ACTIVITY 5 TYPES OF CAMERA
Type Advantages
Box Type - Simplicity: Easy to use with
Camera minimal settings
- Durability: Sturdy design, often
very robust
- Cost: Typically inexpensive
- Reliability: Few moving parts,
less prone to failure
Folding - Portability: Compact and easy
Camera to carry when folded
- Vintage Appeal: Often has a
classic, nostalgic design
- Large Format: Capable of using
larger film formats for higher
resolution
Press - Versatility: Can be used with
Camera various film formats and lenses
- Professional Quality: Capable of
producing high-quality images
- Durability: Built to withstand
heavy use in various conditions
Miniature - Portability: Extremely small and
Camera easy to carry
- Discreetness: Ideal for candid
photography or situations
requiring subtlety
- Fun and Novelty: Often used for
fun or novelty purposes
Digital - Image Quality: High resolution
SLR and excellent image quality
(DSLR)
- Interchangeable Lenses: Wide
variety of lenses for different
needs
- Manual Control: Extensive
manual settings for creative
control
Disadvantages
- Limited Control: Lack of manual
settings for aperture, shutter speed,
etc.
- Image Quality: Generally lower quality
images
- Fixed Focus: Limited focusing
capabilities
- Complexity: Can be more complicated
to use and set up
- Fragility: Folding mechanism can be
delicate and prone to damage
- Limited Availability: Less common,
harder to find in good working condition
- Size and Weight: Generally large and
heavy, not very portable
- Learning Curve: Requires more
knowledge and skill to operate
effectively
- Cost: Can be expensive due to
professional-grade components
- Image Quality: Typically lower quality
due to small sensor and lens
- Limited Features: Basic controls and
settings
- Fragility: Can be easily damaged due
to small size and delicate parts
- Size and Weight: Bulkier and heavier
than mirrorless or compact cameras
- Cost: Can be expensive, especially
with additional lenses and accessories
- Complexity: Requires knowledge and
skill to fully utilize features
 - Durability: Generally well-built
and durable
Viewfinde - Simplicity: Easy to use with a
r Type straightforward design
- Portability: Compact and
lightweight
- Affordability: Generally more
affordable than more advanced
cameras
Single - Image Quality: High-quality
Lens images with good detail
Reflex
(SLR)
- Manual Control: Extensive
control over exposure settings
- Interchangeable Lenses:
Flexibility with different lenses
**Twin - Unique Design: Distinctive look
Lens/Dou with two lenses
ble Lens
Reflex - Quiet Operation: Generally
(TLR)** quieter than SLRs
- Durability: Often robust and
well-built
REFLECTION: With all the advantages and disadvantages of each type of camera, write and
article on which camera do you think is more effective for police photography.
- Limited Control: Few manual settings
available
- Image Quality: Can be lower than SLR
or DSLR cameras
- Parallax Error: Viewfinder may not
accurately represent the final image
- Size and Weight: Can be large and
cumbersome to carry
- Cost: Generally more expensive than
compact cameras
- Complexity: Requires a learning curve
to master
- Size and Weight: Can be bulky and
heavy
- Viewing Parallax: Difference between
viewing and taking lens can cause
framing issues
- Limited Availability: Fewer options and
can be harder to find accessories

Choosing the right camera for police photography is crucial for documenting evidence and
capturing crime scenes accurately. Each type of camera has its own set of advantages and
disadvantages, making some more suitable for police work than others. After evaluating
various options, it becomes clear that the Digital SLR (DSLR) camera is the most effective
choice for police photography.

Box type cameras, while simple and durable, fall short due to their limited control and
lower image quality. These cameras are easy to use and affordable, making them
accessible to many. However, their fixed focus and basic features do not provide the
necessary clarity and detail needed for police photography. Capturing evidence requires
high-quality images that can be closely examined, something that box type cameras are
not designed to achieve.
Folding cameras offer portability and the ability to use larger film formats, which can result
in higher resolution images. Despite these advantages, folding cameras are often complex
to set up and can be fragile. The delicate nature of these cameras makes them impractical
for the demanding and sometimes harsh conditions encountered in police work.
Additionally, their vintage appeal and rarity can make finding replacement parts and skilled
repair services difficult.

Press cameras, known for their versatility and professional-quality images, seem like a
potential candidate for police photography. They can handle various film formats and
lenses, allowing adaptability in different situations. However, their large size, weight, and
the skill required to operate them effectively are significant drawbacks. Police officers
need equipment that is easy to carry and quick to use, and the press camera’s bulkiness
and complexity do not align with these needs.

ACTIVITY 6 CAMERA ACCESSORIES

• Tripod
• Function/Purpose: Provides stability for the camera, preventing camera shake and
allowing for long exposure shots. Essential for low-light conditions, time-lapse
photography, and ensuring sharp images when using slower shutter speeds.
• Filter
• Function/Purpose: Attaches to the front of a camera lens to modify the light
entering the lens. Different types of filters include UV filters (protect the lens),
polarizing filters (reduce reflections and enhance colors), and neutral density (ND)
filters (reduce light intensity for long exposures in bright conditions).
• Extension Tube
• Function/Purpose: Placed between the camera body and the lens to increase the
distance between the lens and the image sensor. This allows for closer focusing
distances, effectively turning a regular lens into a macro lens for close-up
photography.
• Light Meter
• Function/Purpose: Measures the amount of light in a scene to help photographers
determine the correct exposure settings (shutter speed, aperture, and ISO) for a
well-exposed photograph. Essential for accurate exposure, especially in
challenging lighting conditions.
• Shutter Release
 • Function/Purpose: Allows the photographer to trigger the camera's shutter
remotely or with minimal camera movement. This is useful for preventing camera
shake during long exposures, macro photography, or when using a tripod.
• Flash Unit
• Function/Purpose: Provides additional light to illuminate a scene, especially in
low-light conditions or when the natural light is insufficient. External flash units
offer more power and flexibility compared to built-in camera flashes and can be
positioned off-camera for creative lighting effects.
• Lens Hood
• Function/Purpose: Attaches to the front of a camera lens to block stray light from
entering the lens and causing lens flare. It also provides some physical protection
for the lens from impacts and the elements.

REFLECTION: How does these camera accessories help in producing quality image?

Camera accessories such as tripods, filters, and external flashes significantly enhance
image quality. Tripods provide stability, reducing camera shake and enabling sharper
images, especially in low light or long exposure photography. Filters, like polarizers and ND
(neutral density) filters, control light entering the lens, minimizing reflections, glare, and
overexposure, thus enhancing color saturation and contrast. External flashes offer better
control over lighting, reducing harsh shadows and evenly illuminating subjects, which is
crucial in portrait and macro photography. Additionally, accessories like lens hoods
prevent lens flare, and remote shutters allow for shake-free shots during long exposures.
Together, these accessories ensure more precise control over the camera settings and
environmental conditions, leading to clearer, more vibrant, and professionally polished
photos.

ACTIVITY 7 CAMERA LENSES

Wide-Angle Lens

Advantages:

• Captures a broader scene, ideal for landscapes and architecture.

• Enhances depth of field, keeping more of the scene in focus.
 • Creates a sense of spaciousness in tight areas.

Disadvantages:

• Can cause distortion, especially at the edges.

• Not ideal for portraits as it can exaggerate facial features.

Normal Lens

Advantages:

• Provides a natural field of view, similar to human vision.

• Versatile for various photography styles, including portraits and street photography.
• Typically lightweight and compact.

Disadvantages:

• Limited ability to zoom in or out.

• May not capture as much scene detail as wide-angle or telephoto lenses.

Telephoto Lens

Advantages:

• Great for capturing distant subjects, ideal for wildlife and sports photography.
• Provides shallow depth of field, useful for isolating subjects from the background.
• Offers compression of the scene, making backgrounds appear closer.

Disadvantages:

• Often large and heavy, making them less portable.

• Requires a faster shutter speed or tripod to prevent camera shake.

Zoom Lens

Advantages:

• Versatile, covering a range of focal lengths.

• Reduces the need to change lenses frequently.
• Convenient for travel and event photography.
Disadvantages:

• Generally heavier and bulkier than prime lenses.

• May have variable aperture, resulting in less light at longer focal lengths.

Macro Lens

Advantages:

• Excellent for close-up photography, capturing fine details.

• High magnification, ideal for photographing small subjects like insects and flowers.
• Often has superior sharpness and clarity at close distances.

Disadvantages:

• Limited use outside of close-up photography.

• Requires precise focusing, often necessitating a tripod for best results.

Micro Lens

Advantages:

• Extremely high magnification, useful for scientific and medical photography.

• Can reveal details not visible to the naked eye.

Disadvantages:

• Specialized use, not versatile for general photography.

• Requires precise and often controlled lighting conditions.
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II. Give the type of lens necessary to correct the following defects and aberrations of
lenses.

II. Give the type of lens necessary to correct the following defects and aberrations of
lenses.

• Chromatic Aberration: Achromatic doublet lens or apochromatic lens.

• Spherical Aberration: Aspherical lens.
 • Distortion: Radial gradient lens.
• Astigmatism: Cylindrical lens.
• Coma: Parabolic or aspheric lens.
• Curvature of Field: Field-flattener lens.

REFFLECTION: Write a short article on what you have learned about the various defects
and aberrations of lenses and how they are corrected using another type of lens.

Understanding and Correcting Lens Aberrations

Lenses, essential in focusing light for clear images, often face imperfections called
aberrations. Chromatic aberration, where colors blur due to different wavelengths
focusing differently, is corrected using achromatic doublet lenses, which combine two
types of glass to align colors. Spherical aberration, causing blurriness from light rays
focusing at different points, is fixed with aspherical lenses that have varied curvature.
Distortion, where images appear warped, is corrected using radial gradient lenses.
Astigmatism, leading to blurred or distorted images due to uneven focusing, is addressed
with cylindrical lenses that focus light differently along specific axes. Coma, a defect
causing off-axis points to appear comet-shaped, is corrected using parabolic or aspheric
lenses. Finally, curvature of field, which makes the image edges blurry while the center is
sharp, is mitigated with field-flattener lenses. Each of these specialized lenses ensures
clearer and more accurate images by addressing specific optical issues.

ACTIVITY 8 TYPES OF FILM

TYPES USES/FUNCTIONS
OF
FILM
Fast Ideal for low-light conditions and action photography due to high sensitivity
Films (ISO 800 and above), allowing for faster shutter speeds and capturing
movement without blur.
Mediu Versatile and suitable for general photography, offering a balance between
m- image quality and sensitivity (ISO 100-400), performing well in various lighting
speed conditions.
Films
 Slow Best for well-lit conditions and producing high-quality, fine-grain images (ISO
Films 50-100), suitable for studio work, landscape photography, and situations
requiring fine detail.

REFLECTION: What are the benefits of having different types of film? Explain.

Having different types of film provides photographers with the flexibility to adapt to various
shooting conditions and artistic needs. Fast films, with their high sensitivity, allow for
effective shooting in low-light environments and capturing fast-moving subjects without
motion blur, making them ideal for sports and action photography. Medium-speed films
offer a balance between sensitivity and image quality, making them versatile for everyday
photography in diverse lighting conditions. Slow films, known for their fine grain and high
detail, excel in well-lit scenarios and controlled environments like studios, producing
sharp and detailed images perfect for landscapes and portrait photography. This range of
film speeds enables photographers to choose the best option based on lighting, subject
movement, and desired image quality, ensuring they can achieve the optimal results for
any given situation. The diversity in film types ultimately enhances creative expression and
technical precision in photography.

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ACTIVITY 9 LOADING AND UNLOADING OF FILM

Loading and unloading film correctly is essential for preserving the integrity and quality of
photographs. Proper handling prevents physical damage like scratches and creases,
ensuring that images remain clear and intact. Light sensitivity is a critical factor; exposing
film to light can result in overexposure, ruining the captured moments. Ensuring correct
alignment in the camera maintains image quality, avoiding blurriness or misalignment.
Additionally, correct film loading allows for proper film advancement, ensuring each frame
is captured correctly and consistently. This also prevents jams, which could damage both
the film and the camera. Furthermore, proper handling maximizes the use of the film roll,
allowing photographers to utilize the entire roll efficiently. Adhering to the manufacturer's
instructions for loading and unloading film is a simple yet vital step in achieving the best
photographic results and preserving cherished memories. Proper technique ensures that
each shot is captured precisely as intended, maintaining the integrity of the art form.

ACTIVITY 10 REELING PROCEDURE

REFLECTION:
During the reeling procedure, I carefully prepared my workspace, ensuring it was clean and
lightproof. I gathered all necessary materials, including the developing tank, reel, film, and
chemicals. I began by cutting the film from the canister in complete darkness, relying
solely on touch to feed it into the reel. This required patience and dexterity, as the film
needed to be loaded smoothly without touching the emulsion side too much to avoid
fingerprints or scratches.

One challenge I faced was ensuring the film did not buckle or overlap on the reel, which
could result in uneven development. I struggled slightly with maintaining a steady hand
while loading the film, leading to a minor misalignment initially. After correcting this, I
successfully loaded the film into the reel and placed it into the developing tank, securing
the lid tightly.

Reflecting on the process, I realized I failed to adequately practice the reeling technique
beforehand. This led to some fumbling in the dark and unnecessary handling of the film.
Additionally, I should have double-checked that my workspace was completely light-tight,
as I had a brief moment of doubt about potential light leaks. Improving these aspects
would enhance my efficiency and confidence in future film developing sessions.

ACTIVITY 11 FILM PROCESSING

REFLECTION: Write your experiences during the conduct of film processing. What are the
things that you think you failed to perform?

During the conduct of film processing, I meticulously prepared all materials and chemicals
as outlined in the procedure. Mixing the developer and fixer solutions required careful
attention to temperature and agitation to ensure the chemicals dissolved properly.
Loading the film onto the reel was a challenging task; it took several attempts to get it right
without scratching the film. Pouring the developing solution and agitating the film was a
smooth process, but I realized I might not have agitated consistently for the full duration
recommended. Fixing the film went well, but I was unsure if I had extended the fixing time
enough for optimal results. The washing step was straightforward, though I noticed a slight
impatience, reducing the recommended washing time. Overall, my main areas for
improvement would be ensuring consistent agitation, extending the fixing time, and
adhering strictly to washing times to avoid any potential quality issues in the final images.
Between the tray and reel method of developing films, what do you think is more
convenient? Why?

Between the tray and reel methods of developing films, I find the reel method more
convenient. The reel method offers a more controlled and organized process, especially
for beginners. Loading the film onto a reel and placing it in a developing tank ensures the
film is evenly exposed to the chemicals, reducing the risk of uneven development and
chemical spots. This method also requires less space and can be done in a small, light-
tight room or changing bag.

In contrast, the tray method can be messier and requires more space, as each chemical
needs its own tray. Handling the film directly in trays increases the risk of scratches and
uneven development. Additionally, the tray method involves working in complete
darkness, which can be challenging and prone to errors.

Overall, the reel method's structured approach and reduced risk of damage make it the
more convenient option for most film developers.

ACTIVITY 12 TRAY METHOD (SEE-SAW METHOD)

REFLECTION: Write your experiences during the conduct of film processing. What are the
things that you think you failed to perform?

My experience with film processing was both challenging and enlightening. The process
required meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of each step to ensure
the best results. I started by gathering all necessary materials, ensuring I had a completely
dark environment for loading the film into the development tank. Mixing the chemicals
accurately and maintaining the right temperatures were crucial, and timing each stage
precisely (developer, stop bath, fixer) was essential. Thoroughly washing the film to
remove all chemical residues and ensuring a dust-free environment for drying were also
vital steps. Reviewing the developed negatives allowed me to evaluate exposure and
detail, learning from any mistakes to improve future attempts. However, I realized I
struggled with loading the film onto the reel in complete darkness, which led to minor
scratches and uneven development. I also found that maintaining consistent temperatures
during the chemical process was more challenging than anticipated.

ACTIVITY 13 PRINT MAKING PROCESS

REFLECTION: Write your experiences during the print making process. What are the things
that you think you failed to perform?

My journey into printmaking was filled with excitement and a steep learning curve. From
preparing the enlarger and choosing the right paper to developing the prints, each step
demanded precision and creativity. Setting up the darkroom correctly was crucial to avoid
light leaks that could ruin the prints. Ensuring proper exposure times and adjusting
contrast and brightness were essential for achieving desired tones and details. However,
challenges arose during the process. I occasionally struggled with achieving consistent
exposure across all prints, leading to variations in contrast and brightness. Additionally,
achieving perfect focus throughout the printmaking process proved more challenging than
expected, affecting the sharpness of some prints. Despite these hurdles, each mistake
served as a valuable lesson, highlighting the importance of patience and attention to detail
in the art of printmaking.

ACTIVITY 14 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

REFLECTION: Write a short article on why there is a need to apply the different methods of
documenting the crime scene.

Documenting a crime scene meticulously is crucial for the integrity of an investigation.

Various methods—photography, sketching, note-taking, and videography—ensure
comprehensive evidence capture. Photography provides a visual record, capturing details
like blood spatter patterns or the position of objects, which can be crucial for forensic
analysis. Sketching complements photographs by offering spatial relationships and scale
that photos may not fully convey. Detailed notes record observations, environmental
conditions, and specific actions taken during the investigation, creating a chronological
narrative. Videography adds an additional layer by providing a dynamic, real-time account
of the scene, capturing context and movement that static images cannot. Using multiple
methods ensures no detail is overlooked and helps cross-verify information, which
strengthens the credibility of evidence in court. This comprehensive approach is vital for
reconstructing events accurately, leading to more effective investigations and ensuring
justice is served.

ACTIVITY 15 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY USING DSLR

ACTIVITY 16 CRIME SCENE SKETCHING
Write a brief explanation about the difference of rough sketch and finished sketch. Explain
their importance and purpose.

Rough Sketch: The rough sketch is created at the crime scene and provides an initial,
informal depiction of the scene. It captures the basic layout, positions of significant
objects, and evidence. Measurements are approximate, and details may be less precise.
The rough sketch is essential for recording the scene as found, helping investigators recall
the original placement of items and evidence.

Finished Sketch: The finished sketch is a refined version of the rough sketch, created with
precise measurements and attention to detail. It is drawn to scale, ensuring accuracy and
clarity. The finished sketch includes a legend, scale, orientation, date, time, location, and
investigator details. This sketch is important for presenting the crime scene in reports and
court, providing a clear, accurate representation that supports the investigation and legal
proceedings.

Both sketches are crucial: the rough sketch captures immediate observations, while the
finished sketch provides a detailed, reliable record for analysis and presentation.

ACTIVITY 17 MUG-SHOT PHOTOGRAPHY

ACTIVITY 18 DOCUMENTING EVIDENCE SUBJECT FOR LABORATORY EXAMINATION
ANALYSIS
PHOTOGRAPH LOG:

PHOTOGRAPH LOG

File number: 2024-0721-CB

Nature of case: Office Burglary

Date and time taken: July 21, 2024, 9:00 AM

Name of Photographer: John Doe

Camera used: Nikon D850

Focal length of lens used: 24-70mm

Exposure settings: ISO 200, f/8, 1/60 sec

Source of light: Natural light and flash

Accessories used: Tripod, external flash

Number of rolls/ exposures taken: 2 rolls / 48 exposures

Film used: Fujifilm Pro 400H

ISO rating: 400

Developing time: 10 minutes

Developer used: Kodak D-76

Number of copies printed: 10

Size: 8x10 inches

Date filed: July 22, 2024

Received by: Detective Jane Smith

Date/ Time of recopy: July 23, 2024, 2:00 PM

Number of copies: 5

Requested by: Detective John White

Div. /Sec. /Unit: Burglary Unit

Approved by: Captain Robert Green

Name of the Police Officer/ Forensics specialists, and other people present at the
crime scene during the picture taking: Detective Jane Smith, Forensic Specialist Mark
Taylor, Officer Lisa Brown

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