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Writing
Task 1:
The graph below shows the
production levels of the main
kinds of fuel in the UK between
1981 and 2000.

Summarise the information by

selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

Task 2:
In some countries, students live with their family while studying at a university.
In other countries, students attend university in another city. Do you think the
advantages of living away from family home while attending university
outweigh the disadvantages?

Reading
Passage 1:
You should spend about 20 minutes Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or
on Questions 1-13 which are based on D.
Reading Passage 1 below.
Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on
Bovids your answer sheet.
A
1
The family of mammals called bovids In which region is the biggest range
belongs to the Artiodactyl class, of bovids to be found?
which also includes giraffes. Bovids A. Africa
are a highly diverse group consisting B. Eurasia
of 137 species, some of which are C. North America
man’s most important domestic D. South-east Asia
animals. 2
 Most bovids have a preference for
B living in
A. isolation
Bovids are well represented in most B. small groups
parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian C. tropical forest
islands, but they are by far the most D. wide open spaces
numerous and diverse in the latter 3
Some species of bovid are solitary, Which of the following features do all
but others live in large groups with bovids have in common?
complex social structures. Although A. Their horns are shot.
bovids have adapted to a wide range B. They have upper incisors.
of habitats, from arctic tundra to deep C. They store food in the body.
tropical forest, the majority of species D. Their hooves are undivided.
favour open grassland, scrub or
desert. This diversity of habitat is also Look at the following
matched by great diversity in size and characteristics (Questions 4-8) and
form: at one extreme is the royal the list of sub-families below.
antelope of West Africa, which stands
a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the Match each characteristic with the
other, the massively built bison of correct sub-family, A, B, C or D.
North America and Europe, growing
to a shoulder height of 2.2m. Write the correct letter, A, B, C or
D, in boxes 4-8 on your answer
C sheet.

Despite differences in size and NB You may use any letter more
appearance, bovids are united by the than once
possession of certain common
features. All species are ruminants, List of sub-families
which means that they retain
undigested food in their stomachs, A Antelope
and regurgitate it as necessary. Bovids
are almost exclusively herbivorous: B Bovinae
plant-eating “incisors: front teeth
herbivorous”. C Caprinae

D D Cephalophinae

Typically their teeth are highly 4

modified for browsing and grazing: can endure very harsh environments
grass or foliage is cropped with the
upper lip and lower incisors** (the
upper incisors are usually absent),
and then ground down by the cheek
teeth. As well as having cloven, or
split, hooves, the males of ail bovid
species and the females of most carry
horns. Bovid horns have bony cores
covered in a sheath of horny material
that is constantly renewed from
within; they are unbranched and
never shed. They vary in shape and
size: the relatively simple horns of a
large Indian buffalo may measure
around 4 m from tip to tip along the
outer curve, while the various
gazelles have horns with a variety of
elegant curves.
E
Five groups, or sub-families, may be
distinguished: Bovinae, Antelope,
Caprinae, Cephalophinae and
Antilocapridae. The sub-family
Bovinae comprises most of the larger
bovids, including the African bongo,
and nilgae, eland, bison and cattle.
Unlike most other bovids they are all
non-territorial. The ancestors of the
various species of domestic cattle
banteng, gaur, yak and water buffalo
are generally rare and endangered in
the wild, while the auroch (the
ancestor of the domestic cattle of
Europe) is extinct.
F
The term ‘antelope is not a very
precise zoological name – it is used to
loosely describe a number of bovids
that have followed different lines of
development. Antelopes are typically
long-legged, fast-running species,
often with long horns that may be laid
5
includes the ox and the cow
6
may supplement its diet with meat
7
can usually move a speed
8
does not defend a particular area of
land
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Write yours answers in boxes 9-13
on your answer sheet.
9
What is the smallest species of Bovid
called?
10
Which species of Bovinae hos now
died out?
11
What facilitates the movement of the
sitatunga over wetland?
12
along the back when the animal is in What sort of terrain do barbary sheep
full flight. There are two main sub- live in?
groups of antelope: Hippotraginae,
which includes the oryx and the
addax, and Antilopinae, which 13
generally contains slighter and more What is the only living member of the
graceful animals such as gazelle and Antilocapridae sub-family?
the springbok. Antelopes are mainly
grassland species, but many have
adapted to flooded grasslands: pukus,
waterbucks and lechwes are all good
at swimming, usually feeding in deep
water, while the sitatunga has long,
splayed hooves that enable it to walk
freely on swampy ground.

The sub-family Caprinae includes the

sheep and the goat, together with
various relatives such as the goral and
the tahr. Most are woolly or have long
hair. Several species, such as wild
goats, chamois and ibex, are agile
cliff – and mountain-dwellers.
Tolerance of extreme conditions is
most marked in this group: Barbary
and bighorn sheep have adapted to
arid deserts, while Rocky Mountain
sheep survive high up in mountains
and musk oxen in arctic tundra.

The duiker of Africa belongs to the

Cephalophinae sub-family. It is
generally small and solitary, often
living in thick forest. Although
mainly feeding on grass and leaves,
some duikers – unlike most other
bovids – are believed to eat insects
and feed on dead animal carcasses,
and even to kill small animals.
I

The pronghorn is the sole survivor of

a New World sub-family of
herbivorous ruminants, the
Antilocapridae in North America. It is
similar in appearance and habits to
the Old World antelope. Although
greatly reduced in numbers since the
arrival of Europeans, and the
subsequent enclosure of grasslands,
the pronghorn is still found in
considerable numbers throughout
North America, from Washington
State to Mexico. When alarmed by
the approach of wolves or other
predators, hairs on the pronghorn’s
rump stand erect, so showing and
emphasizing the white patch there. At
this signal, the whole herd gallops off
at speed of over 60 km per hour.

Passage 2:
You should spend about 20 minutes The Reading Passage has eight
on Questions 14-27 which are based paragraphs A-H
on Reading Passage 2 below.
Which paragraph contains the
Art in Iron and Steel following information?
A
Write the correct letter A-H, in
Works of engineering and technology boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
are sometimes viewed as the
antitheses of art and humanity. Think 14
of the connotations of assembly lines, Art connected with architecture for
robots, and computers. Any positive the first time.
values there might be in such
creations of the mind and human
industry can be overwhelmed by the
associated negative images of 15
repetitive, stressful, and threatened small artistic object and constructions
jobs. Such images fuel the arguments built are put together
of critics of technology even as they
may drive powerful cars and use the
Internet to protest what they see as
the artless and dehumanizing aspects
of living in an industrialized and
digitized society. At the same time,
landmark megastructures such as the
Brooklyn and Golden Gate bridges
are almost universally hailed as
majestic human achievements as well
as great engineering monuments that
have come to embody the spirits of
their respective cities. The
relationship between art and
engineering has seldom been easy or
consistent.
B
The human worker may have
appeared to be but a cog in the wheel
of industry, yet photographers could
reveal the beauty of line and
composition in a worker doing
something as common as using a
wrench to turn a bolt. When Henry
Ford’s enormous River Rouge plant
opened in 1927 to produce the Model
A, the painter/photographer Charles
Sheeler was chosen to photograph it.
The world’s largest car factory
captured the imagination of Sheeler,
who described it as the most thrilling
subject he ever had to work with. The
artist also composed oil paintings of
the plant, giving them titles such as
American Landscape and Classic
Landscape.
C
Long before Sheeler, other artists,
too, had seen the beauty and
16
the working condition were recorded
by the artist as an exciting subject.
17
mention of one engineers’ artistic
work on an unfinished engineering
project
18
Two examples of famous bridges
which became the iconic symbols of
those cities
Use the information in the passage
to match the people (listed A-F)
with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-F in
boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
List of people
A Charles Sheeler
B Michael Rooker
C Claude Monet
D Christian Schussele
E Joseph Pennell
F Lewis Hine
19
who made a comment that concrete
constructions have a beauty just as
humanity in works of engineering and artistic processes created by engineers
technology. This is perhaps no more the architects
evident than in Coalbrookdale,
England, where iron, which was so
important to the industrial revolution,
was worked for centuries. Here, in the 20
late eighteenth century, Abraham who made a romantic depiction of an
Darby III cast on the banks of the old bridge in one painting
Severn River the large ribs that
formed the world’s first iron bridge, a
dramatic departure from the classic
stone and timber bridges that dotted 21
the countryside and were captured in who produced art pieces
numerous serene landscape paintings. demonstrating the courage of workers
The metal structure, simply but in the site
appropriately called Iron Bridge, still
spans the river and still beckons
engineers, artists, and tourists to gaze
22
upon and walk across it, as if on a
who produced portraits involving
pilgrimage to a revered place.
subjects in engineers and inventions
and historical human heroes.
D

At Coalbrookdale, the reflection of

the ironwork in the water completes
the semicircular structure to form a
wide-open eye into the future that is
now the past. One artist’s bucolic
depiction shows pedestrians and
horsemen on the bridge, as if on a
woodland trail. On one shore, a pair
of well-dressed onlookers interrupts
their stroll along the riverbank,
perhaps to admire the bridge. On the
other side of the gently flowing river,
a lone man leads two mules beneath
an arch that lets the towpath pass
through the bridge’s abutment. A
single boatman paddles across the
river in a tiny tub boat. He is in no
rush because there is no towline to
carry from one side of the bridge to
the other. This is how Michael
23
who produced a painting of factories
and named them ambitiously
Complete the following summary of
the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS from the Reading Passage
for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on
your answer sheet.
Iron bridge Coalbrookdale, England
In the late eighteenth century, as
Rooker was Iron Bridge in his 1792
painting. A colored engraving of the
scene hangs in the nearby
Coalbrookdale museum, along with
countless other contemporary
renderings of the bridge in its full
glory and in its context, showing the
iron structure not as a blight on the
landscape but at the center of it. The
surrounding area at the same time
radiates out from the bridge and pales
behind it.
E 26…………………… was much
In the nineteenth century, the
railroads captured the imagination of
artists, and the steam engine in the
distance of a landscape became as
much a part of it as the herd of cows
in the foreground. The Impressionist
Claude Monet painted man-made
structures like railway stations and
cathedrals as well as water lilies.
Portrait painters such as Christian
Schussele found subjects in engineers
and inventors – and their inventions –
as well as in the American founding
fathers. By the twentieth century,
engineering, technology, and industry
were very well established as subjects
for artists.
artists began to capture the artistic
attractiveness incorporated into
architecture via engineering and
technology were captured in
numerous serene landscape paintings.
One good example, the engineer
called 24……………………. had
designed the first iron bridge in the
world and changed to using irons yet
earlier bridges in the countryside
were constructed using materials such
as 25……………………. and wood.
This first Iron bridge which across the
significant in the industrial revolution
period and it functioned for centuries.
Numerous spectacular paintings and
sculpture of Iron Bridge are collected
and exhibited locally in
27…………………….., showing the
iron structure as a theme on the
landscape.
24
25
26

F
27
American-born Joseph Pennell
illustrated many European travel
articles and books. Pennell, who early
in his career made drawings of
buildings under construction and
shrouded in scaffolding, returned to
America late in life and recorded
industrial activities during World War
I. He is perhaps best known among
engineers for his depiction of the
Panama Canal as it neared completion
and his etchings of the partially
completed Hell Gate and Delaware
River bridges.

Pennell has often been quoted as

saying, “Great engineering is great
art,” a sentiment that he expressed
repeatedly. He wrote of his
contemporaries, “I understand
nothing of engineering, but I know
that engineers are the greatest
architects and the most pictorial
builders since the Greeks.” Where
some observers saw only utility,
Pennell saw also beauty, if not in
form then at least in scale. He felt he
was not only rendering a concrete
subject but also conveying through
his drawings the impression that it
made on him. Pennell called the
sensation that he felt before a great
construction project ‘The Wonder of
Work”. He saw engineering as a
process. That process is memorialized
in every completed dam, skyscraper,
bridge, or other great achievements of
engineering.

If Pennell experienced the wonder of

work in the aggregate, Lewis Hine
focused on the individuals who
engaged in the work. Hine was
trained as a sociologist but became
best known as a photographer who
exposed the exploitation of children.
His early work documented
immigrants passing through Ellis
Island, along with the conditions in
the New York tenements where they
lived and the sweatshops where they
worked. Upon returning to New York,
he was given the opportunity to
record the construction of the Empire
State Building, which resulted in the
striking photographs that have
become such familiar images of
daring and insouciance. He put his
own life at risk to capture workers
suspended on cables hundreds of feet
in the air and sitting on a high girder
eating lunch. To engineers today, one
of the most striking features of these
photos, published in 1932 in Men at
Work, is the absence of safety lines
and hard hats. However, perhaps
more than anything, the photos evoke
Pennell’s “The Wonder of Work” and
inspire admiration for the bravery and
skill that bring a great engineering
project to completion.

Passage 3:
You should spend about 20 minutes Use the information in the passage
on Questions 28-40 which are based to match the people (listed A-C)
on Reading Passage 3 below. with opinions or deeds below.

Write the appropriate letters A-C

Psychology
Of New Product Adoption
A
In today’s hypercompetitive
marketplace, companies that
successfully introduce new products
are more likely to flourish than those
that don’t. businesses spend billions
of dollars making better “mousetraps”
only to find consumers roundly
in boxes 28-31 on your answer
sheet.
A Richard Thaler
B Everett Rogers
C Kahneman and Tversky
28
stated a theory which bears potential
rejecting them. Studies show that new
products fail at the stunning rate of
between 40% and 90%, depending on
the category, and the odds haven’t
changed much in the past 25 years. In
the U.S. packaged goods industry, for
instance, companies introduce 30,000
products every year, but 70% to 90%
of them don’t stay on store shelves
for more than 12 months. Most
innovative products – those that
create new product categories or
revolutionize old ones – are also
unsuccessful. According to one study,
47% of first movers have foiled,
meaning that approximately half the
companies that pioneered new
product categories later pulled out of
those businesses.
B
After the fact, experts and novices
alike tend to dismiss unsuccessful
innovations as bad ideas that were
destined to fail. Why do consumers
fail to buy innovative products even
when they offer distinct
improvements over existing ones?
Why do companies invariably have
more faith in new products than is
warranted? Few would question the
objective advantages of many
innovations over existing alternatives,
but that’s often not enough for them
to succeed. To understand why new
products fail to live up to companies’
expectations, we must delve into the
psychology of behavior change.
C o FALSE
New products often require
fault in the application
29
decided the consumers’ several
behavior features when they face
other options
30
generalised that customers value
more of their possession they are
going to abandon for a purpose than
alternative they are going to swap in
31
answered the reason why people
don’t replace existing products
Do the following statements agree
with the information given in
Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet,
write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is
not given in the passage
32
The products of innovations which
beat existing alternatives can
guarantee a successful market share.
o TRUE
o NOT GIVEN
consumers to change their behavior. 33
As companies know, those behavior The fact that most companies
changes entail costs. Consumers recognised the benefits of switching
costs, such as the activation fees they to new products guarantees a
have to pay when they switch from successful innovation.
one cellular service provider to o TRUE
another. They also bear learning o FALSE
costs, such as when they shift from o NOT GIVEN
manual to automatic automobile 34
transmissions. People sustain Gender affects the loss and gain
obsolescence costs, too. For example, outcome in the real market place.
when they switch from VCRs to DVD o TRUE
players, their videotape collections o FALSE
become useless. All of these are o NOT GIVEN
economic switching costs that most
35
companies routinely anticipate.
Endowment-effect experiment
showed there was a huge gap between
D
the seller’s anticipation and the
chooser’s offer.
What businesses don’t take into
o TRUE
account, however, are the
o FALSE
psychological costs associated with
behavior change. Many products fail o NOT GIVEN
because of a universal, but largely 36
ignored, psychological bias: People Customers accept the fact peacefully
irrationally overvalue benefits they when they are revealed the status quo
currently possess relative to those bias.
they don’t. The bias leads consumers o TRUE
to value the advantages of products o FALSE
they own more the benefits of new o NOT GIVEN
ones. It also leads executives to value
the benefits of innovations they’ve Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or
developed over the advantages of D.
incumbent products.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40
E on your answer sheet.

Companies have long assumed that 37

people will adopt new products that
deliver more value or utility than
existing ones. Thus, business need
only to develop innovations that are
objectively superior to incumbent
What does paragraph A illustrated in
the business creative venture?
A. above 70% of products stored in
the warehouse
products, and consumers will have
sufficient incentive to purchase them.
In the 1960s, communications scholar
Everett Rogers called the concept
“relative advantage” and identified is
as the most critical driver of new-
product adoption. This argument
assumes that companies make
unbiased assessments of innovations
and of consumers, likelihood of
adopting them. Although compelling,
the theory has one major flaw: It fails
to capture the psychological biases
that affect decision making.
F D. learning from a famous company
In 2002, psychologist Daniel
Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in
economics for a body of work that
explores why and when individuals
deviate from rational economic
behavior. One of the cornerstones of
that research, developed with
psychologist Amos Tversky, is how
individuals value prospects, or
choices, in the marketplace.
Kahneman and Tversky showed, and
others have confirmed, that human
beings’ responses to the alternatives
before they have four distinct
characteristics.
G What does the experiment of “status
First, people evaluate the
attractiveness of an alternative based
not on its objective, or actual, value
but on its subjective, or perceived
value. Second, consumers evaluate
new products or investments relative
to a reference point, usually the
products they already own or
B. only US packaged goods industry
affected
C. roughly half of new product
business failed
D. new products have a long life
span.
38
What do specialists and freshers tend
to think how a product sold well:
A. as more products stored on a shelf
B. being creative and innovative
enough
C. having more chain stores
like Webvan
39
According to this passage, a number
of products fail because of the
following reason:
A. they ignore the fact that people
tend to overvalue the product they
own.
B. they are not confident with their
products
C. they are familiar with people’s
psychology state
D. they forget to mention the
advantages of products
40
quo bias” suggest which conducted
by Nobel prize winner Kahneman and
Tversky:
A. about half of them are willing to
change
B. student is always to welcome new
items
C. 90% of both owners in a neutral
position
consume. Third, people view any D. only 10% of chocolate bar owner
improvements relative to this is willing to swap
reference point as gains and treat all
shortcomings as losses. Fourth, and
most important, losses have a far
greater impact on people than
similarly sized gains, a phenomenon
that Kahneman and Tversky called
“loss aversion.” For instance, studies
show that most people will not accept
a bet in which there is a 50% chance
of winning $100 and a 50% chance of
losing $100. The gains from the
wager must outweigh the losses by a
factor of between two and three
before most people find such a bet
attractive. Similarly, a survey of 1,500
customers of Pacific Gas and Electric
revealed that consumers demand
three to four times more
compensation to endure a power
outage – and suffer a loss – than they
are willing to pay to avoid the
problem, a potential gain. As
Kahneman and Tversky wrote,
“losses loom larger than gains.”

Loss aversion leads people to value

products that they already possess –
those that are part of their endowment
– more than those they don’t have.
According to behavioral economist
Richard Thaler, consumers value
what they own, but many have to give
up, much more than they value what
they don’t own but could obtain.
Thaler called that bias the
“endowment effect.”

I
In a 1990 paper, Thaler and his
colleagues describe a series of
experiments they conducted to
measure the magnitude of the
endowment effect. In one such
experiment, they gave coffee mugs to
a group of people, the Sellers, and
asked at what price point – from 25
cents to $9.25 – the Sellers would be
willing to part with those mugs. They
asked another group – the Choosers –
to whom they didn’t give coffee
mugs, to indicate whether they would
choose the mug or the money at each
price point. In objective terms, all the
Sellers and Choosers were in the
same situation: They were choosing
between a mug and a sum of money.
In one trial of this experiment, the
Sellers priced the mug at $7.12, on
average, but the Choosers were
willing to pay only $3.12. In another
trial, the Sellers and the Choosers
valued the mug at $7.00 and $3.50,
respectively. Overall, the Sellers
always demanded at least twice as
much to give up the mugs as the
Choosers would pay to obtain them.

Kahneman and Tversky’s research

also explains why people tend to stick
with what they have even if a better
alternative exists. In a 1989 paper,
economist Jack Knetsch provided a
compelling demonstration of what
economists William Samuelson and
Richard Zeckhauser called the “status
quo bias.” Knetsch asked one group
of students to choose between an
attractive coffee mug and a large bar
of Swiss chocolate. He gave a second
group of students the coffee mugs but
a short time later allowed each
student to exchange his or her mug
for a chocolate bar. Finally, Knetsch
gave chocolate bars to a third group
of students but much later allowed
each student to exchange his or her
bar for a mug. Of the students given a
choice at the outset, 56% chose the
mug, and 44% chose the chocolate
bar, indicating a near even split in
preferences between the two
products. Logically, therefore, about
half of the students to whom Knetsch
gave the coffee mug should have
traded for the chocolate bar and vice
versa. That didn’t happen. Only 11%
of the students who had been given
the mugs and 10% of those who had
been given the chocolate bars wanted
to exchange their products. To
approximately 90% of the students,
giving up what they already had
seemed like a painful loss and shrank
their desire to trade.

Interestingly, most people seem

oblivious to the existence of the
behaviors implicit in the endowment
effect and the status quo bias. In study
after study, when researchers
presented people with evidence that
they had irrationally overvalued the
status quo, they were shocked,
skeptical, and more than a bit
defensive. These behavioral
tendencies are universal, but
awareness of them is not.
Listening
Part 1:

Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Phone interview

Name: John Murphy

Example Answer

Position applying for: lifeguard

Street Address: 45 1………….. Court

Contact phone number: 2…………..

Current part-time job:` 3…………..

Previous job at Ridgemont High School: 4…………..

Additional relevant work experience: 5…………..

Relevant skills/qualifications: CPR certification & 6…………..

CPR certification expiration date: 7…………..

Preferred weekly shift: 8…………..

Time available to start work: 9…………..

Advertisement source: 10…………..

Part 2:

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C 16

What is the primary method for
increasing safety?
11
The lecture was organised by
A. City of Nottingham.
B. University of Nottingham
Students’ Union.
C. Nottingham Police Department.
A. informing students and staff of
safety precautions
B. offering free self-defense courses
to students
C. reminding students to carry a
mobile phone at all times

12 17
The majority of crime on campus is If a student must work late, it is most
A. Drugs and Alcohol. important to
B. Violence A. not return home until the morning.
C. Theft B. go back with a friend.
C. bring a mobile phone.
13
The campus crime rate has 18
………….. so far this year. It is dangerous to
A. increased A. drive home late at night.
B. decreased B. carry a knife.
C. stayed the same C. carry pepper spray.

14
Why is there added concern about
crime?
A. exaggeration in media
B. crime TV shows
C. factual news articles
19
Students who complete a self-defense
course are
A. more aware of dangers.
B. mentally tougher.
C. walking more confidently.

15 20
Carlos says if you are the victim of a A university is
crime, you should A. not surrounded by walls.
A. run away. B. patrolled by military.
B. resist C. completely safe.
C. seek help.