training
programs .
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Furthermore, Dr. Lem Aragones of the University of the Philippines Institute of Environmental Science and
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Meteorology, a leading marine mammal scientist in the Philippines, has passionately dedicated his services to the
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development of these efforts. He has co-authored much of the materials for the Workshops and this manual. He
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has served as a primary Workshop instructor, sharing his knowledge and experience to ensure the success of

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these Workshops and the realization of the Stranding Network.

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Finally, there are a few individuals who stand out as 'driving forces' that have provided a tremendous boost to the
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development of the marine mammal stranding work by willing their organizations to provide the maximum support.
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The first is Director Jovita Ayson of Region II BFAR. She is a tireless promoter and motivator who mobilized her
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staff to attend the workshops and then to implement what they had learned in the field. Similarly, Mr Edwyn
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Alesna of BFAR main office and Ms Gloria Diaz of NFARMC are the key coordinators of these Stranding
Workshops. Finally, there is Mayor Hernani Braganza of Alaminos City, Pangasinan who mobilized his
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community's total support for a series of strandings that occurred within his city.
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It is the efforts of all of these individuals and institutions, as well as the many others who played important roles in
the conduct of these trainings and in the development, publication, and dissemination of this manual, that will
insure the ultimate success of a national Stranding Network here in the Philippines!

Timothy Desmond
CEO
Ocean Adventure
 Preface
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This manual is a compilation of the information developed to date for the Marine Mammal Stranding
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69A7C7E8C"58@"7:G6EA9:98<CV""J9/"<F9"9@7<E6C/"JE6UCFEG"78C<6B?<E6C/"58@"?E69"K6EBG":9:T96C"E="<F9"
Response Workshops presented by Ocean Adventure and Wildlife In Need in cooperation with UP-IESM

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and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. This is a living document with likely future revisions
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and improvements. We, the editors, Workshop instructors, and core group members of the Philippine
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Marine Mammal Stranding Network (PMMSN) felt there was a need to develop a manual specifically for the
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Philippines, even though there are already excellent stranding manuals from western countries available
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through the internet. In our experience, the scenario here is quite different in comparison to other areas in
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the world where these stranding manuals have been produced. Firstly, marine mammal stranding
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response is yet to be mainstreamed in the Philippines, so the capability to respond to strandings in terms of
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resources, logistical support, and expertise is limited. Secondly, these manuals are based on decades of
acquired experience through functioning stranding networks in Western countries, so the cultural context,
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technical language, and level of detail are not appropriate for most local people and relevant stakeholders
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here.
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This manual draws on that wealth of experience in marine mammal rescue from the international
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community. It is designed to provide a basic understanding of marine mammal strandings, and to provide
recommendations and procedures for handling stranded animals, whether alive or dead. It provides
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practical support to wildlife professionals and volunteers undertaking this challenging yet enormously

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rewarding work.
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Ideally this manual should be used in conjunction with the Marine Mammal Stranding Response Workshop
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which is designed to provide practical and hands-on training in the basic skills of marine mammal rescue
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and the pursuit of valuable scientific information from stranded animals, both alive and dead. It is our hope
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that these efforts will lead to the development of the Philippine Marine Mammal Stranding Network, to
respond to stranded marine mammals throughout the country. It will truly be successful if it helps to rescue
a stranded animal, or enables us to learn more about environmental factors and behavioral and medical
conditions that force marine mammals from their world into ours.
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Lemnuel V. Aragones and Gail E. Laule
Editors

M.C.Ledesma
 Table of Contents
.F5G<96C
Chapters
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1D I'1,%'!DJ0DG&#<*,'$KDL#&4DG,,'DG0DH*;%'KDM!*&8#DN0DB8#(D#,-DO-64,DC0DG!'$,#D
An introduction to the Philippine marine mammal stranding network ......................... 1
Lemnuel V. Aragones, Edwyn B.Alesna and Noreen G. Follosco
;" *$'ST"+T2"J'.U'H@2&2772$"'D,+2$"'D,##,&/')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))V
D I'1,%'!DJ0DG&#<*,'$
2 A compilation of relevant Philippine laws and signed international
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agreements regarding marine mammals ..................................................................... 3
D C8#,+#DM0DO$28,*$
Ariel T. Torres and Lemnuel V Aragones

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3 Overview of Philippine marine mammals ..................................................................... 7
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Lemnuel V. Aragones
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Introduction to Marine Mammals .............................................................................................. 7
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Philippine Marine Mammals Identification Guide .................................................................... 11
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D L#&8'!DF!*&'$DI'*DS*,#/3#,DG0DT%#&'(KDN3&8$/*23'&DR*&,*K
4D U#('!DI*2'(KDT*,"#DI%(KD#,-DH*5'&/DC&#%,
Understanding strandings ......................................................................................... 31
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Bianca G. Espinos

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Terminology ........................................................................................................ 31
Threats to Marine Mammals................................................................................... 32
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Possible Causes of Cetacean Strandings .................................................................. 34
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5 Why respond to a stranded marine mammal .............................................................. 37
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Gail E. Laule
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6 Emergency first response …………………………………………………….................. 41
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Gail E. Laule, Wayne F. Phillips, Christopher Torno, Mariel B. Flores, Francis E.
D I'1,%'!DJ0DG&#<*,'$KDV*&'',DM0DF*!!*$+*KD#,-DL8+#'!#DN0DI'-'$1#:R&'5*!
Maniago, Richard Enchomienda, Mary Anne Roque and Lemnuel V. Aragones
Emergency Stranding Response ......................................................................................... 41
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The First Responder ......................................................................................................... 42

D D
The Stranding Team Response ........................................................................................... 43
G"U"+"$6"/" Criteria for Making Decisions ............................................................................................ 44
Onsite Medical Management .............................................................................................. 48
*77"$426"/ Handling and Transport ....................................................................................................... 51
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" !GG98@7M"0e"-5:G;9"-<658@78K"*9CGE8C9"*9GE6<"(6E:"=6E:"5?<B5;"?5C9"
Live Dugong Stranding ....................................................................................................... 53
" !GG98@7M".e"29?6EGCD"*9GE6<"(E6:"
7" !GG98@7M"&e"-)!3"(E6:
Managing Community Response to Stranding ……………………………………….. 55
" !GG98@7M"'e"&9?7C7E8S45U78K"(;EW?F56<
Lemnuel V Aragones, Noreen G. Follosco and Micaela C. Ledesma
" !GG98@7M"(e"49@7?5;"&9?7C7E8S45U78K"(;EW?F56<
Factors influencing public attitudes.................................................................................... 55
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Community Education ....................................................................................................... 56
" !GG98@7M","e"17C<"E="!?6E8D:C
Enlisting public support at a stranding event .................................................................... 58
1&.//,+K
Managing the stranding site ............................................................................................. 59
Media coordination ................................................................................................. 59

The Philippine Marine Mammal
Stranding Network (PMMSN)
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 Chapter
Chapter 32

AnOverview
An Overviewofof
Philippine
Philippine Marine Mammals
Marine Mammals
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Lemnuel V. Aragones

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troduction to Marine Mammals
Five main groups of
e waters+F9"W5<96C"E="<F9"3F7;7GG789"56?F7G9;5KE"569"FE:9"<E"5"@7A96C9"
of the Philippine archipelago are home to a diverse array of marine marine mammals
ammals.5665D"E=":56789":5::5;CV""q456789":5::5;Cr"7C"5"?E;;9?<7A9"<96:"
“Marine mammals” is a collective term pertaining to animals that in world:

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ve the following characteristics: CETACEA: Dolphins &
Whales,
‡ 576"T695<F78K
air breathing
Porpoises
‡ W56:ST;EE@9@"\98@E<F96:7?]"A96<9T65<9C
warm-blooded vertebrates
have hair (for whales and dolphins these are just a few hairs around the
‡ F5A9"F576"\=E6"WF5;9C"58@"@E;GF78C"<F9C9"569"ZBC<"5"=9W"F576C"
upper jaw present at birth)
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eed their young with milk produced by mammary glands of the female
ely mainly ‡ on=99@"<F976"DEB8K"W7<F":7;U"G6E@B?9@"TD":5::56D"K;58@C"E="
aquatic habitats for their food
have evolved<F9"=9:5;9
SIRENIA: Dugongs &
anatomical features and physiological adaptations to live in Manatees
he aquatic‡environment
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‡ F5A9"9AE;A9@"585<E:7?5;"=95<B69C"58@"GFDC7E;EK7?5;"
arine mammals 5@5G<5<7E8C"<E";7A9"78"<F9"5LB5<7?"98A76E8:98<
include the members of various Orders (taxonomic grouping in
ientific classification) such as Cetacea, Sirenia and Carnivora. Cetaceans,
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e most aquatically adapted group of marine mammals include the whales,

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olphins, and porpoises. The cetaceans are ecologically diverse, as they live
CARNIVORA:
-769875"58@".5687AE65V"".9<5?958C/"<F9":EC<"5LB5<7?5;;D"5@5G<9@"
rivers and oceans and in the tropical and polar regions (Barnes 2002). Polar Bears
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renians comprise the sea cows, such as manatees and dugongs. The

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enians are the only herbivorous mammals to have ever become totally
uatic. The carnivorous marine mammals represent a diverse array of
ological 78"67A96C"58@"E?958C"58@"78"<F9"<6EG7?5;"58@"GE;56"69K7E8C"\05689C"
adaptations - from the solid ice (and land) to oceans and also tropical
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polar latitudes. The main groups include the pinnipeds (such as sea lions,
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als and walruses), aquatic otters (riverine and marine) and the polar bear.
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arine mammals are well adapted for life in the water.
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eir general body shape is hyrdodynamically designed CARNIVORA: Seals,
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move easily in the aquatic environment (see Fig 1) Sea Lions & Walruses

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d to chase fish and other prey items.

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78?BC/"58@"C<5G9C]V
ure 1. The streamlined body of a dolphin.
CARNIVORA:
g Otters
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The basic anatomical features of a cetacean and <E"7<"=E6"F95<78K]V"+F9D"569"?5G5T;9"E="G6E;E8K9@"
illustration of how to determine gender are shown in Figure 2.

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Most marine mammals have increased insulation through the development of a blubber or dense fur layer. They
also have evolved countercurrent heat exchange systems to help them cope with the extreme heat (by dumping

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body heat through their uninsulated dorsal fins, flukes and flippers which act as thermal windows) and cold (through
the blubber which acts as an insulative layer with plenty of blood vessels close to it for heating). The eyes, nose,
‡ %8?695C9@"78CB;5<7E8"<F6EBKF"<F9"@9A9;EG:98<"
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variety of aquatic environments. Most marine mammals are

(~ 90-95%) in comparison to humans who store oxygen\s"Pgh]"\nEED:58"XYPR]V

capable of prolonged dives. This is mainly due to the fact that they store oxygen primarily in the blood and muscles
mainly in the blood and lungs (~ 86%) (Kooyman 1985).

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Dorsal fin Blowhole

Rostrum / Beak

Mouth
Eye

Tail flukes

Pectoral fin
Peduncle

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Umbilicus

Genital slit

Mammary slit

Anus

Female Male
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Figure 2. Illustration showing the external anatomy of a dolphin and the difference between genders.

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 6KRUW¿QQHGSLORWZKDOHWM!*58+'23#!#D1#+&*&34,+3%$X" %%" 6569"<E"?E::E8
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 ,QGR3DFL¿FKXPSEDFNGROSKLQWT*%$#D+38,',$8$X  ,, XQFRQ¿UPHG
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\X]"PEF3A'*77"$42c'E/"78?;B@9C"CG9?79C"<F695<989@"W7<F"9M<78?<7E8"58@"=E6"WF7?F"<65@9":BC<"T9"CBTZ9?<"<E"G56<7?B;56;D"C<67?<"
""""""69KB;5<7E8"58@"E8;D"5B<FE67C9@"78"9M?9G<7E85;"?76?B:C<58?9CV
"""""'PEF3A'*77"$42c'EE/"78?;B@9"CG9?79C"<F5<"569"8E<"89?9CC567;D"<F695<989@"8EW"W7<F"9M<78?<7E8"TB<":5D"T9?E:9"CE"7="<65@9"7C"8E<"
""""""C<67?<;D"69KB;5<9@V
\^]"36E<9?<9@"B8@96"(7CF9679C"!@:787C<65<7A9")6@96"2ECV"XPR"C9679C"E="XYY^/"58@"XPRSX"C9679C"E="XYYiV
\Q]"36E<9?<9@"B8@96"&'2*"!@:787C<65<7A9")6@96"2EV"RR"C9679C"E="XYYXV
\O]"'M<65;7:7<5;"69?E6@"E8;D"\7V9V"EB<C7@9"<F9"8E6:5;";7:7<C"E="58"587:5;`C"@7C<67TB<7E8]"
\R]"2E<"58"9M?;BC7A9":56789":5::5;j"<F67A9C"78"67A96C"<E"9C<B5679CV

Y
X_ 11
 FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
Ocean dolphins
SPINNER DOLPHIN
(Stenella longirostris)

+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"85:9@"=E6"7<C"B87LB9"T9F5A7E6"E=";95G78K"5TEA9"<F9"W5<96"58@"
Kaila Ledesma
CG78878K"E8"7<C";E8K7<B@785;"5M7CV""+F969"569"C9A965;"CBTCG9?79C"=E6"<F7C"CG9?79C"58@"
This species is named for its unique behavior of leaping above the water
<F9"E89"=EB8@"F969"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C"7C"<F9",5W57758"65?9"E6"<F9"#65D`C"CG78896"
and spinning on its longitudinal axis. There are several subspecies and
@E;GF78V""%<"7C"?F565?<967a9@"TD"5"A96D";E8K"8566EW"T95U/"6ETBC<"C;98@96"TE@D"58@"
ÀDWPHORQ7KHEDVLFFRORUSDWWHUQLVDGDUNGRUVDOFDSHZLWKOLJKWHUJUD\VLGHV
the one found here in the Philippines is the Hawaiian race or the Gray's
58@"WF7<9"T9;;DV""+F9"?E::E8"C7a9C"=E6"5@B;<C"658K9"=6E:"^V_"<E"^VO":";E8KV""+F7C"
spinner dolphin. It is characterized by a very long narrow beak, robust
CG9?79C"7C"A96D"?E::E8"<F6EBKFEB<"<F9"W5<96C"E="<F9"3F7;7GG789"56?F7G9;5KE"58@"7C"
slender body and flat melon. The basic color pattern is a dark dorsal cape
8E?<B685;"\=99@C"5<"87KF<"58@"69C<C"5<"@5D<7:9]V""%8"CEB<F968"+5kE8"-<657<"\sX__"U:^]/"
with lighter gray sides, and white belly. The common sizes for adults
5"GEGB;5<7E8"E="g__"<E"X___"78@7A7@B5;C"F5C"T998"9C<7:5<9@"<F6EBKF":56US69?5G<B69"
range from 2.0 to 2.4 m long. This species is very common throughout
9C<7:5<9C"BC78K"GFE<E"%&"<9?F87LB9C"\!65KE89C"9<"5;V"B8GBT;7CF9@"@5<5]V"!:E8K"
1V>V"!658EK9C
the waters of the Philippine archipelago. The spinners seem to frequently
<F9":56789":5::5;C"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789/"<F9"CG78896"@E;GF78"CE"=56/"F5C"<F9"F7KF9C<"
M.C. Ledesma

69?E6@9@"C<658@78K"=69LB98?D"\C99"(7K"Q]V ("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
Lem Aragones
strand in the Philippine waters (see Fig 3).

PANTROPICAL SPOTTED DOLPHIN

(Stenella attenuata)

M.C. Ledesma

+F9"358<6EG7?5;"CGE<<9@"@E;GF78"7C"95CD"<E"7@98<7=D"W7<F"8B:96EBC"CGE<C"=EB8@"<F6EBKFEB<"7<C"TE@D/"58@":EC<"C<67U78K"
E8"<F9"<F6E5<"58@"B8@96C7@9"E="<F9"TE@DV"",EW9A96/"<F9"8B:T96"E="CGE<C"78?695C9C"5C"<F9D"5K9/"CE"?5;A9C":5D"F5A9"
The Pantropical spotted dolphin is easy to identify with numerous spots found throughout its body, and most striking on
8E"CGE<C"5<"5;;"58@"<F5<"E8;D"5"C:5;;"8B:T96"E="CGE<C"=E6"ZBA987;9C"E6"CBTS5@B;<CV""+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"5;CE"?F565?<96S
the throat and underside of the body. However, the number of spots increases as they age, so calves may have no
7a9@"TD"5"WF7<9"<7GG9@"T95UV""!8"5@B;<"CGE<<9@"@E;GF78"7C"C;7KF<;D";56K96"<F58"5"CG78896"@E;GF78/"658K78K"=6E:"^V^"<E"
spots at all and that only a small number of spots for juveniles or sub-adults. This species is also characterized by a
^Vi":";E8KV""+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"@7B685;"\=99@C"78"<F9"@5D<7:9]"58@"7C"E89"E="<F9":EC<"5TB8@58<"?9<5?958C"E8"<F9"G;589<"
white tipped beak. An adult spotted dolphin is slightly larger than a spinner dolphin, ranging from 2.2 to 2.7 m long.
5HHYHVHWDO ,QVRPHDUHDVRIWKHZRUOGLWKDVVXIIHUHGDKLJKPRUWDOLW\IURPSXUVHVHLQH¿VKHULHVDQGWKLV
7C";7U9;D"<F9"?5C9"F969"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"5;<FEBKF"8E"695;"@5<5"9M7C<CV
This species is one of the most abundant cetaceans on the planet (Reeves et al. 2001). However, in some areas of
the world it has suffered a high mortality from purse seine fisheries. The("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
spotted dolphin is commonly encountered in
Philippine waters.

12

XX
STRIPED DOLPHIN FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
(Stenella coeruleoalba)
Ocean dolphins

KAI

+F9"K98965;"=95<B69C"E="<F7C"CG9?79C"569"A96D"C7:7;56"<E"CG78896"
@E;GF78C"9M?9G<"<F5<"7<"GECC9CC9C"5"TE;@"8566EW"T;5?U"C<67G9"
IURPH\HWRDQXVDQGDQRWKHUIURPH\HWRÀLSSHU7KLVLVD
The general features of this species are very similar to spinner
T95B<7=B;"58@"6ETBC<"CG9?79C"?F565?<967a9@"TD"5"WF7<9"<E";7KF<"
JUD\VKRXOGHUEOD]HVZHHSLQJEDFNDQGXSWRZDUGWKHGRUVDO¿Q
eye to anus and another from eye to flipper. This species 
dolphins except that it possesses a bold narrow black stripe
7KHVWULSHGGROSKLQLVVRPHWLPHVPLVLGHQWL¿HGDV)UDVHU¶V VHH
from
isT9;EW]"T9?5BC9"<F9D"TE<F"GECC9CC"C<67G9C"E8"<F976";5<965;CV"+F976"
characterized by a white to light gray shoulder blaze,
:578"@7==9698?9"7C"<F5<"<F9"C<67G9@"@E;GF78"F5C"5"8566EW96"C<67G9"
sweeping back and up toward the dorsal fin. The striped
IURPH\HWRDQXV
dolphin DORQJHUEHDNDQGDWDOOHUGRUVDO¿QWKDQ
is rarely encountered in the Philippines. The few
<F9"(65C96`CV""+F9"C<67G9@"@E;GF78"7C"6569;D"98?EB8<969@"78"<F9"
sightings of this species have been mainly in offshore areas.
3F7;7GG789C/"W7<F"<F9"=9W"C7KF<78KC"F5A78K"T998":578;D"E==CFE69V""
!@B;<C"658K9"78"C7a9"=6E:"^VX"<E"^Vi":";E8KV"
Adults range in size from 2.1 to 2.7 m long. Based on
preliminary data, this species like its relatives (other stenellids),
appear to strand frequentlyG,+"'/9+,$4"+
1VNV"-B569a
(see Fig 3).

FRASER’S DOLPHIN
(Lagenodelphis hosei)

KAI

7KLVVSHFLHVKDVDYHU\VKRUWEHDNVPDOOWULDQJXODUGRUVDO¿Q
VHWDWPLGERG\ VPDOOÀLSSHUV LQUHODWLRQWRLWVERG\VL]H 
58@"5"6ETBC<"TE@DV""%<"F5C"5"T6E5@"@56U"C<67G9"6B8878K"5;;"<F9"
This species has a very short beak, small triangular dorsal fin
W5D"=6E:"<F9"=5?9"<E"<F9"58BCV"",EW9A96/"78"CE:9"78@7A7@B5;C"
(set at midbody), small flippers (in relation to its body size), and
<F7C"=95<B69":5D"8E<"T9"<F5<"ETA7EBCV""!@B;<C"658K9"78"C7a9"
=6E:"^VO"<E"^Vi":"78";98K<FV""%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"<F9"(65C96`C"
a robust body. It has a broad dark stripe running all the way
KDVFRPPRQO\EHHQPLVLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHFRPPRQERWWOHQRVH
from the face to the anus. Adults range in size from 2.4 to 2.7
@E;GF78"E6"5C"5"C<67G9@"@E;GF78"\C99"5TEA9]V""+F7C"CG9?79C"
m in length. In the Philippines, this species ranges from rare to
658K9C"=6E:"6569"<E"?E::E8V""JF98"C7KF<9@"78"<F9">7C5D58"
common. When sighted in the Visayan region, they are often
69K7E8/"<F9D"569"E=<98"=EB8@"78"FBK9"K6EBGC"E="FB8@69@C"E="
found in huge groups of hundreds of animals and in deep
587:5;C"58@"78"@99G"E==CFE69"W5<96CV""2E<9/"<F7C"CG9?79C"7C"
offshore waters. Based on our preliminary stranding data in the
G6E89"<E"C<69CC":DEG5<FDj"<FBC":5U78K"7<C"69F5T7;7<5<7E8"=6E:"
C<658@78K"A96D"?F5;;98K78KV
Philippines, this species strands intermittently (see Fig 3).
1VNV"-B569a
M.C. Ledesma
("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+

X^
13
COMMON BOTTLENOSE FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
Ocean dolphins
DOLPHIN
(Tursiops truncatus)
+F7C"CG9?79C"W5C"GEGB;567a9@"TD"
<F9"+>"C9679C"c(;7GG96`"58@"7C"E89"
This species was popularized by the
E="<F9":EC<"5@5G<5T;9"58@"?ECS
TV series 'Flipper'. The common
:EGE;7<58"@E;GF78"CG9?79CV""+F9"
bottlenose dolphin has a robust gray
?E::E8"TE<<;98EC9"@E;GF78"F5C"
body with a large falcate (sickle shape
5"6ETBC<"K65D"\658K78K"=6E:"C;5<9"
or back curved) dorsal fin, and short
K65D"<E";7KF<"?F56?E5;]"TE@D"W7<F"5"
beak. This is one of the most
;56K9"=5;?5<9"\C7?U;9"CF5G9"E6"T5?U"
adaptable and cosmopolitan dolphin
FXUYHG GRUVDO¿QDQGVKRUWEHDN
species. This species has recently
+F7C"CG9?79C"F5C"69?98<;D"T998"
been separated from the Indo-Pacific
VHSDUDWHGIURPWKH,QGR3DFL¿F
bottlenose (T. aduncus) dolphin. The
TE<<;98EC9DR0D#-%,+%$D@E;GF78V""
main differences between the two
+F9":578"@7==9698?9C"T9<W998"
species are the length of the beak
<F9C9"<WE"CG9?79C"569"5"CFE6<96"
(shorter for common bottlenose)
T95U"=E6"<F9"?E::E8"TE<<;98EC9"
and presence of dark spots on the
58@"<F9"G69C98?9"E="@56U"CGE<C"
belly in T. aduncus. The adult
E8"<F9"T9;;D"78"+V"5@B8?BCV""+F9"
common bottlenose species has a
5@B;<"?E::E8"TE<<;98EC9"CG9?79C"
much larger adult size than any of the
7C"LB7<9";56K9"s"^V^"<E"QVP":";E8KV""
species already described ~ 2.2 to 3.8
+F9"TE<<;98EC9"@E;GF78/"T5C9@"E8"
m long. The bottlenose dolphin can
EGGE6<B87C<7?"C7KF<78KC/"?58"658K9"
range from rare to common in the
M.C. Ledesma
=6E:"6569"<E"?E::E8"78"<F9"3F7;7GS
Philippines.
G789CV

M.C. Ledesma ("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+

INDO-PACIFIC
BOTTLENOSE
DOLPHIN
(Tursiops aduncus)

The features of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin are very similar to

7KHIHDWXUHVRIWKH,QGR3DFL¿FERWWOHQRVHGROSKLQDUHYHU\
the common bottlenose and spinner dolphins. It is often very difficult to
C7:7;56"<E"<F9"?E::E8"TE<<;98EC9"58@"CG78896"@E;GF78CV""%<"7C"
differentiate them in the field. The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin is
RIWHQYHU\GLI¿FXOWWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHWKHPLQWKH¿HOG7KH,QGR
characterized by dark spotting on the belly and sometimes on the sides
3DFL¿FERWWOHQRVHGROSKLQLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\GDUNVSRWWLQJRQWKH
of adults. Its beak is relatively longer in comparison to the common
T9;;D"58@"CE:9<7:9C"E8"<F9"C7@9C"E="5@B;<CV""%<C"T95U"7C"69;5<7A9;D"
bottlenose dolphins. However, the adult size for this species is relatively
;E8K96"78"?E:G567CE8"<E"<F9"?E::E8"TE<<;98EC9"@E;GF78CV"+F9D"
smaller with adults reaching ~2.2 to 2.6 m in length. This species was
569"69;5<7A9;D"C:5;;96"W7<F"5@B;<C"695?F78K"s^V^"<E"^Vg":"78";98K<FV""
confirmed in the Philippines through a stranding case in Bagac, Bataan in
7KLVVSHFLHVZDVFRQ¿UPHGLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVWKURXJKDVWUDQGLQJ
2003 by Ocean Adventure. Several marine mammal scientists have
?5C9"78"05K5?/"05<558"78"^__Q"TD"<F9")?958"!@A98<B69"-<658@78K"
always suspected that there are two species of bottlenose present in
+95:V""+F7C"CG9?79C"F5C"C<658@9@"TE<F"78":5CC"58@"C78K;9V
Philippine waters, but there was no confirmation until this stranding. In
Tañon Strait, the body of waters between the islands of Negros and
M+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
Cebu, both species of bottlenose co-exist together with many other
dolphins including another very similarly looking species - the spinners. 1VNV"-B569a
http://www.pbs.org/odyssey/odyssey/20040517_log_transcript.html

XQ
14
ROUGH-TOOTHED FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
DOLPHIN Ocean dolphins
(Steno bredanensis)

+F9"6EBKFS<EE<F9@"@E;GF78`C"85:9"69=96C"<E"
The rough-toothed dolphin's name refers to
7<C"6EBKF"<9M<B69@"<99<F"WF7?F"F5A9"8B:96EBC"
its rough textured teeth which have
¿QHJURRYHVORQJLWXGLQDOO\7KLVVSHFLHVLV
numerous fine grooves. This species is
@7C<78KB7CF9@"=6E:"E<F96"C7:7;56;D";E8KST95U9@"
distinguished from other similarly long-
@E;GF78C"TD"<F9"CF5G9"E="7<C"F95@/"WF7?F";5?UC"5"
?;956"@9;7895<7E8"5<"<F9"T5C9"E="<F9":9;E8/"58@"
beaked dolphins by the shape of its head,
5"c=E69F95@`"<F5<"C;EG9C"C:EE<F;DV""%<"5;CE"F5C"5"
which lacks a clear delineation at the base of
ORQJQDUURZEHDNDQGWDOOHUHFWGRUVDO¿QWKDW
the melon, and a 'forehead' that slopes
7C"C9<"5<"<F9":7@@;9"T5?U"GE6<7E8"E="<F9"TE@DV""
smoothly. It also has a long narrow beak
,WVÀLSSHUVDUHODUJHDQGORQJ,WVFRORUSDWWHUQ
and tall, erect dorsal fin that is set at the
7C"5"@56U"@E6C5;"?5G9"W7<F";7KF<96"K65D"\58@"
middle back portion. Its flippers are large
?F56?E5;]"C7@9C"58@"WF7<9"T9;;D"58@"<F6E5<"5695V""
!@B;<"6EBKFS<EE<F9@"@E;GF78C"658K9"78"C7a9"=6E:"
and long. Its color pattern is a dark dorsal
^V_"<E"^Vi":";E8KV"+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"6569;D"C7KF<9@"
cape with lighter gray sides and white belly
M.C. Ledesma 78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C"58@"<98@C"<E"T9"=EB8@"78"@99G"
and throat area. Adult rough-toothed
E==CFE69"W5<96CV
M.C. Ledesma
dolphins range in size from 2.0 to 2.7 m long.
M+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
This species is rarely sighted in the wild in
the Philippines and often found in deep
offshore waters. However, this species
RISSO’S DOLPHIN frequently strands (see Fig 3).
(Grampus griseus)

Scratch marks

+F9"5@B;<C"E="<F7C"CG9?79C"569"E=<98"95CD"<E"69?EK87a9"5C"<F9D"BCB5;;D"
F5A9"9M<98C7A9";78956"C?56C"<F6EBKFEB<"<F976"TE@79CV""+F9"*7CCE`C"@E;GF78C"
The adults of this species are often easy to recognize as they usually
SRVVHVVDEURDGKHDGVTXDULVKLQSUR¿OHZLWKQREHDNEXWZLWKDFOHIW
have extensive linear scars throughout their bodies. The Risso's
PHORQDQGWKH\KDYHDWDOOHUHFWGRUVDO¿Q1RWHWKDWWKHFDOYHVDQG
dolphins possess a broad head, squarish in profile, with no beak but with
aZBA987;9C"E="<F7C"CG9?79C":5D"F5A9";7<<;9"E6"8E"C?56CV""+F9"9D9"5695"E=<98"
cleft melon, and they have a tall, erect dorsal fin. The calves and
F5C"5"@56U"CF5@9V""+F9"E;@96"78@7A7@B5;C"569";7KF<"78"?E;E6"58@"CE:9<7:9C"
5;:EC<"WF7<9"5C"5"69CB;<"E="<F9"EA96;5GG78K"C?56CV""!;;"5@B;<C"F5A9"58"58?FE6"
juveniles of this species may have little or no scars. The eye area often
CF5G9@"?F9C<"G5<?F"E6";7KF<"K65D"<E"WF7<9":56U78KC"E8"<F9"B8@96"\A98<65;]"
has a dark shade. The older individuals are light in color and sometimes
VLGHRIWKHLUERGLHV7KH5LVVR¶VGROSKLQLVVRPHWLPHVPLVLGHQWL¿HGDVD
almost white as a result of the overlapping scars. All adults have an
GDK:D"U7;;96"WF5;9"E6"DEB8K"=5;C9"U7;;96"WF5;9V""!@B;<C"658K9"78"C7a9"=6E:"
anchor shaped chest patch or light gray to white markings on the under M.C. Ledesma
QV_"<E"5;:EC<"OV_":";E8KV"-7KF<78KC"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C"658K9"=6E:"6569"<E"
(ventral) side of their bodies. The Risso's dolphin is sometimes
?E::E8V""+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"<F9"C9?E8@S:EC<"=69LB98<"C<658@96"\8tQ_]/"58@"
misidentified as a pygmy killer whale or young false killer whale. Adults
F5C"C<658@9@"TE<F"78":5CC"58@"C78K;9V
range in size from 3.0 to almost 4.0 m long. Based on preliminary data
and depending on the area,("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
sightings in the Philippines range from rare
R. Bernardino 1V">V"!65KE89C

to common. To date, this species is the most frequent strander in our

waters (see Fig 3).
XO
15
INDO-PACIFIC HUMPBACK FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
DOLPHIN Ocean dolphins

(Sousa chinensis)

KAI

This+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"@7C<78KB7CF9@"TD"<F9"G6E:7898<"FB:G"5<"<F9"T5C9"E="7<C"
species is distinguished by the prominent hump at the base of its small
VPDOOGRUVDO¿QZKLFKDORQJZLWKLWVERG\FRORUDWLRQYDULHVUHJLRQDOO\
dorsal fin, which, along with its body coloration, varies regionally (Pacific and
Indian3DFL¿FDQG,QGLDQ2FHDQV
Oceans). When there is :KHQWKHUHLVQRFOHDUKXPSWKHEDVH
no clear hump, the base of the dorsal fin is often
RIWKHGRUVDO¿QLVRIWHQXQXVXDOO\ORQJ,WKDVDUHODWLYHO\ORQJVOHQGHU
T95U"58@"<F7?U"?5B@5;"G9@B8?;9V""%<"F5C"T998"CBKK9C<9@"<F5<"c-EBC5C`"
unusually long. It has a relatively long, slender beak and thick caudal peduncle.
78"-EB<F95C<"!C758"W5<96C"BCB5;;D"F5A9"@56U"58@"F95AD"CGE<<78K"5;E8K"
It has been suggested that 'Sousas' in Southeast Asian waters usually have dark
2EGGF5U568"-78KUFB:
Tze-Hao Lin, National Taiwan University and <F976"E=<98"K65D"<E"T6EW8"TE@79C"\*99A9C"9<"5;V"^__X]V""+F7C"CG9?79C"D9<"
heavy spotting along their often gray to brown bodies (Reeves et al. 2001).
ThisWREHFRQ¿UPHG$OWKRXJKDUHFHQWUHSRUW
species is a very recent addition to the list3HUULQHWDO OLVWHGLVDV
of cetaceans confirmed in
FRQ¿UPHG+RZHYHULQWKHDEVHQFHRIDQ\UHFHQWVLJKWLQJRUVWUDQGLQJ
Philippine waters (Perrin et al. 2005) and is one of the rarest and least known
WKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHVSHFLHVFRQ¿UPDWLRQUHPDLQVLQGRXEWZLWKLQWKH
marine mammals in the Philippines. There is currently insufficient information to
3F7;7GG789"W5<96CV"05C9@"E8"7<C"?B6698<"@7C<67TB<7E8"78"<F9"69K7E8/"<F9"
CF5;;EW"W5<96C"5;E8K"<F9"?E5C<C"E="35;5W58":5D"F5A9"<F9"?;EC9C<"
assess the distribution of this species in the Philippines, only that the individual
69C9:T;58?9V"!@B;<C"?58"658K9"=6E:"^V_"<E"^VP":";E8KV
specimen originated in Palawan. The adult sizes for this species can range from
2.0 to 2.8 m long.
478K".F58KS17B O"T"+'/9+,$4"4'K"9

Ming-Chang Liu, National Taiwan University

IRRAWADDY DOLPHIN
(Orcaella brevirostris)

+F9"%665W5@@D"@E;GF78"7C"?F565?<967a9@"TD"7<C"C:5;;/"<6758KB;56"58@"C;98@96"
GRUVDO¿QORFDWHGLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHEDFN,WVKHDGVKDSHLVVPRRWKO\
URXQGHGZLWKQREHDN,WVÀLSSHUVDUHGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ODUJHDQGEURDG
+F9"?E;E6"E="<F9"TE@D"7C"E=<98"B87=E6:;D";7KF<"<E"@56U"K65D"W7<F";7KF<96"T9;;DV""
The Irrawaddy dolphin is characterized by its small, triangular and
)URPWKHDHULDOYLHZWKHVSHFLHVFRXOGVRPHWLPHVEHPLVLGHQWL¿HGDV
slender dorsal fin located in the middle section of the back. Its head
@BKE8KV"+F7C"7C"G6ET5T;D"E89"E="<F9":EC<"98@58K969@":56789":5::5;"
shape is smoothly rounded with no beak. Its flippers are
CG9?79C"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C"58@"W5C"<FEBKF<"<E"F5A9"5"69C<67?<9@"@7C<67TB<7E8"
\45;5:G5D5"-EB8@/"35;5W58"E8;D]V",EW9A96/"78"^__g"E89"E="<F9"344-2"
disproportionately large and broad. The color of the body is often
:9:T96C"CF569@"5"GFE<E"E="5"C<658@9@"@E;GF78"78"&B:58K5C/"%;E7;E/"WF7?F"
uniformly light to dark gray with lighter belly section. This is probably the
<B689@"EB<"<E"T9"58"%665W5@@D"@E;GF78"\C99"G7?<B69"T9;EW]V"+E"@5<9/"<F7C"
most endangered marine mammal species in the Philippines with very
CG9?79C"7C"T9;79A9@"<E"F5A9"5<";95C<"5"C9G565<9"@7C<78?<"GEGB;5<7E8"78"<F9"
low numbers and restricted distribution (so far, Malampaya Sound, 0(!*"g

?E5C<5;"W5<96C"E="*9K7E8"g"\658K78K"=6E:"CEB<F968"%;E7;E/"8E6<F968"#B7:565C"
Palawan only). From the aerial view, the species could sometimes be
<E"29K6EC")??7@98<5;"5695]V"!@B;<C"658K9"78"C7a9"=6E:"^V_"<E"^VP":";E8KV
misidentified as dugong. The sizes of adults for this species range from
G,+"'/9+,$4"+
2.0 to 2.8 m long. http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp

XR
16
MELON-HEADED WHALE FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
(Peponocephala electra) Ocean dolphins

+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"@7C<78KB7CF9@"TD"7<C":E@965<9;D"6ETBC<"TE@D"C7a9/"C:5;;"
F95@"W7<F";7<<;9"E6"8E"T95U/"58@"5"G6E:7898<"6EB8@9@":9;E8"<F5<"C;EG9C"
This species is distinguished by its moderately robust body size with a
@EW8W56@C"@65C<7?5;;D"\s"ORu"58K;9]V""%<"F5C"5"G6E:7898<"58@"969?<"@E6C5;"
small head with little or no beak and a prominent rounded melon that
¿QDQGÀLSSHUVZKLFKDUHWDSHUHGDQGSRLQWHG
slopes downwards drastically (~ 45° angle). It has DQLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHWR
a prominent and
@7==9698<75<9"=6E:"GDK:D"U7;;96"WF5;9C"58@"DEB8K"=5;C9"U7;;96"WF5;9C]V"
erect dorsal fin, and flippers which are tapered and pointed (an
+F7C"CG9?79C"F5C"5"@56U"TE@D"?E;E6"58@"WF7<9";7GCj"95C7;D"?E8=BC9@"W7<F"
important feature to differentiate from pygmy killer whales and young
SLORWS\JP\DQGIDOVHNLOOHUZKDOHVDOOUHIHUUHGWRDVµEODFN¿VK¶VSHFLHV
:KHQHYHUSRVVLEOHDQLGHDOZD\RIYDOLGDWLQJ,'IRUWKHVHµEODFN¿VK¶
false killer whales). This species has a dark body color and white lips;
CG9?79C"7C"<E"@9<96:789"<F9"8B:T96"E="<99<FV"+F9":9;E8SF95@9@"F5C"^_S
easily confused with pilot, pygmy and false killer whales, all referred to
^g"G576C"E="<99<F"78"TE<F"BGG96"58@";EW96"Z5WC"?E:G569@"<E"=9W96"<F58"
as 'blackfish' species. Whenever possible, an ideal way of validating
SDLUVIRUWKHRWKHUµEODFN¿VK¶VSHFLHV7KHDGXOWVL]HVUDQJHIURP
ID for this and other similar 'blackfish' species is to determine the
<E"^VY":";E8KV""+F7C"7C"<F9"<F76@S:EC<"=69LB98<"C<658@96"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C"
number of teeth. The melon-headed has 20-26 pairs of teeth in both
\8t^P]V"")8"X_"(9T6B56D"^__Y/"58"9C<7:5<9@"^R_SQ__":9;E8SF95@9@"
upper and lower jaws compared to fewer than 15 pairs for the other
WF5;9C"W969"78AE;A9@"78"5"8956":5CC"C<658@78K"\EB<"E="F5T7<5<]"78"37;56/"
05<558V""19CC"<F58"5":E8<F";5<96"E8"Q"456?F"^__Y"5GG6EM7:5<9;D"XR_S
'blackfish' species. The adult sizes for this species range from 2.0 to
1VNV"-B569a
^__"587:5;C"8956":5CC"C<658@9@"78")@7E8K58/"*E:T;E8"\+5T;5C"%C;58@]"
2.8 m long.
Lem Aragones
58@"W969"69?E6@9@"<E"T9"EB<"E="F5T7<5<V O"T"+'A9+,$4"4'

SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE

(Globicephala macrorhynchus)

The short-finned pilot whale is characterized

by its broad-based, low-profile, falcate dorsal fin

7KHVKRUW¿QQHGSLORWZKDOHLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LWVEURDG
located on the forward section of the body. It has a
EDVHGORZSUR¿OHIDOFDWHGRUVDO¿QORFDWHGRQWKHIRUZDUG
long robust body and bulbous or squarish melon with a barely
C9?<7E8"E="<F9"TE@DV""%<"F5C"5";E8K"6ETBC<"TE@D"58@"TB;TEBC"E6"
discernable beak. This species is relatively longer (~ 4.8 to 7.2 m
CLB567CF":9;E8"W7<F"5"T569;D"@7C?9685T;9"T95UV""+F7C"CG9?79C"
long) than most of the other similar 'blackfish' species. Other
7C"69;5<7A9;D";E8K96"\s"OVP"<E"iV^":";E8K]"<F58":EC<"E="<F9"E<F96"
features to confirm this species are a large, usually conspicuous
VLPLODUµEODFN¿VK¶VSHFLHV
light gray saddle shape LHPHORQKHDGHGIDOVHNLOOHUDQG
patch behind its dorsal fin, and a light
S\JP\NLOOHUZKDOHV 2WKHUIHDWXUHVWRFRQ¿UPWKLVVSHFLHV
569"5";56K9/"BCB5;;D"?E8CG7?BEBC";7KF<"K65D"C5@@;9"CF5G9"
streak behind the eye, extending up towards the front section of
SDWFKEHKLQGLWVGRUVDO¿QDQGDOLJKWVWUHDNEHKLQGWKHH\H
the dorsal fin. This species is known to intermittently mass
H[WHQGLQJXSWRZDUGVWKHIURQWVHFWLRQRIWKHGRUVDO¿Q7KLV
strand in certain areas including New Zealand and Cape Cod on
CG9?79C"7C"U8EW8"<E"78<96:7<<98<;D":5CC"C<658@"78"?96<578"5695C"
the northeast coast of the US. We have had a few recorded
78?;B@78K"29W"[95;58@"58@".5G9".E@"E8"<F9"8E6<F95C<"?E5C<"
single strandings of this species in
E="<F9"$-V""(E6<B85<9;D"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"CE"=56/"W9"F5A9"
Palawan and Luzon (see Fig 3).
69?E6@9@"C78K;9"C<658@78KC"E8;DV ("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
M.C. Ledesma

Xg
17
FALSE KILLER WHALE FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
(Pseudorca crassidens) Ocean dolphins

+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"?F565?<967a9@"TD"5"C;98@96"T;5?U"TE@D"\5;CE"5"
This species is characterized by a slender black body (also a
µEODFN¿VK¶VSHFLHV
species) ZLWKDFRQLFDOEXWEOXQWKHDGZLWKRXWDQ\
EHDN,WKDVDWDOOVOHQGHUHUHFWDQGIDOFDWHGRUVDO¿QZKLFK
'blackfish' with a conical but blunt head without any beak. It

7C";E?5<9@"78"<F9":7@@;9"C9?<7E8"E="<F9"TE@DV""!"KEE@"W5D"<E"
has a tall, slender, erect and falcate dorsal fin which is located in the
@7==9698<75<9"<F9:"=6E:"C7:7;56"CG9?79C"\9VKV":9;E8"F95@9@"I"
middle section of the body. A good way to differentiate them from
GDK:D"U7;;96"WF5;9C]"7C"<F9"FB:G"E8"<F9";95@78K"9@K9"E="7<C"
similar species (e.g. melon headed & pygmy killer whales) is the
ÀLSSHUV7KHYHQWUDOVHFWLRQVXFKDVWKHWKURDWDQGFKHVWLV
hump on the leading edge of its flippers. The ventral section, such
WF7<9"E6";7KF<96"?E;E65<7E8"<F58"<F9"69C<"E="<F9"TE@DV""+F969":5D"
as the throat and chest is white or lighter coloration than the rest of
5;CE"T9"5"@7C<78?<";7KF<"K65D"G5<?F"E8"<F9"C7@9C"E="<F9"F95@V""+F7C"
CG9?79C"F5C"iSX^"G576C"E="<99<F"78"TE<F"<F9"BGG96"58@";EW96"Z5WCV""
the body. There may also be a distinct light gray patch on the sides

!8"5@B;<"E="<F7C"CG9?79C"7C"C;7KF<;D"C:5;;96"<F58"<F9"G7;E<"WF5;9/"
of the head. This species has 7-12 pairs of teeth in both the upper
5TEB<"OVP":"<E"gV_":";E8KV""(5;C9"U7;;96"WF5;9C"569"LB7<9"6569"<E"
and lower jaws. An adult of this species is slightly smaller than the
C7KF<"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789CV"
pilot whale, about 4.8 m to 6.0 m long. False killer whales are quite
1VNV"-B569a
M.C. Ledesma
G,+"'/9+,$4"+
rare to sight in the Philippines. A young false killer whale has been
recorded to have stranded once in Zamboanga.

PYGMY KILLER WHALE

(Feresa attenuata)

7KHS\JP\NLOOHUZKDOHKDVDVPDOOPRVWO\GDUNERG\ DQRWKHUµEODFN¿VK¶ 
The pygmy killer whale has a small, mostly dark body (another 'blackfish')
WF7?F"7C":E@965<9;D"6ETBC<"78"<F9"?F9C<"5695"58@":E69"C;98@96"78"<F9"
which is moderately robust in the chest area and more slender in the back
T5?U"5695V""%<"F5C"5"6EB8@9@"F95@"W7<F":9;E8"9M<98@78K"=E6W56@"E="<F9"
area. It has a rounded head with melon extending forward of the front of the
=6E8<"E="<F9":EB<F"W7<F"WF7<9";7GC"\58@"T9;;D]V""%<"5;CE"F5C"5";56K9"969?<"
mouth with white lips (and belly). It also has a large erect and falcate dorsal
DQGIDOFDWHGRUVDO¿QORFDWHGDWRUVOLJKWO\EHKLQGWKHPLGGOHRIWKHEDFN
fin located at or slightly behind the middle back section. Its flippers are
,WVÀLSSHUVDUHPRGHUDWHO\ORQJUHODWLYHWRLWVVL]HDQGWDSHUHG7KLV
CG9?79C/"WF7?F"?58"T9"95C7;D"?E8=BC9@"W7<F"<F9":9;E8SF95@9@"WF5;9C"
moderately long, relative to its size, and tapered. This species, which can be
58@"DEB8K"=5;C9"U7;;96"WF5;9C/"F5C"PSX^"G576C"E="<99<F"78"<F9"BGG96"Z5W"58@"
easily confused with the melon-headed whales and young false killer whales,
hasX_SXQ"G576C"78"<F9";EW96"Z5WV"+F9"5@B;<"C7a9C"E="<F7C"CG9?79C"658K9"=6E:"
8-12 pairs of teeth in the upper jaw and 10-13 pairs in the lower jaw. The
C;7KF<;D"EA96"^V_":"<E"^Vg":";E8KV""+F9D"569"6569;D"C7KF<9@"E6"98?EB8<969@"
adult sizes of this species range from slightly over 2.0 m to 2.6 m long. They
areLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDQGDUHGLI¿FXOWWRLGHQWLI\LQWKH¿HOG7KLVVSHFLHV
rarely sighted or encountered in the Philippines and are difficult to
=69LB98<;D"C<658@C"78":5CC"58@"C78K;9V
identify in the field. This species frequently strands and had at least mass 1VNV"-B569a
Lem Aragones

stranded (4 individuals) in oneM+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+

occasion (in Sta. Ana, Cagayan Province).
Xi
18
 FAMILY DELPHINIDAE
KILLER WHALE Ocean dolphins
(Orcinus orca)

The killer whale is the largest member of the

+F9"U7;;96"WF5;9"7C"<F9";56K9C<":9:T96"E="<F9"=5:7;D"
family Delphinidae (~ 7.0-9.0 m long). It has
&9;GF787@59"\s"iV_SYV_":";E8K]V""%<"F5C"58"9M<69:9;D"
an extremely robust body, conical head, and
UREXVWERG\FRQLFDOKHDGDQGODUJHÀLSSHUVDQG
large flippers and dorsal fin. The height of its
GRUVDO¿Q7KHKHLJKWRILWVGRUVDO¿QFDQEHXVHGLQ
dorsal fin can be used in determining gender:
@9<96:7878K"K98@96e"78":5;9C"7<"?58"695?F"XV_SXVP:"
F7KF/"WF7;9"=E6"=9:5;9C"7<"7C"E="E6@7856D"C7a9V""+F7C"
in males it can reach 1.0-1.8 m high, while for
CG9?79C"7C"=5:EBC"=E6"7<C"@7C<78?<"T;5?U"58@"WF7<9"?E;E6"
females it is of ordinary size. This species is
G5<<968"\9VKV"WF7<9"EA5;"G5<?F9C"C;7KF<;D"5TEA9"58@"
famous for its distinct black and white color
T9F78@"<F9"9D9C"58@"WF7<9"E8"<F9"<F6E5<"58@"B8@96C7@9"
pattern (e.g. white oval patches slightly above
E="<F9"TE@D]V""+F969"7C"5"K65D"<E"WF7<9"C5@@;9"CF5G9"
PDUNLQJRQWKHEDFNEHKLQGWKHGRUVDO¿QZKLFK
and behind the eyes). There is a gray to white
?EB;@"T9"A5675T;9/"@9G98@78K"E8"<F9"GEGB;5<7E8CV""+F7C"
saddle shape marking on the back behind the
CG9?79C"7C"LB7<9"6569"78"3F7;7GG789"W5<96CV""(E6<B85<9;D/"
dorsal fin, which could be variable, depending
7<"F5C"8E<"C<658@9@"D9<V
on the populations. This species is quite rare
O"T"+'/9+,$4"4'K"9
in Philippine waters.

1V>V"!65KE89C

F<<GeffCW=C?V8E55VKEAf89WCV5CGMm7@tXPOQO

XP
16
XY
20
 FAMILY KOGIIDAE
DWARF SPERM WHALE Dwarf and Pygmy Sperm Whales
(Kogia sima)

+F9"@W56="58@"GDK:D"CG96:"WF5;9C"
569"A96D"C7:7;56"78"5GG95658?9"58@"
The dwarf and pygmy sperm whales are very similar in appearance and
ERWKKDYHVXSHU¿FLDOUHVHPEODQFHWR
both have superficial resemblance to sharks in the form of the false gills
CF56UC"78"<F9"=E6:"E="<F9"=5;C9"K7;;C"=EB8@"
EHWZHHQWKHH\HDQGÀLSSHU7KHUHIRUH
found between the eye and flipper. Therefore, the stranding of these
<F9"C<658@78KC"E="<F9C9"CG9?79C"F5C"
species is sometimes misreported as sharks. The dwarf sperm whale is
CE:9<7:9C"T998":7C69GE6<9@"5C"CF56UCV""
characterized by a more prominent dorsal fin which is falcate and located in
+F9"@W56="CG96:"WF5;9"7C"?F565?<967a9@"
the forward section of the body. This species may have several short
E\DPRUHSURPLQHQWGRUVDO¿QZKLFKLVIDOFDWHDQGORFDWHGLQWKHIRUZDUG
longitudinal grooves on the throat section. It has 7-12 (sometimes 13)
:7@@;9"C9?<7E8"E="<F9"TE@DV""+F7C"CG9?79C":5D"F5A9"C9A965;"CFE6<";E8K7<B@785;"
K6EEA9C"E8"<F9"<F6E5<"C9?<7E8V""%<"F5C"iSX^"\CE:9<7:9C"XQ]"G576C"E="<99<F"78"<F9"
pairs of teeth in the lower jaw and three pairs of teeth in the upper jaw. The
;EW96"Z5W"58@"<F699"G576C"E="<99<F"78"<F9"BGG96"Z5WV""+F9"5@B;<"C7a9C"658K9"=6E:"
adult sizes range from 2 to 2.7 m long. They are rare in the Philippine
^"<E"^Vi":";E8KV""+F9D"569"6569"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789"W5<96C"TB<"?E::E8"78"+5kE8"
waters but more common in Tañon Strait.
-<657<V"+F7C"CG9?79C"7C"G6E89"<E"C<69CC":DEG5<FD"CE"69F5T7;7<5<7E8"7C"E=<98"A96D"
!;<E8"0E6Z5 ?F5;;98K78KV ("+K'U+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
Rescued Kogia sima calf, www.tmmsn.org

PYGMY SPERM WHALE

(Kogia breviceps)

+F9E@D"-E675
Dead Kogia breviceps, www.marinebio.org

The pygmy sperm whale is very similar to the dwarf sperm whale. The main difference is that the dorsal fin of the
7KHS\JP\VSHUPZKDOHLVYHU\VLPLODUWRWKHGZDUIVSHUPZKDOH7KHPDLQGLIIHUHQFHLVWKDWWKHGRUVDO¿QRIWKH
GDK:D"CG96:"WF5;9"7C"69;5<7A9;D"CFE6<96/"=5;?5<9"58@";E?5<9@"T9F78@"<F9":7@GE78<"E="<F9"TE@DV""+F9"GDK:D"CG96:"WF5;9"
pygmy sperm whale is relatively shorter, falcate and located behind the midpoint of the body. The pygmy sperm
F5C"X^SXg"\CE:9<7:9C"X_SXX]"G576C"E="<99<F"78"<F9";EW96"Z5W"<F5<"569"A96D"CF56G"58@"W7<FEB<"985:9;V""!@B;<C"658K9"78"
whale has 12-16 (sometimes 10-11) pairs of teeth in the lower jaw that are very sharp and without enamel. They
C7a9"=6E:"s"^V^"<E"QVR":";E8K/"WF7?F"7C"C;7KF<;D";E8K96"<F58"<F9"@W56="CG96:"WF5;9V""+F7C"CG9?79C"F5C"69?98<;D"T998"
range in size from ~ 2.2 to 3.5 m long which is slightly longer than the dwarf sperm whale. This species is not yet
FRQ¿UPHGLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVWKURXJKWZRVLQJOHVWUDQGLQJV
confirmed in the Philippine waters, with only circumstantial
G,+"'/9+,$4"+
evidence from fishers and some photos from strandings.
As systematic stranding data is collected, we will most probably confirm their presence in Philippine waters.

^_ 17
GIANT SPERM WHALE FAMILY PHYSETERIDAE
(Physeter macrocephalus)
Giant Sperm Whale

+F9"69?98<"5@@7<7E8"E="<F9"<96:"cK758<`"<E"<F9"85:9"CG96:"WF5;9"7C"<E"@7==9698<75<9"7<"=6E:"<F9"@W56="58@"GDK:D"CG96:"
The recent addition of the term 'giant' to the name sperm whale is to differentiate it from the dwarf and pygmy
WF5;9CV""+F7C"7C"<F9";56K9C<"<EE<F9@"WF5;9/"695?F78K";98K<FC"BG"<E"XPVQ":V""%<"F5C"5"@7CG6EGE6<7E85<9;D";56K9"F95@"
sperm whales. This is the largest
PRUHGLVWLQFWIRUDGXOWPDOHV toothed whale up to 18.3 m long). It has a disproportionately large head (more
7KHORZHUMDZLVQDUURZZLWKDERXWSDLUVRIODUJHWHHWKWKDW¿WLQWRVRFNHWVLQ
distinct for adult males). The lower jaw is narrow with about 20-26 pairs of large teeth that fit into sockets in the
<F9"BGG96"Z5WV""+F976"CU78"T9F78@"<F9"F95@"C9?<7E8"7C"E=<98"W678U;9@"58@"A96D"@7==9698<"=6E:"<F9"C:EE<F"CU78"<DG7?5;"
upper jaw. Their skin after the head section is often wrinkled and very different from the smooth skin typical of
E="@E;GF78C"58@"E<F96"WF5;9CV""+F9"T;EWFE;9"7C";E?5<9@"78"<F9"58<967E6"C9?<7E8"E="<F9"F95@":E69"E8"<F9";9=<"C7@9V"%<C"
GRUVDO¿QLVORZWKLFNDQGURXQGHG7KHUHDUHVRPHWRVKRUWGHHSJURRYHVRQWKHWKURDWVHFWLRQ7KLVVSHFLHV
dolphins and other whales. The blowhole is located in the anterior section of the head more on the left side. Its
7C"6569"<E"?E::E8"78"3F7;7GG789"W5<96C"W7<F"C7KF<78KC"78"<F9"1BaE8/">7C5D5C/"58@"478@585E"5695CV""+F7C"CG9?79C"
dorsal fin is low, thick and rounded. There are some 2 to 10 short deep grooves on the throat section. This
KDVVWUDQGHGPDLQO\LQVLQJOHEXWWZLFHDVPDVVLQ$SDUUL&DJD\DQ3URYLQFHDQGWKHROGHVWRI¿FLDOUHFRUGHG
species is rare to common in the Philippine waters. The giant sperm whales have been sighted in the Luzon,
C<658@78K"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"XYgi/"WF969"X^"CG96:"WF5;9C":5CC"C<658@9@"78".5@7a".7<D/"29K6EC")??7@98<5;"
Visayas, and Mindanao areas.
\!65KE89C"9<"5;V"^_X_]V
M+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+

The Giant Sperm

Whale is the
largest of all
toothed whales.

F<<GeffWWWV:6W5;;G5G96V?E:f-G96:SJF5;9SW5;;G5G96f
Http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/cetaceanprofiles.htm

F<<GeffC7<9CVC?658V5?VBUfAED5K9vE=v<F9vC?E<75fC?E<75fAC__OS_igVF<:

18 Http://sites.scran.ac.uk/voyage_of_the_scotia/scotia/vs004-076.htm

^X
 FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE
BLAINVILLE’S BEAKED WHALE Beaked whales
(Mesoplodon densirostris)

+F9"T95U9@"WF5;9C"569"?9<5?958C"<F5<"GECC9CC"@7C<78?<"T95U"\E6"
The beaked whales are cetaceans that possess distinct beak (or
6EC<6B:]"E="A5675T;9";98K<F"58@"F5A9"5"G576"E="K6EEA9C"E8"<F9"<F6E5<"
rostrum) of variable length and have a pair of grooves on the throat that
WKDWFRQYHUJHWRZDUGVWKHKHDG7KH\DUHRIWHQGLI¿FXOWWRREVHUYHLQ
converge towards the head. These species are often difficult to observe
<F9"W7;@"58@":EC<"E="<F9"78=E6:5<7E8"E8"<F7C"CG9?79C"7C"=6E:"C<658@78K/"
inTD?5<?F/"E6"EGGE6<B87C<7?"ETC96A5<7E8CV""+F9"0;578A7;;9`C"T95U9@"WF5;9"
the wild and most of the information known about them is from
stranding, bycatch, or opportunistic observations. The Blainville's
F5C"5"6ETBC<"TE@D"<F5<"7C";5<965;;D"?E:G69CC9@"\G56<7?B;56;D"78"<F9"<57;"
beaked
VHFWLRQwhale has a robust body that is laterally compressed
,WKDVDVPDOODQGWULDQJXODUWRIDOFDWHGRUVDO¿QSRVLWLRQHGDW
(particularly in the tail section). It has a small and triangular to falcate
5TEB<"<WES<F76@C"E="<F9"TE@DV"+F9"5@B;<":5;9"F5C"5"C<6E8K;D"56?F9@"6956"
F5;="E="<F9";EW96"Z5W"58@"=E6W56@S<7;<78K"96BG<9@"<99<F"WFEC9"9MGEC9@"
dorsal fin positioned at about two-thirds of the body. The adult male has
aGE6<7E8C"569"E=<98"78=9C<9@"W7<F"?;BC<96C"E="T5685?;9CV"+F9D":5D"5;CE"
strongly arched rear half of lower jaw and forward-tilting erupted teeth
F5A9";E8K"WF7<9"C?65<?F"C?56C"E8"<F976"TE@79CV"".E;E65<7E8"E="TE<F"C9M9C"
whose exposed portions are often infested by clusters of barnacles.
78?;B@9C"@56U"T;B7CF"K65D"E8"<F9"@E6C5;"58@";5<965;"5695C"58@";7KF<"K65D"
They may also have long white scratch scars on their bodies.
E8"<F9"A98<65;"C9?<7E8V""+F969"569"5;CE"E??5C7E85;;D":58D"WF7<9"EA5;"
Coloration of both sexes include dark bluish gray on the dorsal and
C?56C"78"<F9"K987<5;"5695/"GECC7T;D"@B9"<E"?EEU79S?B<<96"CF56U"T7<9CV""+F7C"
lateral areas and light gray on the ventral section. There are also
7C"E89"E="<F9":EC<"W7@9;D"@7C<67TB<9@":9CEG;E@E8<C"WE6;@W7@9V""!@B;<C"
occasionally many white oval scars in the genital area, possibly due to
658K9"78"C7a9"=6E:"QVQ":"<E"OVg":V""+F7C"CG9?79C"?58"T9"95C7;D"?E8=BC9@" Http://www.bahamaswhales.org.
KWWSVRVRFHDQRVEORJVSRWFRPORV]L¿RVEDMDQ
cookie-cutter shark bites. This is one of the most widely distributed
W7<F"<F9"#78KUES<EE<F9@"T95U9@"WF5;9"\C99"T9;EW]V""%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/" F5C<5S;ECS:7;S:9<6ECVF<:;

mesoplodonts worldwide. The adult sizes for this species range from
;7U9"5;;"T95U9@"WF5;9C"69?E6@9@"CE"=56/"<F7C"CG9?79C"7C"A96D"6569;D"C7KF<9@"
\:578;D"78"-B;B"-95]V
3.3 m to 4.6 m. In the Philippines, like all beaked whales recorded so
far, this species is very rarely G,+"'/9+,$4"+
sighted (mainly in Sulu Sea).
CUVIER’S BEAKED WHALE
(Ziphius cavirostris)

+F9".BA796`C"T95U9@"WF5;9"7C"5;CE"69=9669@"<E"5C"<F9"cKEEC9ST95U9@`"WF5;9"5C"
The Cuvier's beaked whale is also referred to as the 'goose-beaked' whale as
LWVKHDGUHVHPEOHVDJRRVHOLNHSUR¿OH7KLVVSHFLHVKDVDURWXQGERG\VKDSH
its head resemble a goose-like profile. This species has a rotund body shape
58@"5"?E8C7@965T;D"CFE6<96"T95U"<F58"E<F96"a7GF77@CV""%<"F5C"5":9;E8"<F5<"C;EG9C"
and a considerably shorter beak than other ziphiids. It has a melon that slopes
GUDVWLFDOO\EXWVPRRWKO\RQWRWKHVKRUWWKLFNEHDN,WVGRUVDO¿QLVVPDOODQG
drastically but smoothly onto the short thick beak. Also, its dorsal fin is small
=5;?5<9"58@"GEC7<7E89@"5TEB<"<WES<F76@C"E="<F9"W5D"@EW8"<F9"TE@DV""+F9"C:5;;/"
QDUURZÀLSSHUVRIWHQ¿WLQWR³ÀLSSHUSRFNHWV´ZKLFKDUHVOLJKWGHSUHVVLRQVRQWKH
and falcate and positioned about two-thirds of the way down the body. The
C7@9C"E="<F9"TE@D"<F5<"569"<DG7?5;"E="<F9":9CEG;E@E8<CV""+F9"TE@D"5GG956C"5C"@56U"
small, narrow flippers often fit into “flipper pockets”, which are slight depressions
K65D"<E"69@@7CF"T6EW8"W7<F"?EB8<96CF5@78KV""+F9"F95@":5D"T9"WF7<9"E6";7KF<96"78"
on the sides of the body that are typical of the mesoplodonts. The body appears
?E;E6"78"5@B;<":5;9CV""+F9"C7a9"658K9"=E6"5@B;<C"7C"RV_"<E"iV_":";E8KV""+F7C"CG9?79C"
as dark gray to reddish brown with countershading. The head may be white or
7C"A96D"6569"78"3F7;7GG789"W5<96CV"
lighter in color in adult males. The size range for adults is 5.0 to 7.0 m long. This
species is very rare in the Philippine waters.
G,+"'/9+,$4"+

www.whoi.edu: Photo by Natacha

^^ 19 Aguilar, University of La Laguna.
LONGMAN’S BEAKED WHALE FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE
(Indopacetus pacificus) Beaked whales

+F9"1E8K:58`C"T95U9@"WF5;9"7C"E89"E="<F9"6569C<"?9<5?958C"
The Longman's beaked whale is one of the rarest
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cetaceans. There are no confirmed observations of this
78=E6:5<7E8"U8EW8"5TEB<"<F7C"WF5;9"7C"=6E:"<F9";7:7<9@"
species in the wild. Most of the information known about
CG9?7:98C"=6E:"C<658@9@"78@7A7@B5;C"\s"X_"WE6;@W7@9/"CE"
IDUspecies
this ,QWKH3KLOLSSLQHVWKLVVSHFLHVZDVFRQ¿UPHGIURPDQ
is from the limited specimens from stranded
78@7A7@B5;"<F5<"C<658@9@";7A9"78"&5A5E"\478@585E]"78"N58B56D"
individuals (< 10 worldwide, so far). In the Philippines,
^__O"\!?9T9C"9<"5;V"^__R]"58@"W5C"<F9"P<F"CG9?7:98"
this species was confirmed from an individual that
WE6;@W7@9V""+F9"Y<F"58@"X_<F"CG9?7:98C"F5A9"T998"69GE6<9@"
stranded in Mindanao in 2004 and was the 8th specimen
78"+57W58"\.FEB"^__i/"G96CV"?E::V]V""+F9D"GECC9CC"<WE"
worldwide. This species possess two teeth near the tip
<99<F"8956"<F9"<7G"E="<F9";EW96"Z5W"58@"ASCF5G9@"<F6E5<"
of K6EEA9CV""+F7C"CG9?79C"F5C"5"G6E8EB8?9@":9;E8"58@"7<C"
the lower jaw. It also has v-shaped throat grooves.
@56U"T6EW8"TE@D"7C":E<<;9@"W7<F"C:5;;"WF7<9"CGE<C"E="A567EBC"
This species has a pronounced melon and its dark brown
CF5G9CV""+F9"C7a9"658K9"=E6"5@B;<C"7C"9C<7:5<9@"<E"T9"=6E:"
body is mottled with small white spots of various shapes.
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The size range for adults of this species is estimated, as
CG9?7:98CV""!8"5;:EC<"?E:G;9<9"CU9;9<5;"CDC<9:"=6E:"<F9" KWWSPDXLQRZFRP¿QGLQJVXQYHLOHG
1VNV"-B569a
78SC<B@DSE=S6569SWF5;9S=EB8@SE8S:5B7f
Http://www.savethewhalesagain.com
'DYDRVWUDQGLQJLVGLVSOD\HGLQ%)$55HJLRQDO2I¿FH
actual sizes are based on very few specimens, to be
from 6.0 to 8.0 m long. G,+"'/9+,$4"+

GINGKO-TOOTHED BEAKED WHALE

(Mesoplodon ginkgodens)

1VNV"-B569a

7KLVVSHFLHVKDVUHFHQWO\EHHQFRQ¿UPHGLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV $UDJRQHV'/D#!0"B8GBT;7CF9@"@5<5]"WF98"58"
5@B;<":5;9"C<658@9@";7A9"78"-BT7?/"[5:T5;9C"E8"XY"!G67;"^_X_V""+F9"78@7A7@B5;"9A98<B5;;D"@79@j"7<C"CU9;9<E8"
58@"CUB;;"W969"?E;;9?<9@"=E6"G6EG96"@E?B:98<5<7E8V""!@B;<":5;9C"F5A9"<99<F"<F5<"69C9:T;9"<F9"CF5G9"E="
This species is still unconfirmed in the Philippines. Adult males have teeth that resemble the shape of the leaves of
<F9";95A9C"E="<F9"K78KUE"<699V""+F9C9"<99<F"569":EC<;D"?EA969@"TD"<F9"KB:C"58@";7GC"58@"@E"8E<"G6E<6B@9"
theT9DE8@"<F9"BGG96"Z5W"5695V""!@B;<":5;9C"5;CE"F5A9"58"BGW56@"?B6A9"78"<F9"6956"F5;="E="<F9":EB<F;789V""
gingko tree. This whale has a robust body with a small and often falcate dorsal fin set about t wo-thirds on the
back of the body. It has an upward curve in the rear half of the mouthline for adult male. T he large teeth of adult
7KLVZKDOHKDVDUREXVWERG\ZLWKDVPDOODQGRIWHQIDOFDWHGRUVDO¿QVHWDERXWWZRWKLUGVRQWKHEDFN
E="<F9"TE@DV""+F9D"569"?E;E69@"@56U"K65D"W7<F";7KF<96"5695C"E8"<F9"58<967E6"C9?<7E8"E="<F9"T95U"58@"F5A9"
males are mostly covered by the gums and lips and do not protrude beyond the upper jaw area. They are also
:58D"WF7<9"CGE<C"E8"<F9"A98<65;"C9?<7E8"E="<F9"?5B@5;"G9@B8?;9V""+F9"C7a9"658K9"=E6"5@B;<C"7C"=6E:"QVR"
colored dark gray with lighter areas on the anterior section of the beak and have many white spots on the ventral
<E"OVY":";E8KV""+F9"#78KUES<EE<F9@"T95U9@"WF5;9"?58"95C7;D"T9"?E8=BC9@"W7<F"<F9"0;578A7;;9`C"T95U9@"
section of the caudal peduncle. The size range for adults is from 3.5 to 4.9 m long. Several report s have cited an
ZKDOH%HIRUHWKHUHFHQWVWUDQGLQJLQ6XELF%D\VHYHUDOUHSRUWVKDYHLPSOLFDWHGDQXQLGHQWL¿HGEHDNHG
unidentified beaked whale in their surveys
WF5;9"78"<F976"CB6A9DC"58@"?6B7C9CV and cruises. This could turn out to be Gingko-toothed beaked whale.
G,+"'/9+,$4"+

^Q 20
^O
Suborder Mysticeti F A M I LY
(Baleen whales) BALAENOPTERIDAE
Rorquals
HUMPBACK WHALE
(Megaptera novaeangliae)

The humpback whale, as well as the other

+F9"FB:GT5?U"WF5;9/"5C"W9;;"5C"<F9"E<F96"
rorquals, belong to a much larger group
6E6LB5;C/"T9;E8KC"<E"5":B?F";56K96"K6EBG"
?5;;9@"T5;998"WF5;9CV""+F9C9"WF5;9C"@E"8E<"
called baleen whales. Baleen whales do
F5A9"<99<F/"B8;7U9"<F9"E@E8<E?9<9C"\<EE<F9@"
not have teeth, unlike the odontocetes, but
WF5;9C]/"TB<"F5A9"T5;998V""05;998"?E8C7C<C"
have baleen. Baleen consists of a series
E="5"C9679C"E="?E:TS;7U9"G;5<9C"G67:567;D":5@9"
ofE="U965<78"CBCG98@9@"=6E:"<F9"BGG96"Z5WC"
comb-like plates primarily made of
keratin suspended from the upper jaws
DQGXVHGIRU¿OWHULQJZDWHUDQGWUDSSLQJIRRG
LQFOXGLQJ]RRSODQNWRQDQGVPDOO¿VK%DOHHQ
and used for filtering water and trapping
WF5;9C"GECC9CC"5"G576"E="T;EWFE;9C"78C<95@"E="
food including zooplankton and small fish.
5"C78K;9"E89"=E6"E@E8<E?9<9CV
Baleen whales possess a pair of blowholes
instead of a single one for odontocetes.
+F9"FB:GT5?U"WF5;9"7C"@7C<78KB7CF9@"TD"
LWVH[WUHPHO\ORQJÀLSSHUV aRQHWKLUGERG\
;98K<F]V""-7:7;56;D/"7<"F5C"58"9M<69:9;D";56K9"
The humpback whale is distinguished by
6ETBC<"TE@D"58@"<F9"5@B;<"C7a9C"?58"658K9"
its extremely long flippers (~ one-third body
=6E:"X^"<E"Xi":";E8KV""!8E<F96"ETA7EBC"=95<B69"
length). Similarly, it also has en extremely
BC9@"<E"7@98<7=D"<F7C"CG9?79C"7C"<F9"G69C98?9"
large robust body and the adult sizes can
E="6EB8@9@"G6E<BT9658?9C/"?5;;9@"<BT96?;9C/"
E8"<F9"F95@"58@";EW96"Z5WV""+F9"T5;998"G;5<9C"
range from 12 to 17 m long. Another
569"G67:567;D"T;5?U"W7<F"5TEB<"^i_SO__"G96"
obvious feature used to identify this
C7@9V""+F969"569"E8;D"XOS^^"A98<65;"G;95<C/"
species is the presence of rounded
=9W96"<F58"E<F96"6E6LB5;C/"<F5<"9M<98@"=6E:"
protuberances, called tubercles, on the
<F9"<7G"E="<F9";EW96"Z5W"<E"<F9"B:T7;7?BCV""+F9"
head and lower jaw. The baleen plates are
FB:GT5?U"WF5;9C"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789C"569"
G67:567;D"A7C7<E6C"=6E:"!;5CU5"<F5<"cW78<96`"78"
primarily black with about 270-400 per
<F9"W5<96C"E=="05<589C"58@"05TBD58"7C;58@"
side. There are only 14-22 ventral pleats,
K6EBGC"58@"8E6<F968"1BaE8"=E6"T699@78K"58@"
fewer than other rorquals, that extend from
8B6C96D"GB6GEC9C"=6E:"2EA9:T96"<E"45DV""!"
the tip of the lower jaw to the umbilicus.
ZBA987;9"58@"5"?5;="C<658@9@";7A9"78".;5A9675/"
.5K5D58"36EA78?9"78"NB89"^__g"58@"45D"
Humpback whales are primarily visitors
^__i/"69CG9?<7A9;DV""!"CUB;;"CG9?7:98"=6E:"
from Alaska that 'winter' in Philippine
0EFE;"?E;;9?<9@"TD"&6V"!;?5;5"E="-7;;7:58"
waters (Batanes & Babuyan group of
8QLYHUVLW\ZDVWKH¿UVWVDPSOHXVHGWRFRQ¿UP
islands and northern Luzon) for breeding &
<F9"9M7C<98?9"E="<F7C"CG9?79C"78"3F7;7GG789"
nursery purposes from November to May.
W5<96C"\195<F96WEE@"9<"5;V"XYYQ]V""+F7C":5D"
7:G;D"<F5<"<F9"FB:GT5?U"WF5;9C"=6E:"!;5CU5/"
A skull specimen from Bohol collected by
E6"=6E:"58E<F96"GEGB;5<7E8"=6E:"<F9"CEB<F968"
Dr Alcala of Silliman University was the
F9:7CGF969/":5D"F5A9"BC9@"<F9">7C5D58"58@"
first sample used to confirm the existence
478@585E"5695C"5C"W78<9678K"K6EB8@CV Http://www.moc.noaa.gov/gu/visitor/gu0501/gu0501.htm
of this species in Philippine waters.
(Leatherwood etG,+"'/9+,$4"+
al. 1993)
^R21
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T5;598EG<965S5?B<E6EC<65<5f7:5K9S!^_Y^OVF<:;

O"T"+'/9+,$4"4'K"9

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WC#!#',*2/'&#D*1%&#!X
+F9"):B65`C"WF5;9"7C"5"89W;D"@7C?EA969@"T5;998"WF5;9V"!;<FEBKF"7<"7C"C<7;;"5"
<5ME8E:7?5;;D"?E8<6EA96C75;"CG9?79C"5C"CE:9"C?798<7C<C"569"8E<"?E8A78?9@"<F5<"7<"
7C"5"C9G565<9"CG9?79C/"WF7;9"ETA7EBC;D"E<F96C"569V""+F7C"CG9?79C"W5C"@7C?EA969@"
78"^__Q"TD"5"K6EBG"E="C?798<7C<C"=6E:"N5G58`C"25<7E85;"*9C956?F"%8C<7<B<9"E="
)LVKHULHV6FLHQFH7KHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKH-DSDQHVHVFLHQWLVWVZDVEDVHGRQWKH
:E6GFE;EK7?5;"58@":7<E?FE8@675;"&2!"585;DC9C"=6E:"8789"\Y]"78@7A7@B5;C"?5BKF<"TD"
D-DSDQHVHUHVHDUFKYHVVHOLQWKHODWHVLQWKH,QGR3DFL¿FUHJLRQDQGDQRWKHU
CG9?7:98"?E;;9?<9@"78"XYYP"=6E:"<F9"-95"E="N5G58V"+F9D"@9C?67T9@"<F7C"CG9?79C"
DVUHVHPEOLQJWKH¿QZKDOHLQH[WHUQDODSSHDUDQFHEXWPXFKVPDOOHU7KHJHQHV
<FEBKF"W969"?;EC9C<"<E"<F9"06D@9`C"WF5;9V"%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"<F7C"CG9?79C"W5C"
FRQ¿UPHGE\'U/RXHOOD'RODUIRUPHUO\RI6LOOLPDQ8QLYHUVLW\IURPVWUDQGLQJVLQ
<F9"0EFE;"-95"58@"+5kE8"-<657<"5695CV"+F9"TE@D";98K<F"7C"C57@"<E"T9"XXSX^":";E8KV
1VNV"-B569a G,+"'/9+,$4"+

^g
 F A M I LY
BRYDE’S WHALE BALAENOPTERIDAE
(Balaenoptera edeni)
Rorquals

+F9"06D@9`C"\G6E8EB8?9@"5C"q5&**:-%$]]"WF5;9/";7U9"<F9":78U9"
The Bryde's whale, like the minke whale is also undergoing
WF5;9"7C"5;CE"B8@96KE78K"<5ME8E:7?"69A79WV""!"GDK:D"=E6:"7C"5;CE"
taxonomic review. A pygmy form is also being proposed as a
T978K"G6EGEC9@"5C"5"@7C<78?<"CG9?79CV""+F9":EC<"@7C<78KB7CF78K"
distinct species. The most distinguishing feature of this
=95<B69"E="<F7C"CG9?79C"7C"<F9"G69C98?9"E="<F699";E8K7<B@785;"6EC<65;" A beached
species is the presence of three longitudinal rostral ridges,
ULGJHVDOWKRXJKUHFHQWUHSRUWVKDYHFRQ¿UPHGWKDWWKHVHULGJHV
Bryde’s whale
?EB;@"T9"78@7C<78?<"E6"9A98"5TC98<"78"CE:9"78@7A7@B5;CV""+F9"
although recent reports have confirmed that these ridges could
TE@D"E="06D@9`C"WF5;9"7C"@56U"K65D"5TEA9"58@";7KF<"K65D"E6"WF7<9"
be indistinct or even absent in some individuals. The body of in Malaysia
\CE:9<7:9C"G78U7CF]"78"<F9"A98<65;"C9?<7E8V"+F969"569"5TEB<"^R_S
Bryde's whale is dark gray above and light gray or white
JUD\LVKEDOHHQSODWHV,WVGRUVDO¿QLVWDOODQGH[WUHPHO\
(sometimes pinkish) in the ventral section. There are about
=5;?5<9V""+F9"5@B;<"C7a9C"=E6"<F7C"CG9?79C"658K9"=6E:"PV_":"<E"XRVg"
250-370 grayish baleen plates. Its dorsal fin is tall and
:";E8KV""+F9"5A965K9";98K<F"E="?5;A9C"7C"OV_":V""+F9"06D@9`C"WF5;9"
7C"6569"<E"?E::E8"78"3F7;7GG789"W5<96C"58@"?58"T9"95C7;D"?E8=BC9@"
extremely falcate. The adult sizes for this species range from
W7<F"<F9"):B65`C"WF5;9"\C99"G5K9"^g]V"+F9"06D@9`C"F5C"C<658@9@"
8.0 m to 15.6 m long. The calves could be born with the length
:578;D"78"<F9"CEB<F968"C9?<7E8"E="1BaE8"58@"78"<F9"07?E;"G9878CB;5V
of 4.0 m long. This species is also rare to common in the F<<GeffWWWV:56789CG9?79CVE6Kf?9<5S
G,+"'/9+,$4"+ ?95f5GF75VGFGmGt7:5K9I7@t^^_XY
Philippine waters. The most recent stranding was in reported in
Sorsogon in 2007.
FIN WHALE
(Balaenoptera physalus)

+F9"(78"WF5;9"7C"<F9"C9?E8@";56K9C<"587:5;"E8"956<F"\C9?E8@"
The Fin whale is the second largest animal (second only to
E8;D"<E"<F9"T;B9"WF5;9]V""+F9"G6E:7898<"=95<B69"E="<F7C"
CG9?79C"7C"<F9"?E;E6"E="7<C";EW96"Z5We"T;5?U"E8"<F9";9=<"C7@9"
the blue whale). The prominent feature of this species is
58@"WF7<9"E8"<F9"67KF<V""+F7C"5CD::9<67?5;"G7K:98<5<7E8"7C"
the color of its lower jaw: black on the left side and white
XQLTXHWR¿QZKDOHVDPRQJFHWDFHDQVDQGKDVQHYHUEHHQ
on the right. This asymmetrical pigmentation is unique to
5@9LB5<9;D"9MG;5789@V"+F9"CG9?79C"F5C"^g_SOP_"T;5?U7CF"E6"
fin whales among cetaceans and has never been
E;7A9"K69987CF"T5;998"G;5<9C"9M?9G<"=E6"<F9"?695:S?E;E69@"
adequately explained. The species has 260-480 blackish
C9?<7E8"78"<F9"=6E8<"<F76@"E="<F9"67KF<"C7@9V""+F9"TE@D"7C"A96D"
;56K9/"695?F78K"5";98K<F"E="^i":/"TB<"C;99U"W7<F"5"CF56G"
or olive greenish baleen plates except for the cream-
HLWKHUSRLQWHGRUIDOFDWH GRUVDO¿Q7KLVVSHFLHVLVNQRZQ
colored section in the front third of the right side. The body
5C"<F9"cK69DFEB8@"E="<F9"E?958`"5C"7<"7C"G69CB:5T;D"E89"E="
is very large but sleek with a sharp (either pointed or
WKHIDVWHVWZKDOHV7KLVVSHFLHVLV\HWWREHFRQ¿UPHGLQWKH
falcate) dorsal fin. This species is known as the
3F7;7GG789CV
'greyhound of the ocean' as it is presumably one of the KWWSZZZÀLFNUFRPSKRWRVFRUN\RUFDIDYRULWHVSDJH"YLHZ OJ
O"T"+'/9+,$4"4'K"9
fastest whales and reaching a length of 27 m. It is a very
rare species to sight in the Philippines.
^i
23
 FA M I LY
BLUE WHALE BALAENOPTERIDAE
(Balaenoptera musculus)
Rorquals

The blue whale is the largest animal on earth. The

+F9"T;B9"WF5;9"7C"<F9";56K9C<"587:5;"E8"956<FV""+F9"
largest reported individual was 33.3 m long. The huge
;56K9C<"69GE6<9@"78@7A7@B5;"W5C"QQVQ":";E8KV""+F9"
body is mottled with blue-gray color that appears as
FBK9"TE@D"7C":E<<;9@"W7<F"T;B9SK65D"?E;E6"<F5<"
aquamarine underwater. Its head is U-shaped when
5GG956C"5C"5LB5:56789"B8@96W5<96V""%<C"F95@"
7C"$SCF5G9@"WF98"A79W9@"=6E:"5TEA9"TB<"F5C"5"
viewed from above but has a large splashguard that

The
;56K9"CG;5CFKB56@"<F5<"67C9C"T9=E69"<F9"<WE";56K9"
rises before the two large blowholes. There are about
T;EWFE;9CV""+F969"569"5TEB<"^g_SO__"T;5?U7CF"
260-400 blackish baleen plates per side and 55 to 68
T5;998"G;5<9C"G96"C7@9"58@"RR"<E"gP"A98<65;"G;95<CV""
ventral pleats. In the Philippines, the blue whale has
%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"<F9"T;B9"WF5;9/"5;;9K9@;D"5"
been GDK:D"=E6:"F5C"T998"C7KF<9@"E=="0EFE;"5695"E8;D"
sighted off Bohol area only.
58@"F5C"89A96"C<658@9@V
largest
animal on
O"T"+'/9+,$4"4'K"9

earth!

Kelly Houle, NOAA

Northeast Fisheries Science
Center
F<<Geff587:5;WE6;@V?E:VB5f89WCfX_SC5:DFS89ETD?F8DFSZ5aDUEASASaF7AE<8E:S:769

KWWSZZZQHIVFQRDDJRYIDT¿VKIDTKWPO

Http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/faq/fishfaq9.html

^P 24
SGC3G'AEG3OE*
ORDER SIRENIA F A M I LY
DUGONGIDAE
Dugongs

DUGONG
(Dugong dugon)

Dugong trapped in a
+F9"@BKE8K"7C"<F9"E8;D";7A78K"CG9?79C"78"<F7C"(5:7;DV""+F9"
The dugong is the only living species in this Family. The
E<F96":9:T96/"-<9;;96`C"C95"?EW"WU4-&*-#1#!8$D<8<#$X/"7C"8EW"
other member, Steller's sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas), is fish pen
H[WLQFWRQHRIWKH¿UVWYLFWLPVRIRYHUH[SORLWDWLRQE\KXPDQV
now extinct, one of the first victims of overexploitation by
+F9"CG9?79C"W5C"9M<96:785<9@"TD"XigP/"^i"D956C"5=<96"7<C"
humans. The species was exterminated by 1768, 27
@7C?EA96DV""+F9"@BKE8K"7C"LB7<9"@7==9698<"=6E:"?9<5?958CV""%<"
Years after its discovery. The dugong is quite different from
F5C"5";56K9"=BC7=E6:"TE@D/"8E<"5C"6ETBC<"5C"78"@E;GF78C/"W7<F"
cetaceans. It has a large fusiform body, not as robust as in
T6EW87CF"<E"@56U"K65D"CU78"<F5<"7C"CG56C9;D"?EA969@"W7<F"
dolphins, with brownish to dark gray skin that is sparsely
KDLU,WKDVSDGGOHOLNHÀLSSHUVDQGQRGRUVDO¿Q7KHORZHU
covered with hair. It has paddle-like flippers and no dorsal
SDUWRIWKHERG\LVÀDWWHQHGDQGHQGVLQDÀXNHGWDLOVLPLODU
<E"@E;GF78CV""&BKE8KC"F5A9"8EC<67;C"<F5<"569";E?5<9@"E8"
fin. The lower part of the body is flattened and ends in a
WKHWLSRIWKHPX]]OHZLWKÀDSVWKDWFORVHZKHQWKHDQLPDO
fluked tail similar to dolphins. Dugongs have nostrils that
CBT:96K9CV""+F9"@BKE8K"7C"=EB8@"78"?E5C<5;"5695C"=99@;78K"E8"
are located on the tip of the muzzle with flaps that close
C95K65CC"58@"7C"5"C9A969;D"@9?;7878K"GEGB;5<7E8V"+F9"?E5C<C"
when the animal submerges. The dugong is found in
E="8E6<F95C<968"58@"95C<968"1BaE8/"5;;"E="35;5W58"\78?;B@78K"
coastal areas feedling on seagrass and is a severely
<F9".BDE"58@".5;5:7589C"#6EBG"E="%C;58@C]/"8E6<F968"29K6EC"
declining population. The coasts of northeastern and eastern
)??7@98<5;/"8E6<F95C<"58@"CEB<F968"478@585E"\78?;B@78K"
Luzon, all of Palawan (including the Cuyo and Calamianes
<F9"-B;B"56?F7G9;5KE]"58@"#B7:565C"-<657<"569"FE:9"<E"58"
Group of Islands), northern Negros Occidental, northeast
XQNQRZQQXPEHURIGXJRQJV7KHGXJRQJZDVWKH¿UVWHYHU
and southern Mindanao (including the Sulu archipelago) and
C<658@78K"<F5<")!"69CGE8@9@"<E"78"^__XV
Guimaras Strait are home to an unknown number of
M+"N%"$9'/9+,$4"+
dugongs.

OTHER MARINE MAMMALS

Unidentfied Phoca seal (Phoca sp.)
Photos of 2 unidentified seals were reported in 1998 by BFAR officials in Aparri. That was an El Nino year, so it
3KRWRVRIXQLGHQWL¿HGVHDOVZHUHUHSRUWHGLQE\%)$5RI¿FLDOVLQ$SDUUL7KDWZDVDQ(O1LQR\HDUVRLW
is7C"GECC7T;9"<F5<"CE:9"78@7A7@B5;C"=6E:"<F9"GEGB;5<7E8C"E="F56TE6"C95;/"Q3*+#D.8/%!8,#"E6";56KF5"C95;/"Q0D!#&<3#"=6E:"
not impossible that some individuals from the populations of harbor seal, Phoca vitulina or largha seal, P.
largha from Japan made their way down to the tip of Luzon. This event is referred to as an extralimital recording,
N5G58":5@9"<F976"W5D"@EW8"<E"<F9"<7G"E="1BaE8V"+F7C"9A98<"7C"69=9669@"<E"5C"58"9M<65;7:7<5;"69?E6@78K/"7V9V"WF98"5"
CG9?79C"7C"69?E6@9@"EB<C7@9"7<C"8E6:5;"@7C<67TB<7E8"658K9V"
i.e. when a species is recorded outside its normal distributionG,+"'/9+,$4"+
range.

*/2,$'/#,&&Q6&,J"4'.99"+"WG15!*,4YD+8,'&'%$X
Small clawless otter (Amblonyx cinereus)
The small clawless otter is found primarily in rivers,
+F9"C:5;;"?;5W;9CC"E<<96"7C"=EB8@"G67:567;D"78"67A96C/"
mangroves and estuaries. This is the smallest of the 13
:58K6EA9C"58@"9C<B5679CV""+F7C"7C"<F9"C:5;;9C<"E="<F9"
species of otters. In the Philippines, it has only been
XQ"CG9?79C"E="E<<96CV""%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"7<"F5C"E8;D"T998"
69?E6@9@"78":578;58@"35;5W58V""+F7C"7C"8E<"9M?;BC7A9;D"5"
recorded in mainland Palawan. This is not exclusively a
:56789":5::5;"CG9?79CV""%<"7C"78?;B@9@"F969"=E6"GB6GEC9C"E="
marine mammal species. It is included here for purposes
LGHQWL¿FDWLRQLQWKHHYHQWWKDWDQLQGLYLGXDOJHWVHQWDQJOHG
of5C"5"TD?5<?F"E6"7C"=EB8@"C<658@9@V
identification in the event that an individual gets
entangled as a bycatch or is found stranded.
O"T"+'/9+,$4"4'K"9

Http://itech.pjc.edu/sctag/SCOTTER/ASCOpage.htm 1VNV"-B569a

^Y 25
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!"#$"
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o$8GBT;7CF9@"@5<5pV"'?E;EKD"58@"?E8C96A5<7E8"E="
C:5;;"?9<5?958C"78"CEB<F968"+5kE8"-<657</"3F7;7GS
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GBT;7?5<7E8V"-BT7?"05D"(699GE6<V
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\^__R]V"*9GE6<"E="<F9"-9?E8@"JE6UCFEG"E8"<F9"07E;EKD"
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-EB<F95C<"!C75V".4-"+9?F87?5;"3BT;7?5<7E8"2EV"YV
Q_
 Chapter 3
Chapter 4

Understanding Strandings
Understanding Strandings
Bianca G. Espinos

C8#,+#DM0DO$28,*$
Terminology Chapter 4
F"+#2$.&.-K http://www.volusia.org/environmental/natural_resources/manatees/
A strand refers to a “beach”. A stranding can simply stranding.htm
!"C<658@"7C"5"qT95?FrV""!"C<658@9@":56789":5::5;"
mean “to be on a beach”. A stranded marine
69=96C"<E"E89"<F5<"F5C"T95?F9@"E6"6B8"5K6EB8@"78"
mammal refers to one that has beached or run
5"F9;G;9CC"C7<B5<7E8V""!8D"587:5;"<F5<"F5C";EC<"<F9"
aground in a helpless situation, or has lost the

?5G5T7;7<D"<E"69<B68"<E"7<C"8E6:5;"F5T7<5</"CB?F"5C"
capability to return to its normal habitat. The term
“beached” is sometimes used to refer to a stranded Understanding Strandings
98<58K;9@"78"5"89</"7C"5;CE"69=9669@"<E"5C"C<658@9@V""
animal, but one that is already dead. However, in Bianca G. Espinos
+F9"<96:"qT95?F9@r"7C"CE:9<7:9C"BC9@"<E"69=96"<E"
general, it has been acceptable to use the term
5"C<658@9@"587:5;"<F5<"7C"5;695@D"@95@V"",EW9A96/"
Terminology “stranded” to refer to a live or dead animal, and that
78"K98965;/"7<"F5C"T998"5??9G<5T;9"<E"BC9"<F9"<96:"
is how the term will be used in this manual. Marine

AqC<658@9@r"<E"69=96"<E"5";7A9"E6"@95@"587:5;/"58@"
mammal strandings include cetaceans, pinnipedshttp://www.volusia.org/environmental/natural_resources/manatees/
strand refers to a “beach”. A stranding can simply
SINGLE STRANDING
stranding.htm
<F5<"7C"FEW"<F9"<96:"W7;;"T9"BC9@"78"<F7C":58B5;V""
and sirenians. In the Philippines, a stranding would
mean “to beinvolve
on a beach”. A stranded marine
primarily cetaceans, and occasionally, a
456789":5::5;"C<658@78KC"78?;B@9"?9<5?958C/"
mammal refers to one that has beached or run
dugong.
G7887G9@C"58@"C7698758CV""%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"5"
aground in a helpless situation, or has lost the

C<658@78K"WEB;@"78AE;A9"G67:567;D"?9<5?958C/"58@"
capability to return to its normal habitat. The term
. http://www.5050.co.za
E??5C7E85;;D"5"@BKE8KV"
“beached” is sometimes used to refer to a stranded
animal, but one that is already dead. However, in
general, it has been acceptable to use the term
!"C<658@78K"?EB;@"97<F96"T9"C78K;9"E6":5CCV"!"
“stranded” to refer to a live or dead animal, and that
isC78K;9"C<658@78K"69=96C"<E"58"78@7A7@B5;"587:5;/"E6"
how the term will be used in this manual. Marine
5":E<F96f?5;="G576V""!":5CC"C<658@78K"69=96C"<E"5"
mammal strandings include cetaceans, pinnipeds
C7:B;<589EBC"C<658@78K"E="<WE"E6":E69"?9<5?958C"
and sirenians. In the Philippines, a stranding would
E<F96"<F58"5":E<F96f?5;="G576V""%8"<F9"3F7;7GG789C/"
involve primarily cetaceans, and occasionally, a
dugong.
<F9":EC<"=69LB98<;D"98?EB8<969@"C<658@78KC"569"
. http://www.5050.co.za
MASS STRANDING
A stranding could either be single or mass. A
single stranding refers to an individual animal, or
a mother and its calf. A mass stranding refers to
a simultaneous stranding of two or more
cetaceans other than a mother and her calf. In
the Philippines, the most frequently encountered
SINGLE STRANDING strandings are single strandings.
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C<658@9@";7A9"587:5;"69<B68C"<E"CFE69"5K578"@9CG7<9"
Restranding refers to the situation when a
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stranded live animal upon release simply returns
to shore again despite efforts to return it to the
A stranding could either be single or mass. A
sea. There are many reasons and factors as to
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single stranding refers to an individual animal, or
why cetaceans strand. It is likely that the cause of
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a mother and its calf. Aevent,
a stranding mass especially
strandingarefers
mass to
stranding, is
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a simultaneous stranding of two or more
a combination of factors rather than a single
cetaceans other than a mother and her calf. In
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reason.
the Philippines, the most frequently encountered
strandings are single strandings.
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Restranding refers to the situation when a

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stranded live animal upon release simply returns 31

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to shore again despite efforts to return it to the
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why cetaceans strand. It is likely that the cause of "
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a stranding event, especially a mass stranding, is
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a combination of factors rather than a single
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reason.

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are killed each year.
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 and when ingested can occlude the stomach and eventually cause illness and lead to death.

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Noise <69:98@EBC"G69CCB69"E8"5;;"587:5;C/"78?695C78K"C<69CC"
pollution
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! Underwater explosions, such as those in seismic
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surveys and oil drilling exploration projects, may cause
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levels of stress or hearing impairments.
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! In the Philippines, dynamite fishing can cause similar
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problems.
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frequency sonar systems, such as those used in
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naval activities and fishing gears, may disrupt
distribution patterns, disorient animals and hide
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predators and prey. John Gaps

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oil spill
Dead in 1989.due to the famous
whale
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Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.

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human activities
! Collision with marine vessels causes physical injury, which may lead to death.
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! The increasing number of ecotourism activities such as whale watching tours, if unregulated, may put
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pressure on marine mammals. Without strict implementation of appropriate policies (e.g. cetacean
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watching protocols), these activities can affect marine mammals by altering their natural migration routes,
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feeding and mating behaviors, and resting patterns. Excessive boat traffic can be highly stressful and
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ultimately drive these animals away.
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Some researchers have correlated strandings with periods of climatic warming and oceanic current changes that
lead to an overall reduction in available food prey or an unpredictable shift in prey distribution. For example, in July
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2004, Australian scientists predicted that the shift in the climatic phenomenon called the zonal westerly winds would
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cause colder, nutrient-rich waters to move closer to shore. In December of that year they suspected that this
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caused more than 170 whales and dolphins to strand and eventually die on the beaches of Australia and New

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Zealand.

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5. Errors in navigation and judgment

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Some animals may follow prey inshore and as a result get lost. Long-finned pilot whales that pursue squid into
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shallow water are known to strand. Young juvenile males of highly pelagic species such as the striped dolphin
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may get lost or displaced from their bachelor group and end up in shallow water.

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disturbance in the animals' echolocation capabilities can result in disorientation and subsequent stranding.
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Human activities often play a major role in this disruption. Noise pollution or sonar disturbances have a direct
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impact on cetaceans because they rely heavily on sound to feed, communicate, navigate and socialize. These
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harmful sounds can come from seismic surveys, oil exploratory drilling, and underwater explosions from
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dynamite fishing and high-powered sonar from military activities.
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These noises may cause hearing impairments and deafness, which in turn affect the ability of the animal to

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navigate correctly. Or they simply mask important auditory indicators which cause disorientation.
Scientists believe that certain species of cetaceans use the earth's magnetic field to navigate. There is
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evidence that at least some cetaceans have particles of magnetite in their brain which responds to the earth's
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magnetic field. Correlational studies suggest that they can use the earth's magnetic fields to navigate.
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Geologically, .OLQRZVND
there are alternating bands of magnetic orientation running north $VWXG\LQWKH
to south parallel to the mid-
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ocean rift. If whales are able to sense the alternating magnetic fields, they can use them as patterns for a

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north-south route on their annual north-south migration. Magnetic field dips can also provide information on

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position along this axis and whales may use this information to guide east-west positioning.

In C<658@"5<"C7<9C"WF969"K9E:5K89<7?";EWC"78<96C9?<9@"<F9"?E5C<;789V"2E"78=E6:5<7E8"7C"5A57;5T;9"<E"
a study in the UK comparing locations where dead stranded cetaceans were found and live strandings
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occurred, it was found that all cases of live strandings took place where local lows or valleys in the magnetic
fields intersected the coast or islands (Klinowska 1986). A study in the US established similar conclusions
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(Kirschwink et al1986 &1990). The study found that certain species (i.e. pilot whales, striped dolphin, Atlantic

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spotted dolphin, Atlantic white-sided dolphin, sperm whales, pygmy sperm whale, fin whale, common dolphin
and harbor seals) were likely to strand at sites where geomagnetic lows intersected the coastline. No
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information is available to date as to whether this phenomenon occurs in the Philippines.
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Echolocation is a biological sonar. Animals

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emit sounds and listen to the echoes as
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these sound waves bounce back from
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various objects in the environment.
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Through these echoes, they are able to
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navigate.
locate and identify objects, enabling them
to hunt and navigate.

QR
35
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 Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Why Respond to a Stranded Cetacean?
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Why Respond to a Stranded Cetacean?
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Gail E. Laule.

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ious states of illness, injury, and
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at are only recently becoming
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marine mammal with the intention
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easier, less expensive, less
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For some people, the more
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the choice to intervene and
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of individual animal welfare.
and it587:5;C"78"899@V
is that animal alone that will
is an endangered species, it is
that individual animal's life is
ly, only in an unusually large mass
the response shift to include a Qi

al, the only thing we can say for

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 Chapter 5

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-<658@78K"*9GE6<"(E6:"7C"G6EA7@9@"78"<F7C":58B5;"58@"78CB69C" from a concerned
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456789"45::5;"-<658@78K"&5<5T5C9"?fE"&6"19:"!65KE89C"E="<F9"
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the local contact
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answering Sections
58@"?58"T9"C98<"<E"E<F96"9MG96<C"=E6"GECC7T;9"5CC7C<58?9"58@f A through D
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+7:9/"1E?5<7E8/"58@"!87:5;`C".E@9"2B:T96/"7="5GG;7?5T;9V Upon arrival in the stranding site
answer Sections E to G
"

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other documentation
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 Chapter 7

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During intensive care, a smaller enclosure like a shallow
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portable pool (e.g. Sofpool ®) is ideal as the animal is not

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actively swimming and will likely require humans to support it,

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oftentimes 24 hrs a day. Once the animal is stronger and can

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swim on its own, a larger pool may be needed. A larger
space allows the stranded animal, which is not used to
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navigating the walls of the enclosure, sufficient room to swim
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straight, navigate turns, and maneuver without hitting the side
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of the pool. Size of water space, maneuverability, and ability
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to get sufficient exercise become more important as the
animal is being prepared for release.
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tion
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Sofpool used for marine mammal

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rehabilitation

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Illumination, air temperature and air quality

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Providing good lighting, be it natural light, artificial light or a combination of the two, is an important consideration.

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Proper lighting allows the animal to visually navigate comfortably and helps in regulating normal biological

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processes. It also allows staff to conduct medical procedures, monitor the animal, feed, clean, conduct facility
checks, etc. Direct sunlight can reduce harmful microorganisms in the water. However, marine mammals can
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overheat if exposed to direct sunlight when out of the water (for transport or a procedure), so provide means of
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shading and cooling the animal and keep the skin wet during these times using a hose, sprayer, bucket, etc.
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structures, roofs and wind blocks should be provided, if weather conditions warrant. Good air quality and
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ventilation to prevent harmful fumes or unpleasant odors from accumulating should be addressed.
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Upkeep and repair cetaceans.
Inspect-BTC<58<75;"CF5@9"C<6B?<B69C/"6EE=C"58@"W78@"T;E?UC"CFEB;@"
facilities on a regular basis and report and remove or detach potentially sharp or dangerous objects (i.e.
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objects, toys, enrichment items, gate attachments, ropes, etc.) or loose structures that may pose a threat to
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the animal, as these can be inadvertently swallowed. Keep an inventory of paraphernalia used around the area and
report any missing objects immediately. Some animals, particularly if they are feeling better and getting bored, may
find interest and/or amusement in playing with elements of the facility. Repair broken fixtures and make sure there
are no sharp or rough edges that the animals can get poked, P_scraped, or cut on. Secure drain covers to prevent the
animal from getting stuck in the open drain and drowning. Be proactive in reporting potential problems to the
person-in-charge.
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GF5C9/"69G6E@B?<7A9"GF5C9/"/"5?<7A7<D";9A9;"58@"F95;<F"C<5<BC"5C"W9;;"5C"<F9"5:T798<"<9:G965<B69"E="<F9"
69F5T7;7<5<7E8"C7<9V""(E6"9M5:G;9/"K6EW78K"587:5;C"899@":E69"=EE@"?E:G569@"<E"E;@96/";56K96"587:5;CV""!"
K6EW78K"587:5;":5D"69LB769"=EE@"AE;B:9"<F5<"7C"5GG6EM7:5<9;D"PSXRh"E="<F976"TE@D"W97KF<"WF7;9"E;@96"
587:5;C":5D"69LB769"E8;D"OSYhV""&E"8E<"EA96S=99@V""-E:9"587:5;C":5D"<5U9"78":E69"<F58"<F976"C<E:5?FC"
?58"FE;@"58@"?58"98@"BG"AE:7<78KV""

&B678K"<695<:98</"E==9678K"5"A5679<D"E="=EE@"CG9?79C"7C"7:GE6<58<"<E"G69A98<"58"587:5;"=6E:"K9<<78K"
5??BC<E:9@"<E"E89"<DG9"E="=EE@"58@"<F98"69=BC78K"E<F96"<DG9CV"""&79<C"CFEB;@"T9"@9<96:789@/"58@"
69A79W9@/"T5C9@"E8"78=E6:5<7E8"CB?F"5C"W97KF<";ECCfK578/":9@7?5;"?E8@7<7E8/"T9F5A7E6/"9<?V""&79<"CFEB;@"
T9"5@ZBC<9@"5C"=69LB98<;D"5C"899@9@/"9CG9?75;;D"78"<F9"956;D"C<5K9C"E="69F5T7;7<5<7E8/"T5C9@"E8"<F9"899@C"
RIWKHDQLPDO)DFWRUVOLNHIDWRUSURWHLQFRQWHQWDQGQXPEHURIFDORULHVRIWKHW\SHDQGDPRXQWRI¿VK

PR
freshwater. To assure that vitamin and mineral needs are met, animals should be given vitamin supplements.
For marine mammals, the most important vitamins are A, B, E, C, and the necessary minerals are sodium,
chloride, iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and iodine. Some vitamins require generous

CFEB;@"T9"?E8C7@969@"WF98"5@ZBC<78K"<F9"@79<V
supplementation like thiamine or vitamin B1, which is present in fish but is quickly destroyed after death. The
minerals sodium and chloride have high concentrations in seawater, so they must be supplemented if the animal
is to be housed temporarily in freshwater. Calcium and phosphorus are obtained from eating whole fish where
(EE@"CBGG;9:98<5<7E8
the bones and scales are a good source of these two minerals. Supplements should be given as prescribed by
7KHQXWULWLRQDOYDOXHRIIRRGVSHFLHVOLNH¿VKDQGLQYHUWHEUDWHVLVGHFUHDVHGDIWHUGHDWKVWRUDJHDQG
the veterinarian to insure the correct dosage.
SURFHVVLQJ:DWHUVROXEOHYLWDPLQVFDQEHGHJUDGHGRUORVWGXULQJWKDZLQJRULI¿VKLVOHIWWRRORQJ
78"=69CFW5<96V""+E"5CCB69"<F5<"A7<5:78"58@":78965;"899@C"569":9</"587:5;C"CFEB;@"T9"K7A98"A7<5:78"
Administering multivitamin supplements is done by inserting the pills into the fish before feeding. The gill flap is
CBGG;9:98<CV""(E6":56789":5::5;C/"<F9":EC<"7:GE6<58<"A7<5:78C"569"!/"0/"'/"58@"./"58@"<F9"89?9CC56D"
lifted and the pills are carefully pushed through the gills and into the body cavity. Vitamins in liquid form can be
injected:78965;C"569"CE@7B:/"?F;E67@9/"76E8/"?5;?7B:/"GE<5CC7B:/"GFECGFE6BC/":5K89C7B:"58@"7E@789V""-E:9"
into the fish body cavity with a needle and syringe. Cetaceans eat fish whole so these techniques are
easy andYLWDPLQVUHTXLUHJHQHURXVVXSSOHPHQWDWLRQOLNHWKLDPLQHRUYLWDPLQ%ZKLFKLVSUHVHQWLQ¿VKEXWLV
efficient if the animal is eating. Sick animals that do not eat can be given medication and vitamins via
LB7?U;D"@9C<6ED9@"5=<96"@95<FV""+F9":78965;C"CE@7B:"58@"?F;E67@9"F5A9"F7KF"?E8?98<65<7E8C"78"C95W5<96/"
other means like force feeding, intubation (by adding the medication and vitamins to the fluids) and
CE"<F9D":BC<"T9"CBGG;9:98<9@"7="<F9"587:5;"7C"<E"T9"FEBC9@"<9:GE6567;D"78"=69CFW5<96V"".5;?7B:"58@"
intramuscular injection.
SKRVSKRUXVDUHREWDLQHGIURPHDWLQJZKROH¿VKZKHUHWKHERQHVDQGVFDOHVDUHDJRRGVRXUFHRI
<F9C9"<WE":78965;CV""-BGG;9:98<C"CFEB;@"T9"K7A98"5C"G69C?67T9@"TD"<F9"A9<967856758"<E"98CB69"<F9"
?E669?<"@EC5K9V""
Feeding
Marine mammals can consume more food when given in smaller
!@:787C<9678K":B;<7A7<5:78"CBGG;9:98<C"7C"@E89"TD"78C96<78K"<F9"
increments, multiple times a day. Generally, a sick animal that is not
SLOOVLQWRWKH¿VKEHIRUHIHHGLQJ7KHJLOOÀDSLVOLIWHGDQGWKHSLOOV
eating on its own should be force fed three times at the most, and
569"?569=B;;D"GBCF9@"<F6EBKF"<F9"K7;;C"58@"78<E"<F9"TE@D"?5A7<DV""
spread out over the day. This is because it is very stressful to force
9LWDPLQVLQOLTXLGIRUPFDQEHLQMHFWHGLQWRWKH¿VKERG\FDYLW\
feed sick animals. Force feeding requires skilled handlers who can
VITAMIN
ZLWKDQHHGOHDQGV\ULQJH&HWDFHDQVHDW¿VKZKROHVRWKHVH
carefully hold the jaws open using a towel over each jaw. The jaws are
placed
WHFKQLTXHVDUHHDV\DQGHI¿FLHQWLIWKHDQLPDOLVHDWLQJ6LFN
slowly opened and held that way while another skilled handler or a
inside
587:5;C"<F5<"@E"8E<"95<"?58"T9"K7A98":9@7?5<7E8"58@"A7<5:78C"
veterinarian pushes a fish all the way down the back of the throat. The
fish
A75"E<F96":958C";7U9"=E6?9"=99@78K/"78<BT5<7E8"\TD"5@@78K"<F9"
mouth is then closed to insure that the fish has been swallowed before

PHGLFDWLRQDQGYLWDPLQVWRWKHÀXLGV DQGLQWUDPXVFXODULQMHFWLRQ
another fish is fed in the same manner. The exact amount of food the

\C99".F5G<96"g]V
animal consumes should be recorded. When the animal is better and
begins eating on its own, food can be hand fed or thrown in the water

(99@78K
one at a time. In this case, the feeding frequency can be increased.
The animal should be carefully observed while feeding and behavior
456789":5::5;C"?58"?E8CB:9":E69"=EE@"WF98"K7A98"78"C:5;;96"78?69:98<C/":B;<7G;9"<7:9C"5"@5DV""
recorded, such as being selective about a particular food or refusal to
#98965;;D/"5"C7?U"587:5;"<F5<"7C"8E<"95<78K"E8"7<C"EW8"CFEB;@"T9"=E6?9"=9@"<F699"<7:9C"5<"<F9":EC</"58@"
eat. These can be signs that something is wrong and should be
CG695@"EB<"EA96"<F9"@5DV""+F7C"7C"T9?5BC9"7<"7C"A96D"C<69CC=B;"<E"=E6?9"=99@"C7?U"587:5;C"58@"69LB769C"
reported immediately to the supervisor.
CU7;;9@"F58@;96CV""(E6"58"78@9G<F"@9C?67G<7E8"E="<F9"G6E?9CC"E="=E6?9"=99@78K/"C99".F5G<96"gV""+F9"9M5?<"
5:EB8<"E="=EE@"<F9"587:5;"?E8CB:9C"CFEB;@"T9"69?E6@9@V""JF98"<F9"587:5;"7C"T9<<96"58@"T9K78C"
95<78K"E8"7<C"EW8/"=EE@"?58"T9"F58@"=9@"E6"<F6EW8"78"<F9"W5<96"E89"5<"5"<7:9V"""%8"<F7C"?5C9/"<F9"=99@78K"
=69LB98?D"?58"T9"78?695C9@V""+F9"587:5;"CFEB;@"T9"?569=B;;D"ETC96A9@"WF7;9"=99@78K"58@"T9F5A7E6"
UHFRUGHGVXFKDVEHLQJVHOHFWLYHDERXWDSDUWLFXODUIRRGPDNLQJOLWWOHHIIRUWWRSLFNXS¿VKWKURZQ 67
78"<F9"W5<96/"E6"69=BC5;"<E"95<V""+F9C9"?58"T9"C7K8C"<F5<"CE:9<F78K"7C"W6E8K"58@"CFEB;@"T9"69GE6<9@"
7::9@75<9;D"<E"<F9"CBG96A7CE6V""

#B7@9;789C"=E6"=99@78K":56789":5::5;C"78?;B@9"<F9"=E;;EW78Ke
X]" n99G"<F9"=EE@"78"<F9"69=67K965<E6"E6"7?9TEM"WF98"8E<"T978K"=9@V""
^]" +5U9"EB<"E8;D"<F9"5:EB8<"<E"T9"=9@"5<"<F5<"<7:9V
  3ODFHLFHRQ¿VKWKDWLVFDUULHGWRWKHSRROWRNHHSLWFRROGXULQJWKHIHHG
  'RQRWOHDYHIRRGLQWKHSRROORQJHUWKDQRQHKRXU6FRRSXQHDWHQ¿VKRXWWRSUHYHQWWKHDQLPDO
=6E:"95<78K"CGE7;9@"E6"?E8<5:785<9@"=EE@V
R]" &E"8E<"=99@"=EE@"<F5<"F5C"T998"<F5W9@";E8K96"<F58"^O"FEB6CV

Pg
Physical handling and restraint
The animal should only be handled when necessary. This will include support in the water to keep the individual
upright, during transport, and during examinations and procedures like force feeding, tube feeding, diagnostic
 and
sampling, ,QVSHFW¿VKEHIRUHJLYLQJWRWKHDQLPDOWRLQVXUHWKDWIRRGLVRIJRRGTXDOLW\
administration of medications. See Chapter 6 for guidelines and precautions regarding handling
  'RQRWIHHGIRRGWKDWKDVIDOOHQRQWKHJURXQGRUEHHQH[SRVHGWRÀLHVUDWVRUWR[LFFKHPLFDOVHWF
and restraining marine mammals. 
  )HHG¿VKZKROHZKHQSRVVLEOH
Drug administration and fluid therapy
29E85<9"=99@78K
There,QIDQWPDULQHPDPPDOVUHTXLUHKLJKO\VSHFLDOL]HGFDUHDQGIHHGLQJWHFKQLTXHVDQGDUWL¿FLDOPLON
are a select number of drugs that have been used commonly in marine mammals. The effects of some
these=E6:B;5CV"(E6:B;5C"<F5<"?;EC9;D"69C9:T;9"<F9"@5:`C":7;U"569"T9C<V"+F9C9"F5A9"F7KF";7G7@"?E8<98<"=E6"
have been documented to a degree in some marine mammal species, mostly in captive situations. This is a
F7KF"?5;E67?"@98C7<D"58@";EW";5?<EC9/"5C":EC<"CG9?79C"569"78<E;9658<"<E"?56TEFD@65<9CV""!"69?E::98@9@"
challenge in dealing with species that have not been extensively studied, especially in the field of pharmacology.
T658@"E=":7;U"=E6:B;5"7C"[EE;EK7?"z"47;U":5<67MV",EW9A96"5"GBGGD":7;U"69G;5?96";7U9"'CT7;5?z"58@"FB:58"
The mode of administration of medication depends on the drug preparation and the condition of the animal. For
;EW";5?<EC9"E6";5?<EC9"=699"=E6:B;5C";7U9"!1XX_z"F5A9"T998"BC9@V"%87<75;;D/"W5<96"7C"78<BT5<9@"WF98"<F9"
oral administration, drugs can be inserted directly in fish and fed to the animal (as described previously).
89E85<9"F5C"ZBC<"T998"69C?B9@V"+F9695=<96/"<F9"69G;5?9:98<"=E6:B;5"7C"5@@9@"5<"78?695C78K"@7;B<7E8"B8<7;"
However, if the animal is not eating and the medication needs to be taken orally (and there are no other drug
5"@9C769@"?5;E67?"?E8<98<"E="5TEB<"XR_S^__"U?5;fUKf@5D"=E6"5"TE<<;98EC9"E6"CGE<<9@"@E;GF78"7C"695?F9@V"
preparations, like injectable form available), then the medication should be administered via gastric intubation.
This is&9;7A96D"7C"A75"C<E:5?F"<BT9"B8<7;"<F9"?5;="7C"<5BKF<"<E"5??9G<"5"TE<<;9"58@"87GG;9"\?5;=SC7a9"7C"T9C<]V",58@S
done by crushing the tablets or opening capsules and adding the powdered medicine to the water as it is
being695678K"G565GF9685;75"CFEB;@"T9"?;9589@"58@"@7C78=9?<9@"<FE6EBKF;DV""+F9"=69LB98?D"58@"5:EB8<"E="
intubated to the animal. In intubation, the tube used is normally a nasogastric or stomach tube used for
large :7;U"<E"T9"=9@"@9G98@C"E8"<F9"5K9"58@"?5;E67?"899@C"E="<F9"587:5;V"*9KB;56"W97KF78K"E="<F9"587:5;"7C"
domestic animals like horses, the size of which depends on the size of the animal. A 9.5 mm diameter tube
7:GE6<58<"78":E87<E678K"<F9"=99@78K"6EB<789V""%<"7C"T9C<"<E"?E8CB;<"9MG96<C"69K56@78K"F58@S695678K"5C"?5C9C"
is usually good for small animals and for whales the 16 mm diameter of medical grade tubing is appropriate.
58@"G6EK69CC"E="89E85<9"C<658@96C"A56D"=6E:"78@7A7@B5;"<E"78@7A7@B5;V

D"426,&'D,$,-"#"$9
Intubating an animal requires a highly skilled team of

(E6"5"?E:G;9<9"@7C?BCC7E8"E="<F9":9@7?5;"
handlers to hold the mouth open without damaging the

:585K9:98<"E="C<658@9@":56789":5::5;C/"C99"
jaws, and an experienced veterinarian or marine mammal

insure.F5G<96"gV
care manager to safely pass the tube down the throat,
that it is actually in the stomach, control the fluids
entering the stomach, and carefully hold off and remove
A.62,&',$4'H/K6@.&.-26,&'D,$,-"#"$9
the tube. The danger of intubation is getting fluid into the
lungsJF98"<F9"587:5;"7C"CW7::78K"TD"7<C9;="58@"
as it is possible to accidentally insert the tube into
T9K78878K"<E"9MG;E69"F7C"98A76E8:98</"7<"7C"<7:9"<E"
the trachea rather than the esophagus. A mistake like
78<6E@B?9"CE:9"9867?F:98<V""'867?F:98<"7C"T9C<"
this will lead to pneumonia and eventual death.
@9C?67T9@"5C"5"A5679<D"E="C<65<9K79C"@9C7K89@"<E"
NV&V">7;;56B9;
69G;5?9"<F9"85<B65;"5?<7A7<79C"<F5<"587:5;C"8E6:5;;D"
Intubation of milk supplement to a
,QWXEDWLRQRIPLONVXSSOHPHQWWRVWUDQGHGEDE\
98K5K9"78"<F9"W7;@/"78"E6@96"<E"78?695C9"T9F5A7E65;"
stranded baby melon-headed whale PHORQKHDGHGZKDOH
?FE7?9C"58@"98?EB65K9"CG9?79CS5GG6EG675<9"
T9F5A7E6C"78"<F9"?5G<7A9"C9<<78KVV""456789"
:5::5;C"B8@96"FB:58"?569"=E6";E8K"G967E@C"W7;;"899@"CE:9"=E6:C"E="9867?F:98<"<E"98CB69"<F976"W9;;S
Intramuscular injection is done using a syringe with a suitable gauge and length of needle. Considering the
thick T978KV""0D"G6EA7@78K"9867?F:98</"W9"G6E:E<9":98<5;"C<7:B;5<7E8/"?E:T5<"TE69@E:/"98?EB65K9"CG9?79C"
blubber layer, getting the drug into the muscle will entail a longer needle than normally used with other
types5GG6EG675<9"T9F5A7E6/"58@"78?695C9"GFDC7?5;"9M96?7C9V"
of animals: 40 mm or 1.5 inches for dolphins like bottlenose dolphins and a 89mm spinal needle for larger
animals like pilot whales. The needle size is usually Gauge 18 to 21. The injection site is located on the lumbar
+F969"569"5"A5679<D"E="9867?F:98<"?5<9KE679C/"78?;B@78K"<F9"=E;;EW78Ke
muscles located at the dorsum of the animal preferably the area to the left or right of the dorsal fin.
‡ 3K\VLFDOHQULFKPHQW±QDWXUDOIHDWXUHVVXFKDVURFNVVHDZHHGVDQGHWF
‡ 6RFLDOHQULFKPHQW±ZKHQDQDQLPDO¶VKHDOWKLPSURYHVDQGKHLVGLVHDVHIUHHWKHEHVWIRUPRI
Giving medications topically is a challenge for marine mammals to insure that the appropriate contact time is
achieved. 9867?F:98<"7C"<F9"CE?75;"?E:G58D"E="E<F96"?E:G5<7T;9"587:5;C/"7="GECC7T;9V
Baths and dips can be done for smaller species. Some medications are applied in ointment or salve
‡ )HHGLQJHQULFKPHQWQRYHOW\DQGYDULHW\LQGHOLYHULQJIRRGVXFKDVOLYH¿VKIUR]HQLFHEORFNVZLWK
preparations. Lanolin and petroleum gels have also been used with varying success.
¿VKSX]]OHIHHGHUVDQGRWKHUGHYLFHVWRPDNHDQLPDOVZRUNIRUWKHLUIRRG
‡ 6HQVRU\HQULFKPHQW±LWHPVDQGREMHFWVWRUXEDJDLQVWOHDQRQVZLPWKURXJKHWFDVWUHDPRI
ZDWHUIURPDKRVHWRPDVVDJHERG\VZLPWKURXJKÀRZLQWRPRXWKHWF
‡ 2FFXSDWLRQDOHQULFKPHQW±WR\VÀRDWVEDOOVDQGRWKHUREMHFWVWRSXVKSXOOFDUU\DURXQGLQPRXWK
69

Pi
 ! Occupational enrichment - toys, floats, balls, and other objects to push, pull, carry around in mouth or on dorsal
fin and pectoral fins, throw in the air, swim through, etc.

One of the most popular enrichment feeding devices is a

ball or water bottle feeder. Use 12 inch round or larger
hard plasticRURQGRUVDO¿QDQGSHFWRUDO¿QVWKURZLQWKHDLU
ball or 5 gallon water bottle. Drill 1 inch, 1
CW7:"<F6EBKF/"9<?V""
3/4 inch, and 2 inch holes randomly spaced around ball
or bottle. Approximately 5 to 7 holes total. If using the
)89"E="<F9":EC<"GEGB;56"9867?F:98<"=99@78K"@9A7?9C"
bottle, attach a short rope to the neck of it with a medium
size7C"5"T5;;"E6"W5<96"TE<<;9"=99@96V""$C9"X^"78?F"6EB8@"E6"
buoy through it to keep the bottle from sinking. The
ball ;56K96"F56@"G;5C<7?"T5;;"E6"R"K5;;E8"W5<96"TE<<;9V""&67;;"
will naturally float on the surface of the water. Fill
X"78?F/"X"QfO"78?F/"58@"^"78?F"FE;9C"658@E:;D"CG5?9@"
the bottle or ball with fish and ice cubes (the ice cubes
56EB8@"T5;;"E6"TE<<;9V""!GG6EM7:5<9;D"R"<E"i"FE;9C"<E<5;V""
briefly help hold the fish in). Animals must push, tug,

%="BC78K"<F9"TE<<;9/"5<<5?F"5"CFE6<"6EG9"<E"<F9"89?U"E="
turn, and roll object to get food out. It can be

7<"W7<F"5":9@7B:"C7a9"TBED"<E"U99G"<F9"TE<<;9"=6E:"
manipulated by more than one animal at a time.

AnyVLQNLQJ7KHEDOOZLOOQDWXUDOO\ÀRDWRQWKHVXUIDFHRI
enrichment object should be designed carefully,
WKHZDWHU)LOOWKHERWWOHRUEDOOZLWK¿VKDQGLFHFXEHV
inspected, and monitored to insure that it is safe for the
WKHLFHFXEHVEULHÀ\KHOSKROGWKH¿VKLQ
animals (i.e. cannot be swallowed or get into the$QLPDOV
:BC<"GBCF/"<BK/"<B68/"58@"6E;;"<F9"TE<<;9"E6"T5;;"<E"K9<"
blowhole, has no sharp edges, is strong enough to
<F9"=EE@"EB<V""+F7C"?58"T9":587GB;5<9@"TD":E69"<F58"
withstand rough manipulation, cannot entangle the
E89"587:5;"5<"5"<7:9/"5;<FEBKF"7=":B;<7G;9"587:5;C"
animals, etc.)
569"G69C98</":B;<7G;9"9867?F:98<"@9A7?9C"CFEB;@"T9"
Enrichment activity! Dolphins
G6EA7@9@"5C"W9;;V"" 4V.V"19@9C:5
playing with a fish bottle
(QULFKPHQWDFWLYLW\'ROSKLQVSOD\LQJZLWKD
!8D"9867?F:98<"ETZ9?<"CFEB;@"T9"@9C7K89@"?569=B;;D/" ßVKERWWOH
78CG9?<9@/"58@":E87<E69@"<E"78CB69"<F5<"7<"7C"C5=9"=E6"<F9"587:5;C"\7V9V"?588E<"T9"CW5;;EW9@"E6"K9<"78<E"
<F9"T;EWFE;9/"F5C"8E"CF56G"9@K9C/"7C"C<6E8K"98EBKF"<E"W7<FC<58@"6EBKF":587GB;5<7E8/"?588E<"98<58K;9"
Management of non-releasable animals
<F9"587:5;C/"9<?V]
There is never a guarantee that rehabilitation will result in a healthy, competent animal that can now be released
back into the sea. Therefore, the long term care of non-releasable animals must be addressed and resolved prior
D,$,-"#"$9'.U'$.$Q+"&",/,I&"',$2#,&/
to bringing the animal into a rehabilitation situation. Given the only reasonable options of (1) permanent captivity
+F969"7C"89A96"5"KB5658<99"<F5<"69F5T7;7<5<7E8"W7;;"69CB;<"78"5"F95;<FD/"?E:G9<98<"587:5;"<F5<"?58"8EW"
or (2) euthanasia, if an animal is healthy but unable to be released for a variety of reasons, placement in a high
T9"69;95C9@"T5?U"78<E"<F9"C95V""+F969=E69/"<F9";E8K"<96:"?569"E="8E8S69;95C5T;9"587:5;C":BC<"T9"
quality captive situation is the most ethical option. Chapter 11 discusses a case example of an unreleasable
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stranded dolphin that was integrated into the cetacean population at Ocean Adventure.
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 Chapter 8

Necropsy and Carcass Disposal

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1. Tip of snout to tip of fluke ____________________ 13. Maximum width of flipper ______________
2. Tip of snout to center of anus ____________________ 14. Perpendicular length of teat (both sides) _____________
3. Tip of snout to center of genital aperture ______________ 15. Base of fluke to posterior tip ____________________
4. Tip of snout to center of umbilicus ___________________ 16. Maximum width of fluke _________________
5. Tip of snout to anterior end of flipper__________________ 17. Girth at fluke base ____________________
6. Tip of snot to center of eye ____________________ 18. Girth at anus ____________________
7. Tip of snout to external ear ____________________ 19. Girth at umbilicus ____________________
8. Center of eye to ear ____________________ 20. Girth at axilla ____________________
9. Distance between centers of eyes ____________________ 21.Thickness of skin / blubber: dorsal___________________
10. Center of eye to center of nostril ____________________ 22.Thickness of skin / blubber: lateral___________________
11. Flipper length, anterior to tip _____________________ 21.Thickness of skin / blubber: ventral___________________
12. Flipper length, axilla to tip _____________________

Figure 6. Dugong Standard Measurements

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Internal Examination and Sample Collection
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complete internal examination of the carcass is the most meticulous part of a necropsy. Here blubber layer and
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skeletal structure will be examined, and organs carefully removed and examined and samples taken. There are
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different samples to be collected in each necropsy depending on the condition of the carcass and what diagnostic
tests are possible. Samples should always be handled with care and be free from contaminants (as much as
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possible depending on necropsy site). The following are the types of samples that will be collected, and their

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various purposes.

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Tissues samples are collected for microbiological, toxicological and parasitological examination and life
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history. Tissue samples are also critical for histopathology, the microscopic examination of tissue in order to
study the manifestation of disease. Tissue samples collected for this purpose are stored in sample bottles
with 10% formalin as fixative.
2. Bacterial swabs are collected to determine what kind of micro-organism, if any, is present in a lesion of an
organ. There are readily available culture swabs that can be sent to diagnostic laboratories. These swabs are
only usable for 6 hours after collection.

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The following protocols are required to perform an effective necropsy and obtain the maximum amount of useful
data.H+.7"+'A9.+,-"'.U'A7"62#"$/'
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Method for packaging, storing, and distributing specimens
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The Stranding Team should have a standard protocol for packaging and storing collected samples. You must
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also have access to nearby hospitals, universities, or diagnostic laboratories where the samples can be sent
<DG9"T978K"C98</"58@"@5<9"?E;;9?<9@V"%<"7C"5@A7C5T;9"<E"U99G"5;;"C5:G;9C"=6E:"<F9"C5:9"587:5;"78"E89"
and processed. The diagnostic and histo-pathology samples should have labels that indicate a code number,
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date of death, genus or species of animal, carcass condition, location of stranding, and the tissue type being
sent. It is also advisable to keep all individual tissue samples of the same animal in one properly labeled
P*GP*AA'CEAHSA*!
bag. Bottled samples should be kept in one properly labeled box.

Table 2. Example of a tissue sample label

Animal ID code: Lh01reg3071807
Date of death: July 18, 2005
Genus / Species: Lagenodelphis hosei
Carcass condition code: Code 1
Location of stranding: Crystal beach San Narcisso Zambales
Tissue / organ: Liver
Sample intended for: Histopathology

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equipments as indicated in the checklist below.
TB6D"7<V"+F9"K65A9"CFEB;@"T9"@99G"98EBKF"<E"98CB69"<F5<"5<";95C<"<WE"=99<"E="CE7;"?EA96C"<F9"?56?5CC"<E"
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Table 3. Equipment checklist

YR
EQUIPMENT
Necropsy form 10% formalin
Digital camera Rubber gloves
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 Chapter11
Chapter 9

Cetacean Stranding
Cetacean Case
Stranding CaseStudies
Studies
+F9"GB6GEC9"E="<F7C"?F5G<96"7C"<E"9M5:789"<F699"9M5:G;9C"E="5"W9;;"9M9?B<9@":56789":5::5;"C<658@78K"69CGE8C9V""
The purpose of this chapter is to examine two examples of a well executed marine mammal stranding response.
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These case studies illustrate the step-by-step process from the initial phone call by the first responder, to the Stranding
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Team response, on site care, transport, rehabilitation, and two very different final outcomes. The first case study
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involves a mass stranding of three male Pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) and the second involves a

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single female Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) (see Appendix B for completed stranding response report forms for
these cases).

P,/"'G"7.+9'.U','A9+,$4"4'H,$9+.726,&'A7.99"4'C.&7@2$'>B3%*%$$"&"33%*+"3"A
Case Study of a Stranded Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)
*7?F56@"'8?E:798@5"58@".F67C<EGF96"+E68E
Richard Encomienda & Christorpher Torno

Initial report by First Responder

Around 9:00 AM of September 14, 2004 Ocean Adventure received information by telephone from the office of the SBMA
chairman that the provincial agriculturist of Bataan (Mr. Julito Velasco) asked for help in rescuing three stranded dolphins in
Brgy. Tabing Ilog Samal, Bataan. We immediately called the Provincial Agricultural Officer (PAO) to ask the status of the
dolphins. At that time, the PAO informed us that one dolphin was already dead and the other one swam away. The PAO
gave us the name of our main contact person \46V".67CEC<E:E"4765]
(Mr. Crisostmo Mira) for this stranding who then gave us directions on how to
get to the municipal hall of Samal, Bataan.

Dispatch of Stranding Team

At Ocean Adventure, the Stranding Team was assembled, essential medical supplies and transport equipments prepared
and the Team left for the municipal hall to meet with the local contacts. Along the way, our main contact person reported
that the three dolphins were originally sighted early in the morning by Mr. Jason Lucero, a local young fisherman, swimming
near the fish traps in the shallow waters. Mr. Lucero was said to have driven the three marine mammals into a fish corral
(“baklad”) where the animals got trapped. Mr Lucero was able to capture the dolphins with the help of other fisherfolk.

Arrival on site
The Stranding Team arrived on site two and a half hours later(11:30AM). We saw only one live dolphin, which was being
kept in shallow water in a polluted estuary and being handled by four people (including Mr. Lucero). Because of the
relatively small size of the animal, the Stranding Team estimated the live animal to be a juvenile and suspected that it might
have stranded with its mother. OA veterinarian, Dr. Torno called Mr. Edwyn Alesna of BFAR main office in Quezon City
(who is BFAR's point person on marine wildlife) to inform him of the situation and gained permission to assist in the rescue
efforts.

Crowd control
.EB8?7;E6] and Ms. Nora Medina (Municipal Agricultural Officer), the OA
With the assistance of Mr. Manolito Batan (Barangay councilor)
Stranding Team took over the handling of the animal. The Team attempted to determine the location of the dead dolphin in
order to help determine the species and age of the live animal. One bystander mentioned that it already had been
transported to the province of Bulacan to be sold as meat, and claimed that once a dolphin is dead, it becomes the property
of those who caught it. Dr. Torno explained to the crowd the importance of getting information from the dead specimen. Mr
Batan and Ms Medina volunteered to retrieve the dead animal. After approximately one hour, they returned with not just
one carcass, but two. 88

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)!V

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YP
P,/"'G"7.+9'.U','A9+,$4"4'G2//._/'C.&7@2$'>C-"8D+2&6-52%+2A
Case Study of a Stranded Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus)
0758?5"#V"'CG78EC/"45679;"0V"(;E69C/"58@"(658?7C"'V"45875KE
Bianca G. Espinos, Mariel B. Flores and Francis Maniago

Initial report and information gathering

On June 20, 2008, at approximately 10:30 am, Ocean Adventure received a call from Mr. Ronaldo Bernandino
that a dolphin had stranded within the jurisdiction of Malolos City, Bulacan. Mr. Bernandino, an Aquaculturist II
officer of the Provincial Agriculturist Office of Bulacan, had recently attended the Cetacean Stranding Response
Workshop in February of this year and received training as a First Responder. As such, he was critical in
ensuring that the dolphin was handled with as little stress as possible. He also coordinated and mobilized the
various local government units and became the vital link between the stranding site and the Ocean Adventure
Stranding Team.

Mr. Bernandino's description identified the dolphin as a Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus). The dolphin was
reportedly found in the shallow waters of a local oyster farm or “talabahan” by some local fishermen. Attempts
were made to push her back into deeper water, but the dolphin returned to shore. The provincial DENR-
CENRO office was contacted at that time, and the dolphin was “dragged” to the nearest fish port in Baranggay
Pamarawan.

First Responders and crowd control

The animal appeared weak and needed some help to hold herself upright, so Mr. Bernandino elicited the
support of local fishermen to assist. These people became part of the First Responders team. Length and
girth measurements were provided to OA, which helped in preparing specific equipment for the rescue
response.

The volunteers were very eager and proud to help, and a large crowd quickly gathered around the dolphin. Mr.
Bernandino and the LGU officials set up a rope about 5 meters around the animal to keep the crowd contained.
Although the waters surrounding the fish port were busy and quite polluted, the stranding site was very
accessible and provided an acceptable short term location to stabilize and assess the animal's condition.

Dispatch of Stranding Team

Meanwhile, the OA Stranding Team was split into 3 groups, each with its own specific task. The advance party
consisted of 2 marine mammal care specialists and the resident marine mammal veterinarian. They left
immediately to assess the situation, coordinate with the LGU, and provide medical first aid to the stranded
dolphin. The second group consisting of experienced animal transport staff prepared all the necessary
transport equipment and then proceeded to the site. The third group remained at Ocean Adventure and
prepared the rehabilitation facility and served as the first shift to care for the dolphin through the night.

Arrival on site and decision-making

When the Standing Team arrived at the site, the situation was secure and the dolphin in stable condition. The
First Responders did their job well! The animal was emaciated and lethargic when it was initially examined by
the veterinarian, Dr. Mariel Flores. There were old white scars around the body which were typical of the
species. A small half-circular wound was seen on its belly, likely from a cookie-cutter shark bite. A blood
sample was taken for diagnostic purposes. City veterinarian Dr. Jeorge Crisostomo observed the medical
procedures so he could be exposed to such an experience. Initial treatment consisted of injections of
corticosteroids and antibiotics.

YY
90
TheThe Stranding
Stranding Team
Team then
then assessed
assessed thethe condition
condition of of
thethe animal,
animal, andand
thethe environmental
environmental conditions
conditions of of
thethe stranding
stranding
site
site andand it was
it was decided
decided to to transport
transport Rissa
Rissa to to Ocean
Ocean Adventure
Adventure forfor rehabilitation.
rehabilitation.

While
While everyone
everyone waited
waited forfor
thethe transport
transport team
team to to arrive,
arrive, anan impromptu
impromptu community
community education
education process
process unfolded.The
unfolded. The
GMA
GMA news
news network
network sent
sent a crew
a crew to to explore
explore thethe story
story which
which provided
provided thethe opportunity
opportunity to to publicize
publicize thethe issue
issue of of stranded
stranded
dolphins
dolphins to to
thethe entire
entire country.That
country. That night
night thethe story
story of of Rissa
Rissa appeared
appeared ononthethe early
early evening
evening news.
news.

Transport
Transport toto thethe rehabilitation
rehabilitation facility
facility at at Ocean
Ocean Adventure
Adventure
ByBy
thethe time
time thethe transport
transport team
team arrived,
arrived, thethe crowd
crowd hadhad grown.The
grown. The first
first step
step waswas
to to
fill fill
thethe dolphin
dolphin transport
transport boxbox with
with
water.This
water. This took
took more
more than
than anan hour,
hour, asas there
there waswasnono available
available hose
hose andand water
water hadhadto to bebe brought
brought pail
pail byby pail.It was
pail. It was
laborious
laborious and and frustrating.Finally
frustrating. Finally a local
a local police
police officer
officer suggested
suggested bringing
bringing in in a fire
a fire truck
truck to to
fill fill
thethe box.It was
box. It was a great
a great
idea
idea andand illustrated
illustrated thethe level
level of of support
support of of
thethe LGU.
LGU.

ToTo transport
transport Rissa,
Rissa, sheshe
hadhadto to
bebe lifted
lifted and
and placed
placed in in a stretcher,
a stretcher, thenthen carried
carried to to
thethe truck,
truck, andand then
then thethe stretcher
stretcher
lowered
lowered into
into thethe transport
transport box.AllAll
box. volunteers
volunteers andandLGU LGU officers
officers were
were briefed
briefed ononhowhowto to move
move a dolphin.Rissa
a dolphin. Rissa waswas
given
given anan injection
injection of of Diazepam
Diazepam to to reduce
reduce stress
stress andand anxiety
anxiety during
during thethe transport.She
transport. Shewaswas then
then carefully
carefully lifted
lifted into
into
thethe stretcher.However,
stretcher. However, whenwhen sheshe was was being
being carried
carried in in
thethe stretcher
stretcher to to
thethe truck,
truck, thethe crowd
crowd became
became very
very excited
excited asas
they
they tried
tried to to
getget a closer
a closer look.It was
look. It was a test
a test of of patience
patience forfor
thethe Stranding
Stranding Team
Team andandthethe LGU
LGU officers.ButBut
officers. it proved
it proved
oneone thing
thing - stranding
- stranding events
events draw
draw large
large crowds
crowds of of interested
interested and
and curious
curious people.AsAs
people. such,
such, theythey
areare opportunities
opportunities to to
educate
educate thethe public,
public, andand gain
gain their
their support
support in in protecting
protecting and and saving
saving stranded
stranded marine
marine mammals.
mammals.

Rissa
Rissa waswas safely
safely placed
placed in in
thethe transport
transport box
box andand transported
transported to to Ocean
Ocean Adventure
Adventure viavia truck.LGU
truck. LGU provided
provided a local
a local
police
police carcar escort
escort forfor a substantial
a substantial portion
portion of of
thethe trip.Using
trip. Using back
back roads
roads with
with less
less traffic
traffic made
made thethe
rideride smoother
smoother andand
thethe
triptrip quicker
quicker and
and less
less stressful
stressful forfor
thethe animal.The
animal. The animal's
animal's skin
skin was
was kept
kept moist
moist during
during thethe transport
transport and
and
respirations
respirations recorded
recorded periodically.She
periodically. Shewaswas generally
generally calm
calm andand with
with good
good respirations
respirations during
during thethe transport.At At
transport. 8:00
8:00
pm,pm, after
after a journey
a journey of of nearly
nearly 3 hours,
3 hours, Rissa
Rissa arrived
arrived safely
safely at at Ocean
Ocean Adventure.
Adventure.

Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation effort
effort
Upon
Upon Rissa's
Rissa's arrival
arrival at at
thethe quarantine
quarantine area
area adjacent
adjacent to to
OA,OA, a large
a large inflatable
inflatable pool
pool was
was already
already filled
filled with
with sea
sea water
water
and
and would
would serve
serve asasherher rehabilitation
rehabilitation pool
pool forfor
thethe next
next 8 days.Once
8 days. Oncesheshe was
was stabilized
stabilized in in
thethe pool,
pool, water
water with
with
dextrose
dextrose solution
solution was
was administered
administered through
through intubation
intubation to to address
address dehydration
dehydration and
and emaciation.A 24-hour
emaciation. A 24-hour watch
watch
was
was already
already organized.
organized.

ForFor
thethe
nextnext 8 days,
8 days, Rissa
Rissa livedlivedin in
thethe inflatable
inflatable rehabilitation
rehabilitation pool.pool.Good
Good water
water quality
quality waswas maintained
maintained byby pumping
pumping
water
water directly
directly from fromthethebaybay
and and then
then creating
creating water
water circulation
circulation through
through a continuous
a continuous water
water inflow
inflow andand outflow.
outflow.
Vacuum
Vacuum sweeping
sweeping waswas done
done daily
daily to to remove
remove feces
feces andand fish
fish particles
particles from
from thethe water.Since
water. Sincethethe rehabilitation
rehabilitation area
area is is
also
also a quarantine
a quarantine area,
area, thethepool pool perimeter
perimeter was was cordoned
cordoned offoff
and and entry
entry restricted
restricted to to animal
animal care
care staff
staff andand volunteers
volunteers
onon each
each shift.A disinfection
shift. A disinfection tubtub with
with Virkon
Virkon solution
solution bath
bath waswas prepared
prepared and and everyone
everyone leaving
leaving thethe quarantine
quarantine area
area
was required to immerse in the bath first. This practice was strictly adhered to
was required to immerse in the bath first. This practice was strictly adhered to in order to eliminate the risk of anyin order to eliminate the risk of any
disease
disease transfer
transfer from
from thethe rehabilitation
rehabilitation sitesite
to to other
other areas
areas of of
thethe park,
park, or or
to to resident
resident animals. Rissa
animals. Rissa required
required 2424
hour
hour a day
a day monitoring
monitoring andandcare.care.A lighting
A lighting system
system was
was setsetupup forfor
thethe night
night shift.A small
shift. A small shelter
shelter forfor
thethe staff
staff waswas
provided
provided withwith electricity
electricity forfor lighting,
lighting, simple
simple cooking,
cooking, andand communication
communication needs.Each
needs. Each shift
shift hadhadanan experienced
experienced
animal
animal carecare person
person in in charge.Volunteers
charge. Volunteers fromfromOAOA asaswellwell
asas local
local residents
residents provided
provided thethe manpower
manpower in in 8 hour
8 hour
shifts.Tasks
shifts. Taskswerewere assigned
assigned to to each
each individual.Pool
individual. Pool cleaning,
cleaning, physical
physical support
support to to
thethe animal,
animal, record
record keeping,
keeping,
animal
animal restraint,
restraint, andand constant
constant monitoring
monitoring werewerethethe major
major duties
duties carried
carried outoutbyby members
members of of
thethe rehabilitation
rehabilitation team.
team.

X__
9191
Medical Management
Rissa was estimated to weigh about 275 kg upon arrival at the rehabilitation site. It was apparent that the animal
had not eaten for some time prior to stranding. The dipping epaxial muscles and the peanut-shaped head were
indications of emaciation. Therefore, getting food to the animal was imperative. When offered fish during the first
day of rehabilitation, the animal did not eat at all. Different species of fish and squid were offered and attempts
made to gently force food into her without success. Rissa did not eat anything voluntarily for the entire 8 days.
Observation of clinical signs, physical examination and blood results indicated a combination of interrelated health
problems. These issues were diagnosed and addressed in the following ways during the rehabilitation attempt.

Emaciation, Malnutrition, and Dehydration

On the advice of the OA consulting veterinarian, a diet was established for the animal that was designed to get as
much nutrition to the animal as she could handle, both in quantity and quality. Because she would not eat
voluntarily, up to 1.5 kilograms of fish was delivered to her through force-feeding 3 times a day (see Chapter 8 for
detailed description of force-feeding method). Considering her size, it required 6 experienced staff to do the
involuntary procedure. Her jaws were carefully forced open with towels. Individual fish were slipped into her mouth
and pushed far enough down her throat to insure that each was swallowed.

The force feeding was conducted with minimal stress to the animal. However, by the fifth day she began to vomit
shortly after the feeds. It was then decided to go to intubation with fish gruel to aid in easy digestion and to increase
the feeds to 4 per day. The gruel consisted of fish and water put in a blender and then nutritional supplements
added including multivitamins formulated for marine mammals with extra Vitamin B-complex, Vitamin E, Selenium
and Iron. Physical restraint for this procedure was the same as force-feeding, except that a tube was inserted
through the mouth to the stomach. The drugs and gruel were then poured into a funnel on the other end of the tube.
Because of the potential risk of inserting the tube into the trachea instead of the esophagus, only highly experienced
animal care staff performed the procedure. Although this was also achieved with minimal stress, she would still
vomit the gruel periodically. On a positive note, the dehydration was corrected with the intubation of water and gruel
and the early attempts to force-feed with whole fish.

Rissa was able to stay afloat on her own throughout, although she was moving minimally. It was noted after a few
days of inactivity that her peduncle was bending to the left and it appeared she could not straighten it out. Physical
therapy was then initiated to prevent permanent damage to the area that may result in scoliosis.

Possible obstruction
On the third day of rehabilitation, Rissa vomited a couple pieces of plastic. With the possibility of an obstruction in
the stomach being the cause of her condition, it was decided to induce vomiting once by intubating a large amount
of water into her stomach. Only a few tidbits of trash came out. On subsequent days when she vomited on her own,
no further trash was seen. It was still suspected that there may be an obstruction, therefore plans were made to
introduce an endoscope into the stomach and retrieve the obstructing materials with graspers when the animal's
condition stabilized. Sadly, her condition continued to decline and she died before an endoscopy could be
conducted.

Blood loss anemia

With regular diagnostic testing of the animal's blood, it was determined that she was continuing to lose blood,
although it was difficult to pinpoint the cause. Fecal and gastric samples revealed red blood cells in the
gastrointestinal tract, which is not normal. On Day 3 the animal was given Yunnan Paiyao to stop the bleeding (a
Chinese herbal medicine proven to be effective in controlling bleeding) and iron supplements to address the anemia.
Yunan Paiyao has been used successfully with marine mammals by many facilities, and in this difficult case it was
fairly effective.

X_X 92
Inflammation
A severe and likely generalized inflammation was indicated by a blood test called erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR). Along with the clinical signs and plastics vomited, it was suspected that the inflammation was gastrointestinal
in origin. Sucralfate was given as a protectant to the gastrointestinal lining.

Bacterial and fungal infection

An increased white blood cell count indicated a bacterial infection. With the administration of antibiotics, the white
blood cell count came down indicating that the infection was being controlled. Fecal and gastric samples revealed
yeast and fungus present. Therefore, an antifungal was added to the treatment regimen.

Pneumonia
In the last few days of rehabilitation, abnormal breath sounds were heard and a foul smell from the blow hole during
exhale was noted, indicating the onset of pneumonia. This is a common secondary condition developed in critically ill
cetaceans whose immune systems have been compromised. The animal was already on antibiotics so there was little
more that could be done to address the worsening condition.

Elevated liver enymes

Elevated liver enzymes in the animal's blood profile indicated a problem of unknown origin. The Vitamin B-complex
supplementation was added to the gruel to address this.

As the animal's condition declined in the latter part of the rehabilitation process, serious consideration was given to
euthanasia. After much discussion, the decision was made to put an end to her suffering. The animal died before
euthanasia could be carried out.

Necropsy results
A complete necropsy was immediately conducted, which confirmed our suspicion of gastric impaction. The normal
passage of food was stopped by the large amount of trash obstructing the first stomach. Approximately 2 kilograms of
different types of plastics and other organic materials were found in her stomach. The cause of the blood loss
diagnosed and treated during the rehabilitation effort was found to be ulcerations on the stomach lining caused by the
impacted trash. The bleeding was likely controlled by the treatment but the animal was unable to recover from the
severe anemia which can starve different organs of oxygen and eventually cause death.

Conclusions
The message from the dead is a sobering one. Dolphins and other marine animals mistake plastics for food. Plastics
do not break down, are not digested, and will eventually cause death. Rissa's suffering and ultimate death was the
direct result of human behavior. It was a death that was preventable.

Plastic found
inside Rissa’s
stomach

4."19@9C:5

9ROXQWHHUVNHHS5LVVDDàRDW
Volunteers keep Rissa afloat. 3ODVWLFIRXQGLQVLGH5LVVD›VVWRPDFK

93

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X_O
 to a stranding. For instance, local fisherfolk in some areas believe that it is their right to eat the meat of the stranded
animal. They argue that the idea of rescuing the individual is a waste of time, effort, and money. On the opposite
side, other community members choose to save the life of the stranded individual, or properly dispose of the carcass

Chapter 10
if the animal dies. These same people recognize that a stranding effort requires significant resources, but consider it
a worthwhile investment. The trend is that those who have had at least a secondary school education may be more
likely to support intervention as opposed to slaughter.

Direct experience with cetaceans also influences the way stranding events are perceived. People living in coastal
communities are more likely to be familiar with cetaceans and/or dugongs, and to have experienced a stranding at
some time, especially in areas where stranding events occur more than once. Historically, whales and dolphins

Managing Community Response

have been hunted for food and trade and caught opportunistically as by-catch. Some fishermen also regard them as
competition for the limited resources of the sea, or as pests that sometimes damage their fishing nets and steal their

to Stranding
fish (referred to as 'depredation'). With experiences like this, fisherfolk may take retaliatory action towards a dolphin
or whale they encounter.
I'1,%'!DJ0DG&#<*,'$KDV*&'',DM0DF*!!*$+*KD#,-DL8+#'!#DN0DI'-'$1#:R&'5*!
)DFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJSXEOLFDWWLWXGHV
Still, there are those members of the community
!"C<658@9@":56789":5::5;"7C"5"T7K"9A98<"78"58D"
who view these animals with interest and
?E5C<5;"?E::B87<D"78"<F9"3F7;7GG789CV""-B?F"58"
curiosity. Whales and dolphins are charismatic
9A98<"E=<98"5<<65?<C":58D"CG9?<5<E6C"<F5<"?58"T9"
animals who garner empathy from a substantial
58"7CCB9"=E6"69CGE8@96C"58@"C<658@9@"587:5;C"
segment of the general public. This emotional
DOLNH7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOIDFWRUVWKDWLQÀXHQFHWKH
attachment to cetaceans, and the inherent drive to
GBT;7?`C"5<<7<B@9C"<EW56@C"5"C<658@78K"C7<B5<7E8V""
help another living being, is among the primary
%<"7C"58"9A98<"WF969"@7==9698</"58@"CE:9<7:9C"
reasons stranding events attract such large
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crowds, and the heated debates that sometimes
OHYHOLVRQHIDFWRUWKDWPD\LQÀXHQFHKRZDQ
accompany such events.
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XX_
 Chapter 11

Relevant Philippine Laws and International

Agreements Regarding Marine Mammals
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95

XXi
Websites:

British Divers Marine Life Rescue: www.bdmlr.org.uk

Environmental Investigation Agency: www.eia-international.org
Marine Animal Lifeline: www.stranding.org
Marine Animal Rescue Society (MARS): www.marineanimalrescue.org
Marine Animal Rescue and Research in Australia: www.orrca.org.au
Marine Mammal Stranding Center: www.marinemammalstrandingcenter.org
Philippine Geography: indexmundi.com/philippines/coastline.html
Project Noah, New Zealand: www.whalerescue.co.nz
Sea World Busch Gardens Conservation Fund: www.swbg_conservationfund.org
Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service: www.parks.tas.gov.au
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, Australia: www.wdcs.org.au

H@.9.'P.$9+2I%9.+/i
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Lemnuel V. Aragones, Micaela C. Ledesma, Amelie Vongaertner, Ronaldo Bernardino, Ming-Chang

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Photo references

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Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organization: http://www.bahamaswhales.org/

';C5"25<B69".E8C96A58?De"F<<GeffWWWV9;C598?V89<f78@9Mv9VF<:
Elsa Nature Conservancy: http://www.elsaenc.net/index_e.htm
Greenpeace: www.greenpeace.org
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Instructional Technology: http://itech.pjc.edu/index.htm
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National Institute for Polar Research: http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp
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NOAA Marine Operations: http://www.moc.noaa.gov/
-5A9"<F9"+57W58",B:GT5?U"&E;GF78e"F<<Geff<57W58EBC5VT;EKCGE<V?E:
Northeast fisheries Science Center: http://nefsc.noaa.gov/
-5A9"<F9"JF5;9C"!K578e"WWWVC5A9<F9WF5;9C5K578V?E:
Reef Teach: http://www.reefteach.com.au/
>E;BC75".EB8<D"#EA968:98<e"WWWVAE;BC75VEK
Save the Taiwan Humpback Dolphin: http://taiwansousa.blogspot.com
JEE@C",E;9")?958EK65GF7?"%8C<7<B<7E8e"WWWVWFE7V9@B
Save the Whales Again: www.savethewhalesagain.com
F<<GeffC7<9CVC?658V5?VBUfAED5K9vE=v<F9vC?E<75fC?E<75fAC__OS_igVF<:
Southwest Fisheries Science Center: NOAA Fisheries Service: http://swfsc.noaa.gov/
KWWSZZZIUHHZHEVFRPFHWDFHDQVFHWDFHDQSUR¿OHVKWP
Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network: www.tmmsn.org
F<<GeffCW=C?V8E55VKEAf89WCV5CGMm7@tXPOQO
Volusia County Government: www.volusia.org
F<<GeffWWWV:6W5;;G5G96V?E:f-G96:SJF5;9SW5;;G5G96f
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: www.whoi.edu
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http://sites.scran.ac.uk/voyage_of_the_scotia/scotia/vs004-076.htm
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http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceans/cetaceanprofiles.htm
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 *77"$42c'*

STRANDING RESPONSE REPORT FORM

CODE NUMBER
COMMON NAME: GENUS: SPECIES:
CALL RECEIVED BY: Affiliation:
TEAM LEADER Contact nos:
A. LOCAL CONTACT INFO B. STRANDING SITE ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTION
Date of Stranding: Time of stranding: Region Province City/Municipality
Name of Contact: Address
Tel. Numbers: Weather condition
Water condition
Observations of local contact:
Approximate size of animal (meters): Stranding site accessible by road? yes no

First observed: beach/land floating swimming Type of beach: sand silt mangrove rock
Animal condition live fresh dead decomposing Animal Location:
on the beach in the water direct sunlight under shade
C. OCCURRENCE DETAILS D. STRANDING RESULT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY?
single stranding cow and calf yes no not determined
If yes, check one or more
mass stranding how many? boat collision shot fishery interaction
Other:

E. CONDITION UPON EXAM BY STRANDING TEAM

Time of arrival of stranding team:
alive fresh dead moderate decomposition advance decomposition mummified/skelatal

Comments:

F. MORPHOLOGICAL DATA G. ANIMAL DISPOSITION

Sex: Age Class: left at site transferred for rehabilitation
male adult unknown release at site Date:
female subadult relocated and released Facility:
unknown calf disentangled and released Other:
died
Straight Length (meters): actual estimated euthanized
Weight (kilograms): actual estimated Assessment of the animal (check one or more )
sick abandoned/orphaned
Photos or videos taken yes no injured unknown
Who has the photos/videos? deemed healthy Other:

H. STATUS OF CARCASS I. NECROPSY DONE?

left at site yes no
buried Location: If yes…
towed/sunk Location: Date: Place:
frozen Location: Necropsied by:
educational/scientific collection ( print name)
Other: Tissue samples collected? yes no
Where are the samples stored:

Please scan and email the form to lemaragones@gmail.com, lemdva2001@yahoo.com, and strandings@oceanadventure.com.ph.

XXY
 *77"$42c'5

STRANDING RESPONSE REPORT FORM

CODE NUMBER Sa01m
COMMON NAME: Pantropical Spotted Dolphin GENUS: Stenella SPECIES: attenuata
CALL RECEIVED BY: Dr. Christopher Torno CONTACT NOS. 047-252-9000
TEAM LEADER Wayne F. Phillips AFFILIATION: Ocean Adventure

A.LOCAL CONTACT INFO B. STRANDING SITE ADDRESS AND DESCRIPTION

Date of Stranding: 09-14-2004 Time of stranding: 5:00 AM Region 3 Province Bataan City/Municipality Samal
Name of Local Contact: Julito Velasco Tel. Number: 047-7914839 Brgy. Tabing Ilog Address Estuary
Address: Bataan Provincial Agriculturists office Type of beach: Sand X Silt Mangrove Rock
Observations of local contact: Weather condition Sunny Surf/beach condition Calm
Approximate size of animal: None (meters) Stranding site accesible by road? X Yes No
First observed: Beach/Land Floating X Swimming Animal Location:
Animal condition X Live Fresh dead Decomposing Sun X Direct sunlight Surf X In the surf Beach On sand
Shade Above the surf On rock
C. OCCURRENCE DETAILS D. IS THE STRANDING POSSIBLY CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY?
Single stranding cow and calf X Yes No Not Sure
If Yes, Check one or more
X Mass stranding How many? 3 Boat collision Shot X Fishery interaction
Other:

E. CONDITION UPON INSPECTION OF THE STRANDING TEAM Time of arrival of stranding team: 11:30 AM 09-14-04
X 1. Alive 2. Fresh dead 3. Moderate decomposition 4. Advance decomposition 5. Mummified/Skelatal

Comments: There were two other dolphins which were already dead upon arrival of the stranding team

F. LIVE ANIMAL DISPOSITION (check one or more) G. MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

Left at Site X Transferred for Rehabilitation SEX (check one) AGE CLASS (check one)
Release at Site Date: 09-14-04 X 1. Male 1. Adult 3. Pup/Calf
Relocated and ReLeased Facility: Ocean Adventure 2. Female X 2. Subadult 4. Unknown
Disentangled Other: 3. Unknown
Died
Euthanized Straight Length: 150 X cm in actual estimated
Assessment of the animal ( check one or more) Weight: 32 X kgs lbs actual estimated
Sick X Unknown
Injured Other: PHOTOS/VIDEOS TAKEN X Yes No
Deemed Healthy
Abandoned/Orphaned Who has the photos/videos? Ocean Adventure Animal Care Laboratory

H. WHOLE CARCASS STATUS (check one or more)

Left on site Buried (location:) Towed/Sunk at: Frozen for Later Exam
Scientific collection ( where?) Educational collection ( where?) Other:
Necropsied? Yes No
Tissue sample collected? Yes No Where are the samples stored?
Date necropsied Place: Necropsied By:
For results see Necropsy Form (Print Name)

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 *77"$42c'P

Page 1

Necropsy Report

Common Name: _____________________________ Scientific Name: __________________________

Given Name/ID: _________________________ Age (calf, subadult, adult): _____________ Sex: _______
Date/Time of Death: ______________________ Date/Time of necropsy: _________________________
Place of Necropsy: _____________________

I. Clinical History:

II. Condition of the carcass:

(1) Carcass condition: _____________________
(2) PM-changes: _____________________
(3) Nutritional state: _____________________
III. Morphometric Measurements:

1. Snout to notch of fluke _______________

2. Snout to tip of dorsal fin _______________
3. Snout to insertion of flipper ______________
4. Snout to ear ______________
5. Snout to center of blowhole _______________
6. Snout to center of eye ______________
7. Snout to gape ______________
8. Snout to base of beak _______________
9. Projection on lower or upper jaw _______________
10. Girth behind flipper _______________
11. Maximum girth _______________
12. Distance from snout _______________
13. Anterior length of flipper _______________
14. Axillary length of flipper _______________
15. Maximum width of flipper _______________
16. Length of base of dorsal fin _______________
17. Height of dorsal fin _______________
18. Span of fluke _______________
19. Width of fluke _______________
20. Notch of fluke to umbilicus _______________
21. Notch of fluke to genital aperture ______________
22. Notch of fluke to anus _______________
23. Snout to anterior end of throat grooves _______________
24. Length of throat grooves _______________
25. Weight _______________

IV. Description of examination of tissues:

A. Skin:

B. Orifices and dentition:

C. Blubber and Musculoskeletal:

X^X
 Page 2

D. Abdominal cavity:

Stomach

Intestines

Liver

Pancreas

Spleen

Kidneys

Reproductive Organs

Lymph Nodes

Adrenal Glands

Others

E. Thoracic cavity:

Esophagus

Lungs and Trachea

Heart

Thyroid

Lymph Nodes

Others

F. Central Nervous System:

V. Samples collected & Results: 4

A. Cytology 5

B. Bacteriology:

C. Histopathology:

VI. Major Macroscopic Findings:

VII. Possible cause of death:

VIII. Carcass Disposition:

Report written by: ____________________________________

X^^
 *77"$42c'C

S.O.A.P. FORM

Date:
Animal Name: Animal ID #:
Staff Name: Veterinarian:

SUBJECTIVE OBSERVATION
APPETITE:
BEHAVIOR:
ATTITUDE/AFFECT:
ACTIVITY:
OTHER:

OBJECTIVE INFORMATION
Proposed Diet:
Actual intake:
TYPES of fish:
DATE/TIME OF LAST FEED:
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS/CHANGES:
WATER TEMPERATURE:
CURRENT TREATMENT:
PREVIOUS TREATMENT:
PHYSICAL ANOMALIES:
INJURIES:
WEIGHT:
OTHERS:

ASSESSMENT
SUMMARY:
DIAGNOSTICS:
WHAT IS BETTER:
WHAT IS WORSE:
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
OTHERS:
ATTACHMENTS:

PLAN
VETERINARIAN’S comments, interpretations and recommendations
VETERINARIAN:
DIAGNOSTIC INFOMATION INTERPRETATION:
RECOMMENDED ACTIONS:
NEXT DIAGNOSTICS:
OTHER:

MANAGEMENT PLAN:
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN:
NEXT DIAGNOSTIC SCHEDULE:
DIETARY ISSUES:
OTHER:

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Decision to Rehabilitate

1. Obtain diagnostic samples

2. Address hydration and/or
3. Prophylactic treatment


Animal shows Postpone transport

Transport needed? signs of distress? (or proceed under sedation)






Stabilize animal’s
Proceed with
buoyancy and respiration
transport

Reassess treatment

Prognosis Euthanize
(based on diagnostic results and clinical condition)




Continue rehabilitation
(treatment, hydration, nutrition, diagnostics, & competency in water)



Improving over time?




Clinical condition and/or

diagnostic results normalizing? 




Long-term holding facility
Fits criteria for release? available?




Release to appropriate site Transfer to Long-term

holding facility

Note: This flowchart serves as a general guideline ONLY. Availability of resources, environmental conditions, and
human safety should be put into consideration in all decision making.

X^R
 *77"$42c'1

MARINE MAMMAL STRANDING RESPONSE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

The following is a comprehensive list of items that are important for any marine mammal
stranding response. It is highly recommended that these items and equipment be
assembled and maintained in a safe and convenient location, so that they can be easily
accessed and carried with the Stranding Team on every stranding response. With this
medical kit the Stranding Team and veterinarian or other medical personnel have the
ability to stabilize the animal, conduct a physical examination, collect biological samples
and related data, administer medication and supportive therapy, and conduct a necropsy.

GENERAL

Stranding forms – Stranding Report Form, Necropsy Form

2-3 buckets and scoop (for pouring water on animal)

Zinc oxide to protect skin (from rash and sunburn)

3-4 Towels of various sizes

Tarp or other large item to provide shade

Flashlight

Camera

Resealable plastic bags (ex. Ziplock ® )

Trash bags

Rope

Cordon

Soap and cleaning materials

Disinfectant (ex. chlorine bleach)

DATA / INFORMATION COLLECTION AND MONITORING

Measuring tape

Ruler

Data sheets or observation logs

Clipboard

Pens/pencils

Permanent markers

Watch/timer

MEDICAL KIT
Physical Examination:

Stethoscope

Examination gloves

Face mask

Gauze pads

Isopropyl alcohol

Povidone iodine

Sample collection:

Butterfly blood collection sets or syringes with appropriate needles, such as 23Gx

needle

Blood collection containers - Red top Vacutainers ® (no additive) 3-10 mL,
Purple top Vacutainer ® (EDTA) 2 mL, Blue top Vacutainer ® (Buffered Na.
Citrate) 2.7 mL

Sample containers (screw cap bottles or film canisters) for feces, gastric,
respiratory, urine, and other biological samples

X^g

Thumb forceps or wooden stick applicators to pick up samples

Ice-chest with ice for transporting samples

Container for used needles and trash bags designated for biological waste

Medication:

Broad spectrum antibiotics preferably with preparations that can be given orally
and injected intramuscularly (ex. Amoxicillin 5-10 mg/kg IM or PO BID,
Enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg IM or PO BID

Diazepam as sedative (is sedative the right term to use??) prior to transport (this
needs a special prescription to procure). – I think this statement can be
improved, or put in a different section where it can be explained more thoroughly

Emergency medicines (ex. Epinephrine, corticosteroids)

18-21 G x 1
” needles (use spinal needles for larger animals) – what is this
needle used for?

3, 5, 10 and 15 mL syringes for IM injection

Necropsy:

Knives

Forceps

Scalpel handle with blade

Saw (for bones)

Containers for tissue samples

10% Formalin solution

how about surgical scissors?

HANDLING AND TRANSPORT

STRETCHER for handling and short moves - appropriate material for safely
lifting and carrying the animal - strong towels, canvas, tarp, woven mat, etc.

STRETCHER for long moves (transport) - pre-made stretcher with sleeves

mattresses

large towels

water barrels, buckets, sprayers, and scoops

Poles for stretcher – metal, heavy bamboo, heavy plastic, etc.

straps or ropes to make slings or bridles for lifting and for rigging

Fabricated transport box (if a wet transport) to place stretcher inside

ice(if available)

transport vehicle (bed long enough to handle length of animal or transport box)

STRANDING TEAM MEMBER or VOLUNTEER GRAB BAG

water

hat

sunscreen

insect repellant

towel

change of clothes

wetsuit

cell phone

snacks

wind breaker and/or rain gear

money

X^i
 *77"$42c'e

List of Acronyms

BFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

CMS – Convention on Migratory Species
CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora
DA – Department of Agriculture
DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources
EFR – Emergency First Response
FARMCs – Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils
IESM – Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology
LGUs – Local Government Units
NGOs – Non Governmental Organizations
OA – Ocean Adventure
PAWB – Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
PMMSN – Philippine Marine Mammal Stranding Network
SBMA – Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
SBMEI – Subic Bay Marine Exploratorium Inc
SOAP – Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan
SWBG – SeaWorld Busch Gardens
ST – Stranding Team
UNEP – United Nations Environment Program
UP – University of the Philippines
WIN – Wildlife In Need

X^P
Glossary
1&.//,+K'.U'F"+#/
A
Anterior – Refers to the areas on or toward the front part of the body.

B
Baleen – The keratinous comb-like plates suspended from the upper jaws of the
mysticete or baleen whales, used to filter and trap prey inside the mouth.
Beak – The forward-projecting jaws of certain toothed cetaceans, or rostrum.
Beaked whales – Refers to the group of elusive toothed whales with elongated beaks
and only one or two pairs of teeth, which erupt like tusks in males of the species.
Biodiversity – Refers to the variety of in this planet.
Blackfish – A colloquial term referring to pilot whales, False Killer Whale, Pygmy
Killer Whale and Melon-headed Whale.
Blowhole – The nostril or respiratory opening of cetaceans at the top of their head,
which leads directly into the lungs.
Blubber – The layer of fatty tissue beneath the skin of marine mammals that
functions as an insulator.
Breach – The behavior of a cetacean in which the animal leaps out of the water and
reenters on its side or back, creating a large splash.
Bycatch – Non-target organisms that have been caught accidentally in fishing
operations.

C
Calf – An infant cetacean, walrus or sirenian that is still dependent on its mother.
Cetacean – A marine mammal in the order Cetacea, which includes whales,
dolphins and porpoises.
Cookie-cutter shark – A small tropical shark with suction-like lips that attach to
cetaceans, resulting in bite wounds that appear round with radiating groove patterns.
Countershading – A color pattern wherein the dorsal side of the animal is darker than
the ventral side, providing a form of camouflage.
Cow – A female whale, seal or sirenian, especially referring to an adult female
accompanied by a calf.

D
Delphinid – A species of cetacean in the family Delphinidae or the toothed whales.
Dimorphism – The occurrence of two distinct morphological forms (body shape, size,
color) within a single population.
Distribution – The range of a species or population wherein they occur.
Dolphin – The term applied to small toothed cetaceans with conical teeth.
Dorsal – Referring to the upper surface of the back or other body parts.
Dorsal fin – The fin along the midline of the back of a cetacean.
Drive fishery – A style of fishing in which speedboats are used to corral a school of
dolphins into a bay or shallow water.
Dugong – A strictly marine, herbivorous mammal foraging at the bottom, primarily on
seagrass, belonging to the order Sirenia and the only species left in its family.

E
Echolocation – The production of high frequency sound waves and reception of
echoes used to locate objects and identify the surrounding environment, or sonar.
Ecosystem – A biological community and its environment, functioning as a unit in
nature.
Endothermic – Referring to an animal that produces its own body heat for
thermoregulation, or warm-blooded.
Extinction – The disappearance of a population, species or higher taxonomic group.
X^Y
Extralimital – Outside the normal range of the species or a population.

F
Filter feeding – The method by which baleen whales trap prey inside their mouth by
straining seawater through their baleen.
Flipper – The paddle-like limbs of a marine mammal.
Fluke – A cetacean’s tail.

G
Gape – Refers to the junction of the upper and lower lips.
Gastric – Relating to or located in the stomach.
Gestation – The process of carrying the fetus in the uterus from conception to birth.

H
Habitat – The natural environment or home of any organism.

I
Incidental – Refers to any accidental or unintentional capture of non-target animals.
Inshore – Near the shore.

J
Juvenile – Immature or pre-adult individuals, specifically weaned individuals that are
not sexually mature.

K
Krill – Small, shrimp-like marine animals, serving as the primary food source of
baleen whales.

L
Lactation – The production of milk by female mammals to nurse their young.
Lobtailing – When a whale or dolphin slaps the water surface with its fluke, usually
repeatedly.

M
Mass stranding – The simultaneous stranding of 2 or more cetaceans other than a
mother and her calf.
Melon – The fatty tissue that form the “forehead” of a cetacean, thought to play an
important role in echolocation.
Mesopelagic – Living in the middle of the water column.
Migration – The process of seasonal movement of individuals or populations
between different geographic locations, often between breeding and feeding sites.
Morphology – Refers to the form or physical appearance of an organism.
Mysticete – Whale species belonging to the suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales).

N
Neonate – A newborn.
Nocturnal – Active at night, while resting during the day.
Non-target species – Marine species caught by fisheries, but is not the primary focus
of the activity.

O
Oceanic – Refers to the open sea, or in deep water off the continental shelf.
Odontocete – Dolphin and whale species belonging to the suborder Odontoceti
(toothed whales).
Offshore – Away from the coast, or pelagic.
XQ_
Opportunistic – Describes animals that take advantage of whatever prey is available.
Order – The taxon that is a subset of a class and contains one of more families.
Otariid - Pinniped species belonging to the family Otariidae, consisting of eared seals
(sea lions and fur seals).

P
Pantropical – Occurring throughout the tropical regions of the world.
Peduncle – The posterior portion of the body bearing the tail, or tail stalk in
cetaceans.
Pelagic – Referring to the open sea.
Phocid– Pinniped species belonging to the family Phocidae, consisting of “true” seals
(“earless” species).
Pinniped – From the Latin word for “wing-footed” or “fin-footed”, and refers to the
group of marine mammal carnivores that have fin-like limbs, including seals, sea
lions and walruses.
Plankton – Minute organisms (plant and animal) that drift passively or swim weakly in
a body of water.
Pod – The social group of cetaceans.
Population – The group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular
area at the same time.
Porpoise – Common name of small cetaceans in the family Phocoenidae, with
spatulate or spade-shaped teeth, rather than conical.
Porpoising – Describes the behavior of leaping partially above the surface of the
water during rapid swimming.
Posterior – Refers to the back part of the body.
Predator – An animal that hunts and kills others animals for food.
Prey – The animal that is hunted and killed by another (predator).
Pup – The unweaned young of a pinniped.

R
Range – The geographic area used by a species.
Rorqual – Any of six species of baleen whale belonging to the family
Balaenopteridae, characterized by pleats running from the chin to the umbilicus.
Rostrum – The beak-like projection at the front of the head of a cetacean.

S
Sea cow – The common term for the species in the order Sirenia (dugong and
manatee).
Sexual dimorphism – The presence of a physical difference between the male and
female of the same species.
Sexual maturity – The condition in which an individual is physiologically capable of
reproducing.
Sirenian – Member of the mammalian order Sirenia (dugong and manatee).
Sonar – see Echolocation.
Species – A subset of a genus, that may contain one or more subspecies.
Spermaceti – The liquid wax found in the spermaceti organ in head of the sperm
whale and a few other species.
Spyhopping – When a cetacean raises or bobs its head vertically out of the water, as
a means of scanning its surroundings.
Stranding – The situation when a marine mammal has run aground in a helpless
situation or has lost the capability to return to its normal habitat. ??

T
Tail stock - Or caudal peduncle, is the part of the body behind the dorsal fin and
anterior to the tail flukes.
XQX
Territory – An area occupied exclusively by an individual or group and defended by
aggressive behavior or displays.
Thermoregulation – The process by which an animal regulates its internal body
temperature.
Threatened – A designation for a species that is in danger of becoming extinct in the
future.

U
Umbilicus – The round scar on the median line of the abdomen where the fetal
umbilical cord was connected.
Upwelling – The process of deep ocean water rising along the continental shelves,
bringing nutrient-rich water to the surface.
Uro-genital area – The portion around and near the anal and genital openings.

V
Ventral – Referring to the lower surface of an animal.
Vertebrae – The bones of the spine or backbone of an animal.
Vestigial – Referring to an anatomical structure that is an artifact, or was more
developed and functional in an earlier form of the animal.
Vibrissae – The sensory hairs on the upper lip of marine mammals (whiskers).
Vocalization – The sound produced by an animal via its vocal apparatus.

W
Weaning – The process by which juvenile animals change from milk to a solid diet,
signifying the end of the lactation period.
Whale – The common term loosely applied for a number of cetaceans, usually large
in size, including all of the baleen species and some of the toothed species.

Z
Zoonosis – The process of disease transfer from animals to humans or vice versa.
Zooplankton – The animal form of plankton.

XQ^