10.1.

0 ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES I

10.1.01 Introduction
This module unit is intended to equip the trainee with
knowledge, skills and attitudes to enhance the trainee’s
understanding of other aspects of electrical and electronic
technology. Trainees undertaking this module unit require
prior knowledge of basic mathematics.

10.1.02 General Objectives

By the end of the module unit, the trainee should be able;
a) understand the principles of direct current circuits.
b) acquire knowledge in the care and maintenance of
chemical cells.
c) apply concepts of electrostatics in electrical circuits
d) understand the theory of magnetism and
electromagnetism.
e) apply the principles of transformers in electric machines.

10.1.023 Module Summary and Time Allocation

Electrical Principles I
Code Sub-Module Unit Content Time
Hrs
10.1.1 Direct Current • Basic electrical 22
Circuits quantities and their units
• Simple circuit diagrams.
• Ohm’s law
• Determination of
resistance of metal
conductors
• Kirchhoff’s laws
• Effects of temperature
on resistance
• Kirchhoff’s law

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10.1.2 Chemical Cells • Faraday’s laws of 20
electrolysis
• Construction of cells and
their characteristics
• Cell connections
• Charging methods
• Care and maintenance of
cells
• Effects of internal
resistance on terminal
voltage
10.1.3 Electrostatics • Electric fields 14
• Construction of
capacitors
• Definitions of
electrostatic quantities
and units
• Determination of total
capacitance
• Energy stored in a
capacitor
10.1.4 Magnetism and • Magnetic and non- 14
Electomagnetism magnetic materials
• Magnetic field patterns
• Force on current
carrying conductor
• Magnetism curve and
hysteresis loop
• Electromagnetic
induction
• Inductance in materials

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10.1.5 Transformers • Principle of operation of 18
transformers
• Types of transformers
and their applications
• Construction of different
types of transformers
• Simple calculations on
single phase
transformers
• Transformer impedance
matching
• Reasons for RF shielding
Total Time 88

85
10.1.1 DIRECT CURRENT iv)Power in watts
CIRCUITS v) Energy in joules
10.1.1T2 Simple circuit diagrams.
Theory i) The simple electric
circuit
10.1.1T0 Specific Objectives ii) Resistor in parallel
By the end of the sub- iii) Series – parallel
module unit, the trainee connection
should be able to: iv)Resistors in series
a) explain the basic 10.1.1T3 Ohm’s law
electrical quantities i) Statement
and their units ii) Verification
b) draw and interpret iii) Resistance circuit
simple circuit calculations
diagrams iv) Power and energy
c) state Ohm’s law to calculations
solve given 10.1.1T4 Determination of
electrical circuit resistance of metal
problems conductors
d) determine the i) Resistivity
resistance of metal ii) Conductivity
conductors. iii) Length
e) explain the effects iv) Cross – sectional
of temperature on area
resistance 10.1.1T5 Effects of temperature
f) apply Kirchhoff’s on resistance
laws to solve given i) Definition of
electrical circuit temperature
problems coefficient of
resistance
Competence ii) Positive and
The trainee should have negative
the ability to: temperature
i) Measure electrical coefficient
quantities iii) Simple calculations
to any base
Content temperature
10.1.1T1 Basic electrical 10.1.1T6 Kirchhoff’s laws
quantities and their units i) Current law
i) E.m.f in volts ii) Voltage law
ii) Current in amperes iii) Calculations
iii) Resistance in ohms

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 Practice iii) Measuring
instruments
10.1.1P0 Specific Objectives iv) Bread boards
By the end of the sub-
module unit, the trainee 10.1.2 CHEMICAL CELLS
should be able to:
a) connect simple Theory
electrical circuits
and measure various 10.1.2T0 Specific Objectives
electrical quantities By the end of the sub-
b) verify Ohm’s law module unit, the trainee
c) demonstrate that the should be able to:
resistance of a) State Faraday’s laws
material depends on of electrolysis
area, length and b) Describe the
resistivity construction of cells
d) verify Kirchhoff’s and their
law characteristics
c) state methods of cell
Content connections
10.1.1P 1 Measurement of d) describe charging
electrical quantities methods of batteries
i) Current e) describe the care
ii) Voltage and maintenance of
iii) Resistance batteries
iv) Power f) explain the effects
10.1.1P 2 Verification of Ohm’s of internal resistance
law on terminal voltage
10.1.1P 3 Determination of
conductor resistance Competence
i) Resistance The trainee should have
ii) Resistivity the ability to:
iii) length i) Charge cells
iv) Area ii) Maintain cells
10.1.1P 4 Verification of
Kirchhoff’s laws Content
i) current law 10.1.2T1 Faraday’s laws of
ii) voltage law electrolysis
i) 1st law
Suggested Learning Resources ii) 2nd law
i) Dc power source 10.1.2T2 Construction of cells
ii) Assorted resistance and their characteristics

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 i) Primary – Lec c) determine the
lanche cell internal resistance of
ii) Secondary – lead cells and show its
Acid cell effect on terminal
iii) Alkaline cell voltage
10.1.2T3 Cell connections d) carry out light
i) series connection maintenance on a
ii) parallel connection battery
iii) series – parallel
connections Content
iv) simple calculations 10.1.2P1 Measurements of total
10.1.2T4 Charging methods voltage and current in
i) constant current series and parallel
ii) constant voltage connected cells
iii) trickle charge 10.1.2P 2 Demonstration of
iv) booster charge various charging
v) battery ratings methods
vi) simple calculations 10.1.2P 3 Effects of internal
10.1.2T5 Care and maintenance resistance on terminal
of cells voltage of cell
i) specific gravity 10.1.2P 4 Maintenance of cells
ii) electrolyte level
iii) terminal voltage Suggested Learning
iv) safety precautions Resources
v) storage i) Various batteries
10.1.2T6 Effects of internal ii) Sulphuric acid
resistance on terminal iii) Distilled water
voltage – simple iv) Battery chargers
calculations v) Test instruments

Practice 10.1.3 ELECTROSTATICS

10.1.2P0 Specific Objectives Theory

By the end of the sub-
module unit, the trainee 10.1.3T0 Specific Objectives
should be able to: By the end of the sub-
a) measure total module unit, the trainee
voltage and current should be able to:
of cells connected in a) explain the concept
series and parallel of electric fields
b) demonstrate various b) describe the
charging methods construction of

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 capacitors and their i) Electric flux
applications ii) Electric flux density
c) define the iii) Electric field
electrostatic intensity
quantities iv) Permittivity
d) determine the total v) Capacitance
capacitance for vi) Charge
various capacitor vii) Derivation of
connections formula
e) derive and apply the
formula for energy
stored in a capacitor C = EA = Er Eo A
d d

Competence 10.1.3T4 Determination of total

The trainee should have capacitance
the ability to: i) Series connection
i) Test a capacitance ii) Parallel
ii) Apply capacitors in iii) Series-parallel
electrical circuits connection
iv) Calculations
Content 10.1.3T5 Energy stored in a
10.1.3T1 Electric fields capacitor
i) Electric flux i) E = ½ CV2 joules
ii) Charge ii) calculations
iii) Potential gradient
10.1.3T2 Construction of Practice
capacitors and
applications 10.1.3P0 Specific Objectives
i) Paper capacitors By the end of the sub-
ii) Electrolytic module unit, the trainee
capacitors should be able to:
iii) Ceramic capacitors a) identify various
iv) Alluminium foil types of capacitors
capacitor b) measure capacitance
v) Polyester capacitor in various
vi) Tantalum capacitor connections
vii) Multiplate capacitor c) test a capacitor
viii) Variable capacitor
ix) Applications Content
10.1.3T3 Definitions of 10.1.3P0 Identification of
electrostatic quantities capacitors
and units

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10.1.3P1 Measurement of h) determine total
capacitance inductance
10.1.3P2 Testing of capacitance
Competence
Suggested Learning Resources The trainee should have
i) Assorted capacitors the ability to:
ii) Test instruments i) Construct an
iii) Bread boards electromagnet
ii) Apply magnets in
10.1.4 MAGNETISM AND the engineering field
ELECTROMAGNETI
SM Content
10.1.4T1 Magnetic and non-
Theory magnetic materials
i) Molecular
10.1.4T0 Specific Objectives arrangements
By the end of the sub- ii) Field patterns
module unit, the trainee 10.1.4T 2 Magnetic field patterns
should be able to: i) Permanent magnets
a) distinguish between ii) Electromagnets
magnetic and non- iii) Single wire
magnetic materials iv) Loop of wire
b) explain the concepts v) Solenoid
of magnetic field 10.1.4T3 Force on current
c) explain the concept carrying conductor
of force on a current i) F = BIL
carrying conductor ii) Practical
in a magnetic field applications
and its applications 10.1.4T4 Magnetic circuit
d) define the magnetic quantities and their
circuit quantities electrical equivalents
and their electric i) Magnetic flux
circuit equivalents ii) Magneto motive
e) describe the force (m.m.f)
magnetization curve iii) Reluctance
and hysteresis loop iv) Permeability
f) explain the concept v) Series
of electromagnetic vi) Parallel
induction 10.1.4T5 Magnetization curve
g) explain inductance and hysteresis loop
in materials i) B –H curve
ii) Hysteresis loop

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 iii) Remnant flux 10.1.4P1 Construction of
iv) Coercive force electromagnets
v) Saturation i) Ferrous materials
vi) Energy ii) Wire
10.1.4T6 Electromagnetic iii) Power source
induction 10.1.4P2 Use of magnets
i) Self induction i) Bells
ii) Mutual induction ii) Speakers
iii) Faraday’s Laws iii) Solenoids
iv) Lenz’s Laws 10.1.4P 3 Plotting of B-H curve
v) Direction of induced
e.m.f Suggested Learning Resources
10.1.4T7 Inductance in materials i) Permanent magnets
i) Definition ii) Electromagnets
ii) Unit of inductance iii) Power
iii) Inductors in series iv) Wires
aiding v) Bells
iv) Energy stored in
inductance 10.1.5 TRANSFORMERS
v) Calculations
10.1.4T8 Total inductance Theory
i) Aiding
ii) Opposing 10.1.5T0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-
module unit, the trainee
Practice should be able to:
a) explain the principle
10.1.4P0 Specific Objectives of operation of a
By the end of the sub- transformer
module unit, the trainee b) describe the various
should be able to: types of
a) Construct transformers
electromagnets and c) describe the
verify construction of
electromagnetic different types of
induction transformers
b) Use magnets in d) explain applications
engineering of transformers
applications
c) Plot B-H curve
Competence
Content

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 The trainee should have ii) Efficiency
the ability to: iii) Applications of
i) Test transformers transforms
ii) Construct a single
phase transformer Practice

Content 10.1.5P0 Specific Objectives

10.1.5T1 Principle of operation of By the end of the sub-
a transformer module unit, the trainee
i) Electromagnetic should be able to:
induction a) Carry out
ii) Magnetic circuit transformer tests
iii) Inductance b) Construct a ingle
iv) Coupling efficiency phase transformer
v) Losses
10.1.5T2 Types of transformers Content
and their applications 10.1.5P1 Transformer tests
i) Single – Phase 10.1.5P2 Transformer
transformers construction
ii) Power transformers
iii) Audio transformers Suggested teaching/learning
iv) Radio Frequency resources
(R.F) transformers i) Various types of
v) Auto transformers transformers
vi) Three phase ii) Wires
transformers iii) Electrical measuring
vii) Isolating instruments
transformers iv) Electrical tools
10.1.5T3 Construction of
different types of
transformers
i) Core type
ii) Shell type
iii) Windings
10.1.5T4 Simple calculations on
single phase
transformers
i) Transformers ratios

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