WAVES - SOUND

IB PHYSICS | UNIT 6 | WAVES - SOUND

 6.1
Simple Harmonic
Motion
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 6 | WAVES - SOUND
 Warm up
What words would you use to describe
the motion of a bobble head doll?

• Oscillating
• Back and Forth
• Repeating
• Etc.
Consider This…

Time (sec)
 Consider This…

Hooke’s Law: F = -kΔx

Force is opposite to the displacement

-F -a F = ma
+Δx Acceleration is in the same
direction as the force

-Δx
+F +a
Why the Negative Sign??
“Acceleration is proportional to the
opposite of the displacement” a  -x
Proportional to
-a
+Δx

-Δx
+a
Where is the Greatest…

Displacement Velocity Acceleration

C X X
B X
A X X
Displacement C
B Time +Δx

A -Δx

B
Velocity

A C Time
Slope of d vs t

A
Acceleration

B Time Slope of v vs t
Opposite of disp
C
 _____ vs Displacement
Velocity Acceleration

Displacement Displacement

A B C A B C
 Properties of SHM
Displacement

Time

Property What is it? Symbol Unit

Period Time per cycle T [s]

Frequency Cycles per second f [Hz]
Period is related to Frequency

Period = 1 / Frequency
 Try this…
You are standing on the beach with your
feet in the water and notice that a new
wave comes crashing in every 4 seconds,
what is the frequency of these waves?

𝑇 =4s
1 1
𝑓 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐇𝐳
𝑇 4
 Try this…
Taylor Swift’s song Shake it Off has a
tempo of 160 beats per minute how
many seconds are in between each
beat (the period)

160 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑓= × = 2.67 Hz
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 1
𝑇= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒔
𝑓 2.67
 Energy for SHM

Total Energy

A B C B A B C

PE
Energy

KE

Time
 6.2
Properties of
Traveling Waves
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 6 | WAVES - SOUND
Warm Up

a  -x
What is a Wave?
 What is a Wave?

A wave is a disturbance that

energy
carries __________ through
matter or space

medium
matter through
which a wave travels
Vibrations and Waves

Most waves are caused

by a vibrating object
 Is the Medium Moving?

The medium particles

oscillate back and forth
 Two Types of Waves
Transverse Longitudinal
Particles move perpendicular Particles move parallel
to the wave’s motion to the wave’s motion

Examples: Examples:
• Ripples in a pond • Sound Waves
• Light Waves • Earthquake Waves
 Properties of a Wave
Property Symbol Unit
Amplitude A [m]
Wavelength λ [m]
Period T [s]
Frequency f [Hz] or [s-1]
A λ

λ distance time

λ
A
Properties of a Wave
compression rarefaction

peak/crest trough
 How Many Waves?

1.5 0.5

1 0.5

1 1.5
 Draw a Wave #1
Amplitude = 2 boxes | Wavelength = 4 boxes
 Draw a Wave #2
Amplitude = 4 boxes | Wavelength = 8 boxes
Waves and Energy

↑ Amplitude = ⃝ Energy
↓ Amplitude = ⃝ Energy

↑ Wavelength = ⃝ Energy
↓ Wavelength = ⃝ Energy
 Wave Speed Equation
Speed = Frequency × Wavelength

v λ
Symbols

= f ×

[m s-1] = [Hz] × [m]

Units

[s-1]
IB Physics Data Booklet
 Try this…
A piano string vibrates with a
frequency of 262 Hz. If these sound
waves have a wavelength in the air of
1.30 m, what is the speed of sound?

𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 262 (1.3)
−𝟏
= 𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝐦 𝐬
 Read a Wave #1
# of Waves
3
3

2
Period
4s
1
Meters

0
Amplitude
2m
1

2
Frequency
3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.25 Hz
Seconds
 Read a Wave #2
# of Waves
1.5
3

2
Period
8s
1
Meters

0
Amplitude
3m
1

2
Frequency
3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.125 Hz
Seconds
 Sound is Pressure
Vibrations pressurize the air molecules and those pressure waves
cause our ears to vibrate too!
 Pitch is Related to Frequency
high frequencies
High pitched sounds have _________

low frequencies
Low pitched sounds have _________
 Sensing Pitch
Sadly, the range of Frequency Yes No
frequencies that we can 8,000 Hz
10,000 Hz
hear diminishes with age…
12,000 Hz
14,000 Hz
15,000 Hz
16,000 Hz
17,000 Hz
18,000 Hz
19,000 Hz
20,000 Hz
 How do you Compare?
You Elephant Dog Dolphin
Min Frequency 6 Hz 40 Hz 70 Hz

Max Frequency 12,000 Hz 46,000 Hz 150,000 Hz

 Exit Ticket
The crests of waves passing into a harbor are 2.1 m
apart and have an amplitude of 60 cm. Ten waves
pass an observer every minute.
What is their frequency? What is their speed?
10 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
× = 0.167 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠
= (0.167)(2.1)
𝑓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝐇𝐳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
 6.3
Standing Waves
and Sound
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 6 | WAVES - SOUND
 Standing Waves

Nodes Antinodes
Standing Waves
 Standing Waves
12 m # of Standing Waves # of Wavelengths Wavelength (m)

1 0.5 24
2 1 12
3 1.5 8
4 2 6
Microwave Ovens Use Standing Waves
What do you notice from the video?
Harmonics
 Open Pipe Resonance

L=
Antinode Antinode

3
2
𝜆
1𝜆
1
2
𝜆
 Closed Pipe Resonance

L=
Node Antinode

5
4
𝜆
3
4
𝜆
1
4
𝜆
Strings make sound too!
wave speed
_________________
changes depending
on the string tension

Two ways to increase frequency in string:

increase decrease
tension length
 String Resonance

L=
Node Node

3
2
𝜆
1𝜆
1
2
𝜆
 Review of End Conditions

Closed Pipe Node Antinode

Open Pipe Antinode Antinode

String Node Node

 All the Harmonics!
Open Closed String
Remember Pitch and Frequency
High pitched sounds have high frequencies

Low pitched sounds have low frequencies

Making Different Pitches
The lengths are designed
for the fundamental
frequency
 Calculating Frequency | Open Pipes
L
A open organ pipe is 2.1 m long and the
speed of sound in the pipe is 341 m/s.
What is the fundamental frequency of
the pipe?
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 𝑣 341
𝑓= =
𝑓 =? 𝜆 4.2
𝑣 = 341 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝜆 = 4.2 𝑚 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟐 𝐇𝐳

𝐿 = 12𝜆 𝜆 = 2𝐿 = 2 2.1 = 4.2 𝑚

 Resonant String Practice
The note produced on a violin
string of length 40 cm produces a
wave speed of 250 m/s. What is
the first harmonic of this note?

𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 𝑣 250
𝑓 =?
𝑓= =
𝜆 0.8
𝑣 = 250 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝜆 = 0.8 𝑚 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝐇𝐳

𝐿 = 12𝜆 𝜆 = 2𝐿 = 2 0.4 = 0.8 𝑚

Finding Resonance

Tuning Fork

Water surface
 Calculating Frequency | Closed Pipes
You found an unmarked tuning fork in your collection.
You notice that the smallest length for resonance is
12 cm. If the speed of sound is 345 m/s, what is the
tuning fork frequency?
𝐿 = 14𝜆 𝜆 = 4𝐿 = 4 0.12 = 0.48 𝑚
𝑣 345
𝑓= = = 𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝐇𝐳
𝜆 0.48
What should the length of the tube be for the 2nd resonant position?

𝐿 = 34𝜆 = 34 0.48 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎
 6.4
Speed of Sound
and Wave Interference
IB PHYSICS | UNIT 6 | WAVES - SOUND
 Speed of Sound Depends on Medium

Air (25 °C)

760 mph
0.21 miles/sec

Speed of Sound for Air (at any temp)

v = 331 m s-1 + 0.6 × (Temp in °C)
Speed of Sound Depends on Medium
Why does Medium
Affect Speed?
molecule spacing

air

iron
 Using the Speed of Sound
You see lightning strike and
immediately start counting, once you
get to 7 seconds, you hear the boom
of thunder. How far away is the storm?

Air (25 °C) 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 = 0.21 7

760 mph = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐬
0.21 miles/sec
 Shortcut for Clocking a Storm
As soon as you see lightning strike,
start counting…
One one thousand, Two one thousand…
Stop counting as soon as you hear the
thunder from that bolt of lightning

Distance in Miles = Time / 5

 ECHO…. Echo…. Echo….
When you hear an echo, you are hearing the sound
after it has reflected off of an object and returned to
your ear
Calculating Distance from an Echo
A submarine send out a signal in
water (v = 1,530 m/s) and hears
that signal return 0.8 seconds
later. How far away is the island?

𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡 Only half the time to go one way

𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 = 1530 0.4 = 𝟔𝟏𝟐 𝒎

 How do we locate sounds?
Sound reaches one ear before the other. It also sounds
different from different locations due to the shape of our ears.

source
IB Physics Data Booklet
 Interference
When several waves are in the same location,
they combine to produce a new wave that is
different from the original waves.
After waves pass
by one another
continue on
unchanged
_____________
 Name that Interference
Constructive Interference
_________ Destructive Interference
_________
 Constructive Interference

What is the resulting

amplitude when
these waves meet?
 Destructive Interference

What is the
resulting
amplitude
when these
waves meet?
 Superposition of Waves
Wave A

Time
Wave B

Time
Superposition

Time
IB Sample Question
 IB Sample Question
Both the waves below are moving at 0.5 m s-1 towards each other.
What is the displacement at a distance of 1 m, after 4 s has passed?

(+3) + (-2) = +1
Noise Canceling Headphones
 More Interference

Constructive Destructive
More Interference
A
B
C

Constructive:
Path Difference = nλ

C
B
A
More Interference
D
E

Destructive:
Path Difference = (n+½)λ

E
D
IB Physics Data Booklet
 Try This
Two coherent point sources S1 and S2 emit spherical waves. P Q

Which of the following best describes the intensity of the

A Maximum Minimum
waves at P and Q? B Minimum Maximum
Max C Maximum Maximum
D Minimum Minimum
Min
 Try this #1
5m
Two speakers are separated by a distance of 5 meters,
if they emit a coherent sound signal of 850 Hz. If the
2.1 m 2.9 m
speed of sound is 340 m s-1, is this person in a
maximum or minimum location?

𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
𝑣 340
𝜆= = = 0.4 𝑚
𝑓 850

Path Difference Path Difference = (___) × λ

2.9 – 2.1 = 0.8 m Maximum because result
0.8 is a perfect integer
=𝟐
0.4
 Try This #2
4m If these speakers are playing a note with a frequency of
680 Hz, is this person standing at a maximum or
Path Difference
minimum spot? Assume a speed of sound of 340 m s-2
5 - 3= 1 m
𝑣 340
𝜆= = = 0.5 𝑚
𝑓 680
Maximum because result
5m is a perfect integer
3m 2
Path Diff. = (___) × λ =𝟒
0.5
What frequency would result in the opposite effect?

2m 𝜆 = 0.44 m
𝟒. 𝟓 =
(Could be anything 𝜆 𝑣 340
𝑓= = = 𝟕𝟕𝟑 𝐇𝐳
that ends in .5) 𝜆 0.44