Professional Documents
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2911_2r
2911_2r
( ReaKiiled 2000
( Reaffirmed 1995 ))
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART11 TIMBER PILES
( First Revision)
UDC 624.154.2.04:006.76
@ Co&vighf 1980
Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART II TIMBER PILES
( First Revision )
Foundation Engineermg Se&onal Committee, BDC 43
Chairman Reprewnting
PROS DINESH MOEAN Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),
Roorkee
Members
DR R. K. BHANDARX Cent;~or~~ding Research Institute ( CSIR ),
CHIEF ENGINEER Calcutta Port Trust, Calcutta
SHRI S. GUEA ( ANernatc )
SRRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity (P-820, Block P, New Alifiorc,
Calcutta )
SHRI M. G. DANDAVATE Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRI N. C. DIJQ~AL ( Alternate)
Saab R. K. DAY GU~TA Simplex Concrete Piles ( I ) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SERI H. GUHA BISWAS ( A&mate )
SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR . t personal capacity (5, Hungcrford Court,
I21 Hungerford Street, Calcutta )
SHEI V. C. DESBPAIJDE Pressure Piling Co ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( Alternuts i
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI . ’ ‘Asia Fohndation and Construction Pvt Ltd,
Bombay
SH~I A. N. JANGLE ( Altcrnats )
SaRr A. &fOSJHAL Braithwaite Bum 8c Jessop Construction Co Ltd,
Calcutta
SERI N. E. A. RA~HAVAN ( Altsmafc )
DR SHASEI K. GULHA*~I Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SH~I A. VARADARAJAN ( Alternate )
SHRI M. ImC3AR Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
DR R. K. M. BRANDARI ( Alternatc )
SHRI G. R. S. Jti G. S. Jain & Associates, Roorkee
SARI ASHOK KU~UARJAM ( Aftamute )
( Continued on page 2 )
Q Co+ght 1980
I BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS I
‘1Jiis publication is protected under the Indian Qpyrighr Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS : 2911 (Part II ) - 1980
Secretary
SHI~I K. M. M.r~aun
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS
2
IS : 2911 ( Part ll ) - 1980
Indian Standurd
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PART II TIMBER PILES
( First Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part II ) ( First Revision) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 29 February 1980, after the draft
finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.3 Timber piles find extensive use for compaction of soils and also for
supporting as well as protecting water-front structures. The choice for
using a timber pile shall be mainly governed by the site conditions,
particularly the water-table conditions. Use of treated or untreated piles
will depend upon the site conditions and upon whether the work is
permanent or of temporary nature. They have the advantages of being
comparatively light for their strength and are easily handled. However,
they will not withstand as hard driving as steel or concrete piles. Timber
has to be selected carefully and treated where necessary for use as piles,
3
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the design and construction of timber piles used
either for load bearing or for the compaction ol‘ground.
NOTE - Sawn timber piles, generally used in shrt4 piling, are nPc co, ,wd ilr
this code.
2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
2.2 Allowable Load - The load lvllich may be applied to a pile ;LWI
taking into account its ultimate load capacity, pile spacing, overall
bearing capacity of the ground below the pile, the allowable settlement.
negative skin friction and the loading renditions incllltlin~ reversal of
loads, etc.
4
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
2.4 Bearing Pile- A pile formed in the ground for transmitting the
load of a structure to the soil by the resistance developed at its tip or
along its surface or both. It may be formed either vertically or at an
inclination ( batter pile ) and may be required to take uplift.
2.6 Cut-Off Level -The level where the installed pile is cut off to
support the pile caps or beams or any other structural components at
that level.
2.7 Draft Bolt -- A metal rod driven into a hole bored in timber, the
hole being smaller in diameter than the rod.
2.10 Nett Displacement - Nett movement of the pile top after the pile
has been subjected to a test load and subsequently released.
2.11 Pile Line - The rope used to lift a pile and hold it in place during
the early stages of driving.
2.12 Pile Ring -A metal hoop used to bind the head of a timber pile
during driving to prevent splitting and brooming.
2.13 Pile Shoe-A metal protection for the foot of a pile to prevent
damage or to obtain greater penetration when driving through hard
material.
2.16 Test Pile - A pile which is selected for load testing and which is
subsequentlv loaded for that purpose. The test pile may form a working
pile itself if subjected to routine load test with up to one-and-a half
times the safe load.
5
IS:2911 (Pa&II)-1989
3. NECESSARY INFORMA’I’ION
3.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of pile foundation, the
following information is necessary:
a) Site investigation data as laid down in IS : 1892-1979* or any
other relevant Indian Standard code. Sections of trial boring,
supplemented where appropriate by penetration tests, should
extend sufficiently below the anticipated level of founding of
piles but this should generally be not less than 10 m unless bed
rock or firm stratum has been encountered. The nature of soil
both around and beneath the proposed piles should be tested for
strength and compressibility. Ground water level and
conditions ( such as artessian conditions ) should also be recorded
and chemical tests to ascertain the sulphate, chloride and other
deleterious chemical content of soil and water should be carried
out. This is particularly required in a job when extensive piling
is to be undertaken.
6
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
7
1s : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8
IS:2911 (PartII)-19&I
aompaction piles, tests should be done on a group of piles with their cap
resting on the ground [ su IS : 2911 ( Part IV )-1979*]. If such test data
are not available, the load carried by the pile shall be determined by the
Engineering News formula ( see Note). Care shall be taken that while
counting the number of blows, the head of the pile is not broomed or
brushed and in case of interrupted driving counting shall be done after
30 cm of driving.
NOTE - For piles driven with drop hammer,
p,E
s + 2.5
Far piler driven with single-acting steam hammer,
p,16
s + 0.25
where
P = safe load on pile in kg,
W = weight of monkey in kg,
H = free fall of monkey in m, and
s = penetration of pile in cm to be taken m the average of three
blows.
5.5.1 In case of piles founded on a very hard stratum and deriving their
capacity mainly from end bearing the spacing will be governed by the
competency of the end bearing strata. The minimum spacing in such
cases shall be 2.5 times the diameter of the shaft.
5.5.2 Piles deriving their bearing capacity mainly from friction shall
be sufficiently apart to ensure that the zones of soil from which the piles
derive their support do not overlap to such an extent that their bearing
values are reduced. Generally, the spacing in such cases shall not be
less than 3 times the diameter of the shaft.
*Code of practice for deriga rad construction of pile found&omsz Part IV Lo4 tplt
on piles.
9
IS:2911 (PartII)-1980
5.5.3 In the case of loose Sand or filling, closer spacing than in dense
sand may be possible since displacement during the piling may be
absorbed by vertical and horizontal compaction of the strata. Minimum
spacing in such strata may be twice and half the diameter of the shaft.
NOTE- In the case of piles of non-circular cross section, diameter of the
circumscribing circle shall be adopted.
6. CLASSIFICATION
6.1 Depending upon the use, that is, type of structure and the size, piles
shall be classified as Class A and Class B.
6.1.1 Class A - Piles for railway and highway bridges, trestles, docks
and wharves. The butt diameter or sides of square shall be not less
than 30 cm.
6.1.2 Class B - Piles for foundation work other than those specified
in 6.1.1 and temporary work. Piles used for the compaction of
ground shall be not less than 10 cm in diameter or side in case of square
piles.
7. TIMBER SPECIES
7.1 The species of timber and their specification shall conform to
IS : 3629- 1966*. The length of the individual pile shall be the specified
length f30 cm for piles less than 12 m long, and the specified length
&60 cm for piles of length 12 m or above. In case of round piles, the
ratio of heartwood diameter to the pile butt diameter shall be not less
than 0.8. Both the ends will be sawn at right angles to the length of
pile and the surface shall be made flush by trimming the knots and
limbs.
8. PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT
8.1 The timber shall be treated in accordance with IS : 401-1967t
specially where conditions are not favourable.
10
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
10.3 The pile cap should normally be rigid enough so that the imposed
load could be distributed on the piles in a group equitably.
10.4 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond the outermost pile in the
group shall normally be 100 to 150 mm, depending upon the pile size.
10.5 The cap is generally cast over 75 mm thick levelling course of
concrete. The clear cover for main reinforcement in the cap slab shall
not be less than 75 mm.
10.6 The pile should project 40 mm into the cap concrete.
11.1 After driving, pile tops shall be cut off to a true plane and shall
show a solid head at the plane of cutoff. After cutoff the pile tops shall be
treated with a preservative (see IS : 401-1967: ) . If metal top-covers are
specified these shall be placed immediately after the treatment. Any
holes and cuts if required for framing shall be suitably treated.
11.2 Capping -Capping shall be done when the piles are in correct
position.
12.2 The pile tip shall be pointed ( unless the driving is wholly in soft
strata) in the form of truncated cone or a p ramid having the end
25 cm2 to 40 cm2 in area and the length shall b one-and-a-half to two
times the diameter or side of square.
11
IS:2911 (PartII)-1980
12.3 To prevent splitting and reduce brooming, the head of the pile
should be hooped wit11 a suitable ring or wrapped with wires.
12.3.1 The heads of the piles shall be further protected by the provision
of cushion blocks.
12.4 If the piles are required to be formed from two or more lengths, the
butting surfaces should be cut square to ensure contact over the whole
cross section of the pile. A thin steel plate placed between the butting
surfaces will reduce the tendency to brooming. The pieces should also
be secured with steel tube or steel flats. Splices near the middle of the
pile should be avoided. If it is necessary to obtain increase in size and
length of pile by building up piles from several timber sections, the
joint should be staggered and timber members connected by means of
bolts or coach screws.
12
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
12.6.3 DrizGg n Croup of Friction Piles - Driving piles in loose sand tends
to compact the sand which in turn increases the skin friction. There-
fore, the order of installing of such a pile in group should avoid creating
a compacting block of ground into which further piles cannot be driven.
12.9 Amount of Driving - Care shall be taken not to damage the piles
by over-driving. Any sudden change in the rate of penetration which
cannot be ascribed to the nature of the ground shall be noted and its cause
ascertained, if possible, before driving is continued.
13
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
14.2 Handling
14.2.1 Care shall be taken that the piles are supported at a sufficient
number of points, properly located to prevent damage due to excessive
bending.
14.2.4 Sharp pointed tools shall not be used for handling or turning,
them in leads.
14.2.5 Minor abrasions of the surface of treated piles below cut-off level
in the portions which are to remain permanently under water shall he
permitted.
14.2.6 Surface of the treated piles helo\;\ cut-off shall not he disturbed
by boring holes or driving nails to support temporary material or
stagging.
14
IS : 2911 ( Part II ) - 1980
( Continuedfrom pn,ye 2 )
Convener Representing
SHRI M.D. TA~IHEICAR Bomha~ Port Trust, Bombay
Members
SHRI R.P. CKOunHURY Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants ( Steel
Authority of India ), Bhilai
SHRI A.P. MUKHERJEE (Alternate)
SHRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity ( P-820, Block P, .New A&ore.
_ Calcutta ) _ .
DEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH Ministry of Railways
(SMII)
DE~JIJTYDIRECTOR STANDARDS
( B & SICB II I ( Alternate 1
SRRl i$.GHodm~. Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Co Ltd,
Calcutta
SHRI M.IYENGAR Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI .J. K. BAGCHI ( Alternate )
SHRI S. R‘: KULKARNI M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SKRI M.R.PuNJA Cementatioq C-0 Ltd, Bombay
SHRID.SHARMA Centr$or~eklmg Research Institute ( CSIR ),
15
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( First Revision ) . .
[ Page 13, clause 13.1(d) ] - Delete the words ‘ and for concreting ’
( UDC 43 )