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4. Motion in a Plane 3
4. Motion in a Plane 3
CHAPTER – 4
MOTION IN A PLANE
PREPARED
BY
K.SANKAR (PGT PHYSICS)
JNV KARAIKAL
TOPIC TO BE DISCUSSED
• Introduction
• Scalar and vector quantities
• Vectors and their notations; equality of vectors,
multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and
subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit vector;
• Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components,
• Scalar and Vector product of vectors.
• Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform
acceleration
• Projectile motion
• Uniform circular motion.
INTRODUCTION
• To describe motion of an object in two
dimensions (a plane) or three dimensions
(space), we need to use vectors.
• Then we discuss motion of an object in a
plane. As a simple case of motion in a
plane, we shall discuss motion with
constant acceleration and treat it in detail
the projectile motion.
• Circular motion which is a familiar class of
motion that has a special significance in
daily-life situations.
SCALARS AND VECTORS
QUANTITIES
• Scalar Quantities: The physical quantities which
are completely specified by their magnitude or size
alone are called scalar quantities.
Examples: Length, mass, density, speed, work, etc.
c In ∆ O C M,
R OC2 = O M2 +
C M2
Q
OC2 = (OA + A M)2 +
θ
C M2
M
O P A OC22= OA2 += 2OA
OA2 × AM+ 2 +OA
AC×2
AM + AM2 + C M2
c
R
Q
θ
M
O P A
In ∆CAM,
cos θ = AM/AC
AM = AC cos θ
OC 2 = OA2 + 2OA × AM + AC2
OC 2 = OA2 + 2OA × AC cos θ+ AC2
R 2 = P2 + 2P × Q cos θ + Q2
R 2 =P2 + 2 PQ cos θ + Q2
R=(P2 + 2PQ cos θ + Q2) 1 /2
DIRECTION OF RESULTANT
VECTOR
In triangle CAM;
c sin θ = C M /AC
R
cos θ = AM / AC
In triangle OCM;
Q tan α = C M/ OM
α θ = C M/ (OA +
M AM)
O P A
= AC sin θ / (P +
A C c o s θ)
tan α = Q sin θ / (P + Q
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR
ADDITION
R=A+B
The diagram above shows two
vectors A and B with angle p between
them.
R is the resultant of A and B
R=A+B
This is the resultant in vector
R is the magnitude of vector R
Similarly A and B are the magnitudes
of vectors A and B
R = √(A2 + B2 +2ABCos p) or
[A2 + B2 +2ABCos p]1/2
To give the direction of R we find
the angle q that R makes with B
Tan q = (A Sin p)/(B + A Cos q)
UNIT VECTORS
• A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a
particular direction.
• It has no dimension and unit.
• It is used to specify a direction only.
• In terms of components :
Expression for Displacement in a plane
• Let ro and r be the position vectors of the particle at time 0
and t and let the velocities at these instants be vo and v. The
displacement is the average velocity multiplied by the time
interval :
Therefore, the woman should hold her umbrella at an angle of about 19°
with the vertical towards the west.
PROJECTILE MOTION
• Projectile is a body thrown with an initial velocity in the vertical plane
and then it moves in two dimensions under the action of gravity
alone without being propelled by any engine or fuel. Its motion is
called projectile motion. The path of a projectile is called its
trajectory.
• Projectile motion is a case of two-dimensional motion .
Along y-axis
1. Component of initial velocity along y-axis. uy =0
2. Component of velocity along the y-axis at any instant t.
T= (2h/g)1/2
RANGE (R) :
R=u(2h/g)1/2
R
Net velocity & direction at any instant of
time t
• At any instant t
We know that
vx= u and vy= gt
v= (vx2 + vy2)1/2
v= [u2 + (gt)2]1/2
Along Y axis
Equation of Trajectory
(Path of projectile)
T= (2usinΦ)/g
Maximum height (H)
Φ= tan-1(vy/vx)
FREQUENCY:
Number of rotations completed by the
particle in one unit second is called
frequency. It is denoted by v.
RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR
VELOCITY and TIME
Let dθ be the angular displacement made by the
particle in time dt , then the angular velocity of the
particle is dθ /dt
ω = dθ /dt .
Its unit is rad s-1
For one complete revolution, the angle swept by the
radius vector is 3600 or 2π radians.
then the angular velocity of the particle is
ω= θ/t = 2 π/T .
If the particle makes n revolutions per second,
then ω=2π(1/T) = 2πn
where n = 1/T is the frequency of revolution.
RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR
VELOCITY AND TIME
Let PQ = ds, be the arc length covered by the particle
moving along the circle, then the angular displacement
d θ is expressed as dθ = ds/r.
But ds=vdt.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform circular motion can be described as
the motion of an object in a circle at a constant
speed. As the object moves in a circular path, its
direction changes constantly. At all instances, the
direction of the object is tangent to the circle.
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity.
But v=r ω
Therefore a= d(r ω)/ dt = r dω/ dt
Or a= r α
In vector form;
CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
When an object follows a circular path at a constant speed, the motion of the
object is called uniform circular motion. From fig
⮚ I thank Mrs. Helen Mary, Principal, JNV Karaikal for her valuable
guidance in preparing the e-content and all the team members.