KIET Group of Institutions,

Ghaziabad
Civil Engineering

Internship Report
On
Irrigation and Canal System &
Design of Canal VRB
1July- 31July- 2023

Submitted By:
HRITIK RAJ YADAV
B.tech/Civil(7th Sem)
Class Roll No- 2100290009008
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this golden opportunity to express my kind gratitude and
sincere thanks to my Head of Institution KIET Group of Institutions of
Engineering and Technology and, Head of Department of Civil Engineering for
their kind support and necessary counselling in the making of this project
report. I am also indebted to each and every person responsible for the making
up of this project directly or indirectly.

I must also acknowledge or deep debt of gratitude each one of my colleague

who led this project comes out in the way it is. It’s my hard work and untiring
sincere efforts and mutual cooperation to bring out the project. Last but not the
least I would like to thank my parents for their sound counselling and cheerful
support. They have always inspired us and kept our spiriup.

Hritik Raj Yadav

B.tech/Civil
7th
2100290009008

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 CERTIICATE

This is to certify that the internship project report

entitled "Irrigation And Canal System And Design Of
Canal VRB" submitted by Mr. Hritik Raj Yadav in the
Department of Civil Engineering of KIET Group of
Institutions, Ghaziabad, affiliated to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
India, is a record of candidate summer internship. He
has successfully completed his internship under my
supervision and guidance and is worthy of consideration
for the same.

Signature of Supervisor:
Supervisor’s Name: Professor Siddharth Jain
Date: 26/12/23
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.no. Content Page no.

1. Acknowledgement 2

2. Certificate 3

3. Meaning of Irrigation Canal 5

4. Classification of Irrigation Canal 6-8

5. Design Of Irrigation Canal 9-11

6. Alignment of Irrigation Canal 12-13

7. Full Supply Discharge of Irrigation Canal 14

8. Design Of BCP Canal From Source To End Point 15

9. Design Of VRB(Village Road Bridge) 16

8. Technical learning During Internship 17

9. Conclusion 18

10. Research Paper 19-31

11. Mooc’s Courses 32-33

12. Student’s Daily Diary/Daily Log 34-35

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 Abstract

This project aims to enhance rural livelihoods by implementing a comprehensive

infrastructure development plan that focuses on two critical components: the
establishment of an efficient irrigation and canal system and the design of a
robust village road bridge. The integration of these elements is envisioned to
bring about sustainable economic growth, improved agricultural productivity,

The irrigation and canal system component involves the design and
implementation of an optimized water distribution network to ensure consistent
and reliable water supply to agricultural fields. This system will employ modern
technologies and engineering principles to maximize water efficiency, minimize
wastage, and facilitate precision irrigation practices. By promoting sustainable
water management, the project aims to empower local farmers, enhance
productivity.Simultaneously, the project addresses the vital need for improved
transportation infrastructure within the community by focusing on the design and
construction of a village road bridge. The bridge will be strategically positioned
to connect key areas, facilitating seamless transportation of goods, services, and

The synergy between the irrigation and canal system and the village road bridge
is expected to create a holistic framework for rural develop ment.
 Introduction

In the realm of civil engineering, the efficient utilization of water

resources and the development of robust infrastructure are pivotal
components for sustainable growth. This internship report delves into
the dynamic field of Irrigation and Canal System, with a special focus
on the intricate design aspects of Village Road Bridge (VRB) Canals.
The intersection of these two critical facets of civil engineering forms
the foundation of our exploration.

Irrigation and canal systems play a vital role in ensuring agricultural

productivity and water resource management, contributing
significantly to the socio-economic development of a region. The
report encompasses a comprehensive overview of the principles,
methodologies, and challenges associated with designing and
implementing effective irrigation systems.

Additionally, it delves into the specialized area of Village Road Bridge

canal design, where engineering expertise is harnessed to create
sustainable and resilient solutions for rural connectivity.

The report aims to provide a detailed account of the internship

experience, shedding light on the practical applications of theoretical
knowledge in the context of irrigation systems and the intricacies
involved in designing canals for Village Road Bridges. It explores the
real-world challenges faced during the internship, the methodologies
employed to address them, and the valuable insights gained through
hands-on experience
 Meaning of Irrigation Canal:

An irrigation canal carries water from its source to agricultural fields. Canals
used for transport of goods are known as navigation canals. Power canals are
used to carry water for generation of hydroelectricity.
A feeder canal feeds one or more canals. A link canal links the two canals so
that, if required, water of one canal can be diverted to the other canal through
the link canal. A given canal can serve more than one function.

Based on the nature of source of supply, a canal can be either a permanent or an

inundation canal. A permanent canal has a continuous source of water supply.
Such canals are also called perennial canals.

An inundation canal (or non-perennial canal) draws its supply from a river only
during the high stages of the river. Such canals do not have any head-works for
diversion of river water to the canal, but are provided with a canal head
regulator. An irrigation canal system consists of canals of different sizes and
capacities.
 Classification of Irrigation Canals :-

1- Main canal :

The main canal takes its supplies directly from the river through the head
regulator and acts as a feeder canal supplying water to branch canals and major
distributaries. Usually, direct irrigation is not carried out from the main canal.
The main distribution canal of an irrigation system,it supplies water from a
river, reservoir, or canal to irrigated lands by gravity flow. In drainage, the
main canal is the principal canal of drainage system; it collects water from
the drainage canals and conducts it to the water.

(i)

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 Branch canal:

Branch canal (also called ‘branches’) takes its supplies from the main canal.
Branch canals generally carry a discharge higher than 5 m3/s and act as feeder
canals for major and minor distributaries. Large branches are rarely used for
direct irrigation. However, outlets are provided on smaller branches for direct
irrigation.

Branch canals have discharge in the range of 55-10 cumecs. The branches of the
main canal go in either direction at regular intervals. It offtakes from the main
canal where the head discharge is not more than 14 14-15
15 cumecs. Branch canal
also plays the role of feeder channel for major and minor distributaries.
distributari Branch
canals do not carry out direct irrigation, but they provide direct outlets.

(ii)

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 Major distributary:

Major distributaries (also called distributaries or rajbaha) carry 0.25 to 5 m3/s of

discharge. These distributaries take their supplies generally from the branch
canal and sometimes from the main canal. The major distributaries feed either
watercourses through outlets or minor distributaries.
Canals who offtake from the main canal or branch canal with head discharge
from 0.028 to 15 cumecs are termed as significant distributaries. It takes off
water from branch canals. Sometimes getting supply from the main canal, their
discharge is less than branch canal. These are mostly known as irrigation
channels because of their supply of water to the field directed through outlets.

Minor distributary:
Minor distributaries (also called ‘minors’) are small canals which carry a
discharge less than 0.25 m3/s, and feed the watercourses for irrigation. They
generally take their supplies from major distributaries or branch canals and
rarely from the main canals.
Canals in which discharge ranged from 0.25 up to 3 cumecs are termed as minor
distributors. It offtakes from a major distributary carrying discharge less than
0.25 cumecs are termed as minor distributary.
Sometimes minor distributary gets supply from the branch canals.

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Design of Stable Irrigation Canals:-
Canals:

Irrigation canals generally have alluvial boundaries and carry sediment

sediment-laden
water. A hydraulic engineer is concerned with the ddesign,esign, construction,
operation, maintenance and improvement of irrigation canals. Irrigation canals
should be stable over a period of their life span.

According to Lane, a stable canal is an unlined earth channel Which carries

water, The bed and banks of which
which are not scoured objectionably by the flowing
water, and In which objectionable deposits of sediments do not occur. Sediment
is a loose non-cohesive
cohesive material through which a river or channel flows. In other
words, sediment is the fragmental material transported
transported by, suspended in, or
deposited by water or accumulated in the bed of a river.

This means that silting and scouring in a stable channel should balance each
other over a reasonable period so that the bed and banks of the channel remain
unaltered. The cross-section
section of a stable alluvial channel would depend on the
flow rate, sediment transport rate and the sediment size. Regime methods are
commonly used for the design of alluvial channels carrying sediment-laden
sediment
water.

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(i) Regime Methods:
Regime methods for the design of stable channels were first developed by the
British engineers working for canal irrigation in India in the 19th century. At
that time, the problem of sediment deposition was one of the major problems of
channel design in India.

In order to find a solution for this problem, some of the British engineers
studied the behaviour of such stretches of the existing canals where the bed was
in a state of stable equilibrium. These stable reaches had not required any
sediment clearance for several years of the canal operation. Such channels were
called regime channels.

(ii) Kennedy’s Method:

Kennedy collected data from 22 channels of the Upper Bari Doab canal system
in Punjab. His observations on this canal system led him to conclude that the
sediment supporting power of a channel is proportional to its width (and not
wetted perimeter).

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RG Kennedy investigated canals systems for twenty years and come up with a
Kennedy's silt theory. The theory says that, the silt carried by flowing water in a
channel is kept in suspension by the eddy current rising to the surface. The
vertical component of the eddy current tries to move sediment up whereas
sediment weight tries to bring it down. Therefore, if adequate velocity available
to create eddies so as to keep the sediment just in suspension silting will be
prevented.

(iii) Lacey’s Method:

Lacey stated that the width, depth and slope of a regime channel to carry a
given water discharge loaded with a given sediment discharge are all fixed by
nature.

Lacey investigated the stability conditions of different alluvial channels and

came up with Lacey’s silt theory which explains about the different regime
conditions of a channel such as true regime, initial regime, and final regime and
the design procedure of canal.

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According to him, the fundamental requirements for a channel to
be in regime are as follows:

(i) The channel flows uniformly in an incoherent alluvium. Incoherent

alluvium is the loose granular material which can scour or deposit with the
same ease. The material may range from very fine sand to gravel, pebbles
and boulders of small size.
(ii) The characteristics and the discharge of the sediment are constant.

(iii) The water discharge in the channel is constant.

Alignment of Irrigation Canal:

The layout and alignmentt of an irrigation canal should be such that it ensures
equitable distribution of water with minimum expenses. In plains, it is
advantageous to align a canal on the watershed. Figure 5.3 Head reach of main
canal in plains.

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Watershed is the dividing line between the parts of two catchment areas (from
where rain water flows into a drain or stream) of two adjacent streams and is
obtained by joining the points of highest elevation on successive cross
cross-sections
taken between the two streams or drains.

(i) Ensure gravity

avity flow irrigation on either side of the channel.

(ii) Minimize the expenses on cross

cross-drainage structures.

Since the main canal takes off its water from a river (which is at the lowest
point in the cross-section),
section), the main canal necessarily crosses some streams
stre
before it mounts the watershed.

Once the canal mounts the watershed, it is always kept aligned along the
watershed as far as possible. Sometimes the canal has, however, to leave
watershed in order to either keep its alignment straight (such as at R in Fig. 5.3)
or bypass a township or for some such reasons.

In hilly areas, however, contour alignment (Fig. 5.4) is followed. After taking
off from a river in a valley, a channel follows contours maintaining its required

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slope. As river slopes are much steeper than the required channel bed slope, the
channel encompasses more and more area between itself and the river.

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Full Supply Discharge of Irrigation Canal:

Part of canal water gets lost due to evaporation and seepage. These losses are
termed conveyance loss and may be of the order of about 10 to 40% of the
discharge at the head of the channel. Usually, these losses are calculated at the
rate of about 3 m3/s per million sq m of the exposed water surface area.

The maximum discharge to be carried by an irrigation channel at its head to

satisfy the irrigation requirements for its command area under the worst
conditions during any part of a year is said to be the designed full supply
discharge (or capacity) of the channel. The water level in the channel when it is
carrying its full supply discharge is termed full supply level (FSL), and the
corresponding depth of flow is called full supply depth.

The full supply level of a canal aligned on the watershed need to be only about
10-30 cm higher than the adjacent ground level to ensure gravity flow irrigation
in its command area. If the designed slope of a canal is steeper than the
available ground slope, the canal is laid at a slope equal to the ground slope,
and adequate measures are taken at the head regulator to prevent or minimise
the entry of coarse sediment into the canal so that there would not occur any
silting problem in the canal due to its flatter slope.

On the other hand, if the designed slope of a canal is flatter than the available
ground slope, the canal is laid at the designed slope. Such a canal would soon
have its entire section above the ground surface and its FSL would also be at too
high level above the ground. Therefore, vertical fails (or drops) are provided at
intervals in the canal. For economic reasons, a fall can be combined with a
regulator or a bridge.

Such falls can also be used for generation of power. One may provide either a
larger number of smaller falls .
Design Of BPC Canal Regulating System:
Design Of VRB (Village Road Bridge):

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Technical learning During Internship:

1) Making A Good First Impression.

2) Networking.

3) Dealing With Difficult People.

4) Your Working Style.

5) Patience to do a work.
Conclusion:-
Considerable progress has been made in the development of irrigation
scheduling methods and there is a gradual increase in the adoption of irrigation
scheduling tools by farmers.The technology level of the farm will determine the
choice of the irrigation scheduling method. Industry farms and farms with high
value cash crops are more likely to adopt and invest in sophisticated scheduling
methods.The support and collaboration of the expert irrigation adviser will
determine the rate of success in the adoption of the irrigation scheduling
technology.

· Effective irrigation scheduling requires optimum flexibility of delivery and

good coordination and communication between supplier and user.

· Fixed water allocation is convenient for engineers but prevents the flexible
delivery required for crop-based irrigation scheduling.

· Inadequate hydraulic structures and inefficient and cumbersome gate operation

result in inefficient and erratic water supply.

· Attempts to modernize the irrigation system with new devices fail due to the
lack of recognition for the required institutional change, related to an inadequate
institutional capacity, unwillingness of users to adjust to variable water supply,
and lack of social harmony and uniformity.

· Lack of communication and control over water deliveries results in a

breakdown in confidence and anarchistic water use.

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 RESEARCH PAPER:

1 - BRIDGE FAILURE AND CONSEQUENCES

Research done by -
Satish Chandra (Deputy General Manager, MECON Ltd, Dorinda Ranchi,
Jharkhand-834002, India )
Reference Link - https://iitgn.ac.in/assets/pdfs/AnnualReport/AR-2022-23.pdf

Abstract: -
This paper presents a review of bridge failure and its direct; indirect
consequences statistics, based on a literature survey and available information
through websites, focusing on RCC; PSC; steel composite bridges. Failure cases
have distinguished between those resulting in bridge total collapsed and partially
collapsed but resulted in the loss of serviceability. Classification of the most
common failure causes and modes of failure is undertaken. The bridge failure
results indicate that collapses due to natural hazards, design errors and limited
knowledge are the most commonly in bridges, followed by accidents and human
error. When chronologically, the data demonstrate a decreasing trend for the
collapses attributed to limited knowledge and an increasing trend in failures
resulting from accidents and natural hazards. The findings obtained through the
study of the failure of these bridges prove to be great values as these studies
provide a big database to civil Engineer to enhance their knowledge to identify
the causes of their failure. By Studying and evaluating the failure of these
bridges, similar mistake can be avoided in the future by learning from the past.
The trends revealed through statistical analysis can aid in identifying the
potential of the most significant hazards affecting bridge structures and help in
planning against their consequences. In terms of non-collapse cases, fatigue
failures are found to be predominant in steel bridges.

Summary: -
Studying the failures of the past can be useful in mitigating the incidence and
potential of future failures. Bridge failures are one of the most severe
infrastructure problems facing the world today and usually cause significant

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economic losses and casualties. Failures of bridges have occurred ever since
bridge building started thousands of years ago.

A large part of the technical knowledge associated with bridge engineering today
is based on the past failures of bridges. The post hazard impact is assessed to
obtain vulnerability of the bridge against these hazards and appropriate risk
assessment. The consequences of failure, which play an essential role in both
qualitative and quantitative risk-based design and assessment and robustness
evaluation of bridges. The consequences of failure are a good indicator of the
importance of a bridge structure. A database of bridge failure may be prepared
and being used to compare consequence with the failure rate by cause.
Failures of bridges have occurred ever since bridge building started thousands of
years ago. A large part of the technical knowledge associated with bridge
engineering today is based on the past failures of bridges. In the past century,
bridge engineers learned substantially from studying historical failures of
bridges. Each bridge failure has its unique features which makes it difficult to
generalize the causes of failures for further application to other similar bridges.
The more common causes and mechanisms of some bridge failures are
reviewed. Responsible factors for failure are classified as natural factors (flood,
scour, earthquake, landslide, wind, cyclone etc.) and human factors (improper
design and construction method, collision, overloading, fire, corrosion, human
error, lack of inspection and maintenance, etc.). Moreover, some of the bridge
failures which have taken place in India over the last few decades are also
discussed. Bridge collapse data are scarcely recorded in any developing
countries. Wherever such data has been collected of this nature, may be used to
determine the number of bridge collapses in the region annually. The causes of
bridge collapses are numerically determined and associated with adverse effects
of loss of life and average amount of traffic per day using the structure.
A database of bridge failure may be prepared and being used to compare
consequence with the failure rate by cause. The failure rate by cause and
consequence is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively and can be utilized in
future fault tree risk analysis and risk management decision making. This
database of bridge failures is used to show the hazards bridges have failed from
historically, determine the failure rate based on the cause of failure and
formulated a conditional probability of failure accounting for the features under
the structure. Consequences of bridge failures are established qualitatively by
engineering judgment.

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2 - Comparative analysis of groundwater conditions on
rain-fed and irrigated agriculture in the upper Blue Nile
basin, Ethiopia.

Research done by - Richard, G., Allen., et al., 1990. FAO irrigation and drainage
paper No-56, Utah,
Allen, R.G., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration-guidelines for computing crop water
requirements-FAO irrigation and drainage

Reference Link - https://iitgn.ac.in/assets/pdfs/AnnualReport/AR-2022-

23.pdf

Abstract: -
This study was conducted at the Koga Irrigation Scheme in the upper Blue Nile
basin (Ethiopia) to investigate the influence of irrigation activity on the
groundwater system. Representative samples of six shallow wells in the irrigated
fields and four shallow wells in the adjacent non-irrigated (rain-fed agricultural
lands) were selected. Dipmeter and hand GPS (GARMIN 60) were used for the
monitoring of water table depth and fixing the location of the wells respectively.
Arc GIS 10.5 has been applied for interpolation of water table depth (WTD).
Water samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory following
international standards.

Summary: -
The world is confronted with limited water resources and food safety and the
agricultural sector is mainly under pressure around the world because of an
increase in demand, climate change, and frequent droughts . In line with this,
Ethiopia has continuously been affected by frequent droughts and induced food
insecurity. The Ethiopian government has responded to this drought and famine
through the construction of small, medium, and large-scale irrigation schemes
Irrigation development is regarded as the best alternative in the country for
reliable and sustainable food security, income generation, and livelihood
improvement . However, the irrigation system in Ethiopia has remained to be
traditional and the performances of the traditional surface irrigation schemes are
very low due to poor irrigation water management and agricultural extension.
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Efficient and well-managed irrigation water practice including quantifying the
groundwater table depth and monitoring water quality is of utmost importance
for decision-makers, growers, and experts . Human activities have become a
major topic for groundwater research including prevention of groundwater
pollution and the rehabilitation of polluted groundwater bodies . Qualitative and
quantitative characterization of groundwater recharge is essential for sustainable
development and management of groundwater), and assessing spatiotemporal
distribution is a pre-requisite for operating the groundwater optimally
Groundwater table depth changes depend on events of irrigation water levels
The livelihood system in the study district is mostly dependent on cattle
production, trade, and rain-fed and irrigation farming systems. The source of
water in this area is shallow groundwater (hand-dug well) for household
consumption and reservoir water for irrigation consumption. However, in recent
years, most shallow well users in the non-irrigated areas are facing challenges of
water shortage at the end of the dry season (April) as the hand-dug wells run dry
or face excessive drops of the water table. On the contrary, from local people's
interviews and personal observations, owing to the commencement of the
irrigation, the depths of hand-dug wells in the irrigated field are becoming
shallow and the emergence of new spring water source was observed in the
Northern part of the Koga irrigation command area. Monitoring of water table
and the development of a monitoring network is important for effective
groundwater resource management The irrigation system of the Koga Irrigation
scheme consists of a network of main, secondary and tertiary irrigation canals
(responsible for water delivery), night storage reservoirs, drainage canals and
service roads The irrigation method of the Koga scheme is a furrow and flood
irrigation system and the irrigation water is exposed to artificial fertilizer and
animal manure before it starts to percolate In the Koga Irrigation Scheme,
farmers apply frequent and excess irrigation water than the crop water
requirement. Therefore, such irrigation events may impact the groundwater
recharge and groundwater quality of the scheme. Therefore, this study aimed at
evaluating the impact of irrigation on the depth of the water table and its quality
in the Koga Irrigation scheme.

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3 - Irrigation canals and multifunctional agroforestry:
Traditional agriculture facilitates Woolly-necked Stork
breeding in a north Indian agricultural landscape.

Research done by - Hitesh Ameta , Vijay Kumar Koli , Swati Kittur , KS Gopi
Sundar

Reference Link -

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354318643_Of_irrigation_canals_and_
multifunctional_agroforestry_Traditional_agriculture_facilitates_Woolly-
necked_Stork_breeding_in_a_north_Indian_agricultural_landscape

All three tree species were favoured either for traditional agroforestry or local
religious beliefs. Traditional agriculture in Haryana supported a substantial
breeding population of Woolly-necked Storks facilitated by agriculture-related
components rather than existing natural features. This novel scenario contradicts
conventional narratives that suggest multi-season small holder tropical and sub-
tropical agriculture degrades breeding conditions for waterbirds. Our findings in
Haryana reiterate the need to assemble a diverse conservation toolkit of different
locally relevant mechanisms supporting biodiversity amid cultivation.

Summary: -
Agriculture is a major cause of the ongoing global biodiversity decline This
recognition has prompted research into ways to retain wildlife amid agriculture
since most farmlands are unlikely to be converted to natural habitats given the
burgeoning human population. Research is biased towards agricultural systems
in temperate regions where large land holdings, monocultures and
mechanization dominate agricultural practices It is frequently assumed that
trends of biodiversity declines in temperate farmlands are accentuated in
smallholder tropical and sub-tropical agricultural systems especially cereal
producing farmlands where crop yield is maximised by thinning tree cover.
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Emerging evidence, however, has been contradictory, with small holder tropical
and subtropical farms with traditional agriculture sustaining far higher non-crop
biodiversity relative to large farms, and cereal farmlands supporting significant
levels of biodiversity despite sparse tree cover and high human
densities,Detailed information on requirements of different wild taxa living in
crowded agricultural systems is, however, still meagre preventing a nuanced
understanding of how biodiversity may be retained within farmed landscapes
globally. Nevertheless, there is rapidly increasing comprehension that a diverse
set of well-informed, locally relevant mechanisms can help with maintaining
multifunctional agricultural systems, which calls for much more research in
tropical and sub-tropical agricultural landscapes and on the wild species found
within .

One group of animals that share a tenuous relationship with agriculture are
treenesting waterbirds (here onwards “waterbirds”; e.g. herons, ibis, storks).
Waterbirds’ ability to persist on cultivated landscapes depends on various factors
including the impacts of altered hydrology to accommodate farming at
floodplain scales, the crops grown, especially the number and kinds of crops
grown annually, attitudes of farmers towards waterbirds and nest and the extent
of natural habitats retained amid agriculture In North America, waterbird
colonies in human-dominated areas are regarded as a nuisance requiring
removal Such negative attitudes, hunting for sport and food, and large-scale
mechanised monoculture farming that necessitates removal of trees and
wetlands has largely relegated waterbird nesting to wetland reserves, protected
riverine forests, and inaccessible islands However, in some locations across
Europe and Asia a patchwork of traditionally managed agriculture exists
characterised by favourable farmer attitudes towards waterbirds, cropland
agroforestry with trees utilized for furniture, making yokes and commerce,
cultural and religious practices that safeguard waterbirds and trees, and cropping
cycles beneficial to waterbird breeding, all of which have led to these landscapes
supporting significant populations of waterbirds .

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4 - Field measurement and analysis of water losses at the
main and tertiary levels of irrigation canals: Varamin
Irrigation Scheme.

Research done by - Amir Mohammadi , Atefeh Parvaresh , Nadar

Abbasi

Reference-Link- . -
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332967532_Field_measurement_a
nd_analysis_of_water_losses_at_the_main_and_tertiary_levels_of_irrigatio
n_canals_Varamin_Irrigation_Scheme_Iran

Abstract: -

Irrigation canals waste some of the water during the conveyance and distribution
process. Due to the effect of water losses on distribution planning and operation
process, it is necessary to estimate the conveyance efficiency and water losses.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of water conveyance
in all level of canals and to carry out an in-depth analysis of the water losses
problem in the irrigation schemes through a case study. Therefore, the recorded
data in more than 40 selected points of the main, secondary and tertiary canals
were analyzed. The use of ultrasonic flowmeter in this study provided an
appropriate precision for determining seepage losses and water conveyance
efficiency. Results show that conveyance efficiency for main, secondary, and
tertiary canals in the 1000 m reaches are 95%, 91.5%, and 89.3% respectively.
In addition, the amount of seepage losses per unit of seepage surface for main,
secondary, and tertiary canals is equal to 1.22, 1.18, and 0.63 m3/day
respectively. Regarding the length of the canals, the total amount of seepage
losses in a certain time and in an irrigation interval, in tertiary canals is more
than secondary and in secondary canals is more than the main canal. In order to
decrease the seepage losses, it is recommended to consider the serious
preventive and corrective maintenance programs.
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Summary: -
Proper operation of an irrigation system depends on the performance of its
various components. Water conveyance structures are the main part of any
irrigation system. Transferring water with minimum losses is considered as the
main task of these structures. Increasing irrigation efficiency is a way to save
large quantities of water resources, resulting in diminishing the agricultural
water scarcity problem. In Iran, more than 85% of agricultural land are irrigated
using low-efficient surface systems. Irrigation canals waste up between 30% and
50% of the total volume of water transported, due to a difference between
conditions of construction and operation. Water conveyance efficiency is
affected by several factors such as cracks, percolation, seepage and physical
damages of the canals . In research conducted by seepage losses was measured
in the irrigation canals of Tendaho Sugar Estate using method of inflow-outflow.
Main canals mainly had lined with geo-membrane lining, while the secondary
and tertiary canals were unlined. In this research, seepage losses were reported
for main, secondary and tertiary canals equal to 1.09, 3.38 and 2.14 m3/day/m2,
respectively. Damage of geo-membrane lining and inadequate maintenance were
introduced as the main causes of high water losses. They recommended serious
attention to the maintenance and repair of canals to reduce seepage losses. stated
that the unreliable and imprecise operational activities have directed to
inadequate conveyance and distribution performance of the irrigation canal
systems. Due to their findings from a risk assessment model, poor maintenance,
seepage, unexpected event, drought and vandalism were determined as the
riskiest hazards relating to the irrigation scheme's components. In developing
countries, structural problems and inappropriate management of irrigation canals
lead to loss of a large amount of water. Conveyance efficiency for lined canals in
Pakistan, India, Turkey and Egypt has been reported to be 56.5%, 89%, 90%,
and 87%, respectively conducted a comprehensive assessment of Varamin
irrigation scheme in Iran. They evaluated the hydraulic performance of the
regulation and distribution structures. The results of their research showed that
most of these structures are under improper operation, leading to unfair delivery
and the loss of a large amount of water during the water distribution. They
believe that improving the current situation is dependent on preventive
maintenance and repair of aged structures in a rehabilitation process. In a study
carried out by , the amount of water losses in irrigation canals of Kerman,
Moghan and Zayandehrod plains were evaluated. Results of this study showed
that there is a direct relationship between the canals' flow rate and seepage
losses.

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5-Effect of irrigation network rehabilitation on water
management-case study: Tanta Navigation canal

Research done by - Amir Mohammadi , Atefeh Parvaresh , Nadar Abbasi

Reference-Link- . -
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338584636_Effect_of_Irrigation_
Network_Rehabilitation_on_Water_Management-
Case_Study_Tanta_Navigation_Canal_-Egypt

Abstract: -Tanta Navigation canal is a 38.0 km long main canal serving

65,000 ha. in the Nile Middle Delta of Egypt. The main branch of Tanta canal is
El-Kased canal with 34.0 km long, and serving 60% of Tanta Canal served
area.The main problem was the inability to convey the required water supply to
the second reach of El-Kased canal as it requires high-water levels at its head,
which couldn’t be maintained because of the big difference between water levels
required in Tanta canal and water levels in the drains parallel to the canal led to
bank collapse between Tanta canal and Tala drain in 2006.

Summary: -
In many regions of the world, water shortage and land suitability increasingly
constrain developments in the irrigated agriculture sector. The major water
management policies are now largely involved with programs of rehabilitation
rather than with new irrigation infrastructures construction. Linkages can exist
between factors affecting performance and their effects. For example, poor
operational control and field water management could lead to excess water in
the drains, encouraging weed growth and lack of channel capacity at times of
rainfall. Investigation and recommendation methods of determining water
management priority needs in irrigation canals rehabilitation could be achieved
through the following process :
• identify main factors leading to schemes with low performance
• determine the condition and situation of scheme components
• establish priorities for improvement
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The results might cause a reduction in cropped area, reduce or reschedule water
demand if crops are replanted, discourage farmers from investing in inputs,
reduce yield, worsen problems of water control in the system, and lead to further
waste of water.
Egypt is a downstream country of the Nile river basin, receiving a very low rate
of rainfall, and depends on the Nile river as a water source for almost all its
water requirements including agriculture, domestic industrial, navigation, and
tourism. Therefore, Egypt introduced national policies to develop and manage
water resources in an integrated manner to better manage its limited water
resources.
Equitable distribution of irrigation water is an urgent measure to face any
unexpected water shortage by distributing the burden of water shortage between
farmers and between the water use sectors. However, it is a challenge due to the
deterioration of the Egyptian irrigation network, which seriously affected the
performance of water management considering that water allocation to different
uses in Egypt is done through the irrigation and drainage network.

Water distribution in Egypt could be categorized into three levels. The first level
is at main canals, where water is running continuously and distributed between
irrigation directorates on volumetric basis. The second level is the distribution of
water between branch canals within the same irrigation directorate which is
done in rotational basis to maintain water levels downstream the head
regulators. The third level is downstream the head regulators of the branch
canals, and in this level, water distribution depends mainly on water
consumption by the farmers. The first level is the most important level for
optimal allocation of water resources throughout the country. The huge
investments required for the rehabilitation of the vast irrigation network
imposed the necessity to search for the optimal rehabilitation scenarios that
could improve the water management and hydraulic performance with the
minimum cost. This requires using the simulation models to investigate the
current conditions and to test different rehabilitation scenarios.
The current study presents a solution for one of water management bottlenecks
in Middle Delta. There was a difficulty to convey the required water supply to
the end of El-Kased canal, the main branch of Tanta Navigation canal, due to the
inability to maintain high water levels upstream El-Kased canal as the result of
having physical problems in the reach between El-Kased intake and
ElBatanoniya regulator . The study used the simulation models to investigate the
feasibility of two suggested solutions.

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REFERENCE LINKS -

1 - https://iitgn.ac.in/assets/pdfs/AnnualReport/AR-2022-23.pdf

2 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354521807_Comparitive_analysis_

of_groundwater_conditions_on_rain-fed_and_irrigated_agricultre_in_the_

upper_Blue_Nile_basin_Ethiopia

3 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354318643_Of_irrigation

_canals_and_

4 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332967532_Field_measurement_a

5 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338584636_Effect_of_Irrigation_

Student’s Daily Diary/Daily Log

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Name of Student Hritik Raj Yadav

Roll No. 2100290009008

Name of Course Irrigation and Canal System

Dateof Commencement 1-July-2023

Training:

Date of Completion of 31-july-2023

Training:
S.No Please specify the learning of Date Supervisor'
. the day Sign

1 Basic Instruction by the Instructor 01/07/2023

2 Introduction 01/07/2023

3 Analysing and surveying the site 02/07/2023

4 Providing information about the 02/07/2023

project which was construction of a
canal 20km
5 Earth work in exhibition of foundation 03/07/2023
and base of canal

6 Earth work in exhibition of foundation 04/07/2023

and base of canal

7 Earth work in exhibition of foundation 05/07/2023

and base of canal

8 Earth work in exhibition of foundation 06/07/2023

and base of canal

9 Grading of slope providing in the 07/07/2023

canal

10 Grading of slope providing in the 08/07/2023

branch of canal

11 Construction of materials required 09/07/2023

12 Design of the canal 10/07/203

13 Bed work of the canal 11/07/2023

14 Bed work of the canal 12/07/2023

15 Equipments required 13/07/2023

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16 Level and alignment of canal 14/07/2023

17 Level and alignment of canal 15/07/2023

18 Earth work done by JCB and 16/07/2023

manpower

19 Time required for the construction of 17/07/2023

canal 20km

20 Cost required for the making canal 18/07/2023

21 How much amount of water flow in 19/07/2023

canal

22 Surveying the site 20/07/2023

23 Surveying the site 21/07/2023

24 Surveying the site 22/07/2023

25 Why gate fixed in canal 23/07/2023

26 Requirement of the water 24/07/2023

27 Gauge of water flow 25/07/2023

28 Benifites of the canal 26/07/2023

29 Benifites of canal for farmers 27/07/2023

30 Design of Canal & VRB on Software 28/07/2023

AutoCAD

31 Design of Canal & VRB on Software 29/07/2023

AutoCAD

32 Design of Canal & VRB on Software 30/07/2023

AutoCAD

33 Design of Canal & VRB on Software 31/07/2023

AutoCAD

34 Design of Canal & VRB on Software 31/07/2023

AutoCAD

35 Design of Canal & VRB on Software 31/07/2023

AutoCAD

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36 Complete and all respect 31/07/2023

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