SALT ANALYSIS SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR BATCH 2023-24

Experiment : - TO ANALYSE THE GIVEN SALT FOR ACIDIC RADICAL (ANION) AND BASIC RADICAL (CATION)

Theory : Two basic principles are used (i) solubility product and (ii) common ion effect.

When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place and ionic product of a
salt is controlled by making use of common ion effect.

Materials required: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, filter paper, watch glass, glass rod, burner,
tripod stand, wire gauze, beakers, nickel spatula, reagents etc.

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
A) PRELIMINARY TESTS
1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
a) Colour of the salt noted
b) Smell noted : - a lilltle of
the salt is rubbed
between fingers with a
drop of water.
2. DRY HEATING TEST
A small amount of the
salt is heated in a dry
test tube.
i) blue or i) Cu 2+ may be present
bluish green
ii) light green II) Fe 2+ may be present
iii) dark brown iii) Fe 3+ may be present
iv) green iv) Ni 2+ may be present
v) pink v) Co 2+ may be present
vi) flesh coloured vi) Mn2+ may be present
vii)White coloured vii) absence of Cu 2+ , Fe 2+, Fe 3+, Ni 2+, Co2+,
Mn2+ ions
CHEMISTRY :-
Most of the transition metal salts are
coloured because the unpaired electrons
undergo d-d transitions with the
absorption of light.
i) ammoniacal smell i) ammonium NH4+ salt may be present
(please note: ammonium chloride being
stable does not give this test properly)
CHEMISTRY :-
On rubbing the ammonium salt liberates
ammonia gas
ii) vinegar like smell ii) acetate CH3COO- salt may be present
CHEMISTRY:-
On rubbing the acetate salts liberate acetic
acid vapours which has characteristic
vinegar smell.
iii) no characteristic Absence of ammonium and acetate ions
smell
i) colourless, i) Presence of carbonate salt
odourless gas CHEMISTRY
turning lime water MCO3→MO + CO2↑
milky Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 (white or milkiness)

ii) Smell of acetic ii) Presence of acetate salt

acid or vinegar CHEMISTRY :-
 On heating acetic acid vapours are
liberated which gives vinegar smell

iii) ammoniacal smell iii) ammonium NH4+salt may be present

CHEMISTRY :-
On heating the ammonium salt liberates
ammonia gas

iv) white fumes iv) ammonium chloride may be present

(sublimation)
happens

v) Yellow when hot v) Zn2+ present

and white when cold CHEMISTRY:-
The colour is due to nonstoichiometric
metal excess defect at interstitial sites
CHEMISTRY :-
ZnO→Zn2+ + ½ O2(g) + 2e-
Zn2+and electrons move to interstitial sites.
The electrons absorb different wavelengths
at different temperatures leading to
different colours

vi) White residue vi) Ba2+, Ca2+ Mg2+ or Al3+ may be present
which glows on
heating

vii) Original salt blue vii) Hydrated CuSO4 indicated

becomes white on CHEMISTRY:-
heating CuSO4.5H2O (Blue )+ heat →
CuSO4 (white )+ 5H2O

viii) The salt viii) lead nitrate may be present

decrepitates CHEMISTRY:-
(cracking) A salt which does not have water of
crystallization produces cracking sound

ix) no characteristic ix) absence of carbonate, acetate,

reaction ammonium, nitrate, zinc, barium, calcium,
magnesium or copper sulphate
pentahydrate
3. FLAME TEST i) Brick red i) Ca2+ ions may be present
A little of the salt is
made into a paste with ii) grassy apple green ii) Ba2+ ions may be present
conc.HCl in a watch glass
and shown to the non iii) crimson red iii) Sr2+ ions may be present
luminous part of the colour
flame using a glass rod.
iv) bright bluish iv) Cu2+ ions may be present
green CHEMISTRY
Certain salts on reacting with conc.HCl form
their chlorides that are volatile in
nonluminous flame. Due to heat of the
 flame the electrons are excited to higher
energy levels and on coming back they
impart characteristic colour to the flame.

v) no characteristic v) absence of calcium, barium, strontium or

4. COBALT NITRATE
TEST/ASH TEST
To a little of the salt
solution a few drops of
conc. HNO3 and a few
drops of cobalt nitrate
solution is added in a
test tube, heat the
solution, dip a filter
paper into the solution
and burnt into ashes
reaction copper ions
i) green tinted ash i) Zn2+ ions may be present
2Co(NO3)2→ 2CoO + 4NO2 + O2
ZnO + CoO→ZnO. CoO (green ash)
ii) pink tinted ash ii) Mg2+ ions may be present
2Co(NO3)2→ 2CoO + 4NO2 + O2
MgO + CoO→MgO. CoO (pink ash)
iii) Blue tinted ash iii) Al3+ ions may be present
2Co(NO3)2→ 2CoO + 4NO2 + O2
Al2O3 +CoO→ Al2O3 . CoO (blue ash)

v) no characteristic v) absence of zinc, magnesium, aluminium

coloured ash ions
B) IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR ANIONS
1. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID i) Brisk i) Presence of carbonate salt
TEST effervescence with CHEMISTRY
A little of the salt is colourless, odourless CO3 2-+ H2SO4→ SO4 2- + CO2↑ + H2O
treated with 1-2ml of dil. gas turning lime Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 (white or milkiness)
H2SO4 water milky

ii) no characteristic ii) absence of carbonate

2. CONC. SULPHURIC ACID
TEST
i) To a little of the salt
conc. H2SO4 is added and
warmed if necessary
and a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide
shown to the mouth of
the test tube
reaction
i) colourless pungent i)Presence of chloride
smelling gas is CHEMISTRY
evolved which gives Cl- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HCl↑ (colourless
white fumes when a pungent gas)
glass rod dipped in HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl (white fumes) + H2O
NH4OH solution is
shown on its mouth.

ii) i) To a little of the salt
conc. H2SO4 is added and
warmed with copper
turnings
ii)reddish brown gas ii) Presence of nitrate
with pungent smell CHEMISTRY:-
is evolved when Cu acts as reducing agent and reduces nitric
heated with Cu acid to NO2 gas.
turnings NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
4 HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2↑ + 2H2O

iii) i) To a little of the iii)colourless vapours iii) Presence of acetate

salt conc. H2SO4 is added with smell of vinegar CHEMISTRY
and warmed if necessary turns blue litmus red CH3COO- + H2SO4→ CH3COOH+ HSO4-
and moist blue litmus
 paper shown to the acetic acid has vinegar smell and turns blue
mouth of the test tube. litmus red.

iv) no characteristic iv) absence of chloride, nitrate and acetate

reaction
3. TEST FOR SULPHATE:- White precipitate Presence of sulphate
BaCl2 test:- insoluble in conc. HCl CHEMISTRY
A little of the salt SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 (white ppt)+ 2Cl-
solution is added with BaSO4 (white ppt) + conc. HCl→no reaction
few drops of BaCl2
solution and conc. HCl is no characteristic
added to it reaction Absence of sulphate
NOTE:- Carbonates also give white ppt with BaCl2 solution but it decomposes with Conc.HCl. Thus we can
distinguish between white barium carbonate and white barium sulphate.

C CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS (NOTE:- For 22-23 board practicals insoluble salts excluded.)

PREPARATION OF WATER EXTRACT FOR SOLUBLE SALTS :- Two nickel spatula full of salt is dissolved in 10ml
distilled water in a test tube.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT FOR INSOLUBLE SALT :- Dissolve two nickel spatula full of
salt with twice the amount of sodium carbonate added with 20ml distilled water in a beaker, boiled for
10minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CARBONATE

1. Dil. HCl test :- A Brisk effervescence with Presence of carbonate confirmed
little of the water the evolution of CHEMISTRY
extract of the salt is colourless, odourless gas CO3 + 2HCl → 2Cl- + CO2↑ + H2O
treated with Dil HCl turning lime water milky
Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 (white or milkiness)

2. BaCl2 test:- White precipitate soluble Presence of carbonate confirmed

A little of the water in dil. HCl CHEMISTRY
extract of the salt is CO32- + BaCl2 → BaCO3 (white ppt)+ 2Cl-
treated with few
drops of BaCl2 BaCO3 (white ppt) + 2HCl → . BaCl2 + CO2↑ +
solution and H2O
dil .HCl is added to it
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CHLORIDE
1. AgNO3 test :- White ppt which is Presence of chloride is confirmed
To a little of the soluble in ammonium CHEMISTRY
water extract add Dil hydroxide Cl- + AgNO3→AgCl(white ppt) + NO3-
HNO3 , add few AgCl + 2 NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl(soluble
drops of . AgNO3 and complex)
warmed if necessary
and little of the
precipitate is taken
in another test tube
and added
ammonium
hydroxide
(Please note: always
take a very little of
the precipitate in
another test tube
and add ammonium
hydroxide solution
to check the
solubility)

2.Chromyl chloride A yellow ppt is formed Presence of chloride is confirmed

test:- CHEMISTRY
a)Mix a small
amount of salt with a 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 6H2SO4→ 4HSO4- +2KHSO4 +
small amount of 2 CrO2Cl2↑(orange brown gas chromyl
K2Cr2O7 in a test tube chloride) + 3H2O
and add few drops of
conc. H2SO4 CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4 (yellow
b) Heat if needed solution)+ 2H2O + 2NaCl
and pass the orange
red vapours into Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4(yellow
NaOH solution kept ppt) +
in another test tube. 2 CH3COONa.
c) To the yellow
solution obtained
add dil. Acetic acid
and lead acetate
solution
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NITRATE
1. Paper ball test:- Dark brown fumes of Presence of nitrate is confirmed
Add a small quantity nitrogen di oxide are Paper ball C acts as reducing agent and
of the salt with conc. evolved reduces nitric acid to NO2 gas.
H2SO4 and a paper CHEMISTRY
ball and warm if NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
needed 4 HNO3 + C → CO2 + 4 NO2↑(reddish brown
gas) + 2H2O

2. Brown ring test:- A dark brown ring is Presence of nitrate confirmed

a) take a test tube formed at the junction of CHEMISTRY:-
add a small quantity the layers of the acid and NO3- + H2SO4→ HSO4- + HNO3
of ferrous sulphate the solution
crystals and dissolve 6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3→3Fe2(SO4)3 +4
it in water. This is H2O +2NO
freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O →[Fe(NO)(H2O)5]
solution. SO4brown ring
b) To a little of the
water extract of the
salt add a small
quantity of freshly
prepared FeSO4 and
then pour conc.
 H2SO4 slowly along
the sides of the test
tube
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SULPHATE
Lead acetate test:-
To a little of the A white ppt is formed
water extract 1ml of which is soluble in excess Presence of sulphate confirmed
lead acetate solution of ammonium acetate CHEMISTRY
is added and to a solution. SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 (white ppt) +
little of the 2 CH3COO-
precipitate added
ammonium acetate.

(Please note: always

take a very little of
the precipitate and
add ammonium
acetate solution to
check the solubility)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACETATE

1. Ester test:-
To a little of the salt Pleasant fruity smell of Presence of acetate confirmed
is warmed with 2ml ester CHEMISTRY
of conc. H2SO4. CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COO C2H5(fruity
Added 1ml ethyl smell) + H2O
alcohol. Shaken and
poured the contents
into a beaker
containing cold
water.
2. Oxalic acid test:- Smell of vinegar or acetic Presence of acetate confirmed
Take a small quantity acid
of the salt on a CHEMISTRY :-
watch glass and mix H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) + 2CH3COO-→ C2O42- +
it with solid oxalic 2 CH3COOH
acid and make a
paste with few drops
of water. Rub the
paste and smell.
D WET TESTS (GROUP ANALYSIS) -
Preparation of original solution or water extract if the salt is soluble in water:-
A two nickel of the salt is shaken well with 7ml of water and is called water extract. This is called original
solution used for group analysis and confirmatory test for cations.

If insoluble in water, then salt solution is made with dil. HCl or dil HNO3 and taken as original solution.
Sl. EXPERIEMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.
1. A little of the solid Pungent Ammonia GROUP 0 CATION AMMONIUM PRESENT
salt is heated with smelling gas gives CHEMISTRY
NaOH solution and a white fumes when On heating with NaOH ammonia gas is evolved
glass rod dipped in glass rod dipped in NH4+ + NaOH → Na+ + H2O + NH3(g)↑
 Conc. HCl shown to conc.HCl is shown HCl + NH3(g) → NH4Cl (white fumes) + H2O
the mouth of the test
tube
No characteristic Absence of group 0 cation ammonium
reaction
2. To a little of the White precipitate which PRESENCE OF GROUP I LEAD CATION
original solution is soluble in hot water CHEMISTRY
added dil.HCl. when boiled but Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+
If white precipitate reappears on cooling is The white ppt is lead chloride which is soluble
formed then a little of obtained. in hot water but insoluble in cold water
the precipitate taken
in another test tube
and added hot water
No characteristic Absence of group I cations
reaction
3. To a little of the Black precipitate Presence of copper cation is identified
original solution CHEMISTRY
added dil. HCl and The black precipitate is copper sulphide CuS.
passed H2S gas
No characteristic absence of group II cations
reaction
4. To a little of the i)White gelatinous i)PRESENCE OF GROUP III ALUMINIUM CATION
original solution precipitate CHEMISTRY
added ammonium Al3+ + 3 NH4OH → Al(OH)3 (white gelatinous
chloride and added precipitate + 3NH4+
ammonium hydroxide ii) Reddish brown ii) PRESENCE OF GROUP III FERRIC CATION
till the solution smells precipitate Presence of FERRIC cation identified.
of ammonia CHEMISTRY
Fe3+ + 3 NH4OH → Fe(OH)3 (reddish brown
precipitate) + 3NH4+

No characteristic Absence of group III cation

reaction
5. To the mixture of Dirty white precipitate PRESENCE OF GROUP IV CATION ZINC
ammonium chloride, CHEMISTRY
ammonium hydroxide Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS (dirty white precipitate) +
mixture solution H2S 2 H2O
gas is passed
Black precipitate PRESENCE OF GROUP IV CATION Co OR Ni
Black NiS OR black CoS
CHEMISTRY
Ni(OH)2 + H2S → NiS (black precipitate) + 2 H2O
CHEMISTRY
Co(OH)2 + H2S → CoS (black precipitate) + 2 H2O

Buff coloured or flesh PRESENCE OF GROUP IV CATION MANGANESE

coloured precipitate MnS
CHEMISTRY
2Mn(OH)2 + H2S → MnS (Buff coloured
precipitate) + 2 H2O
 No characteristic Absence of group IV cations
reaction
6. To the mixture of White precipitate PRESENCE OF GROUP V CATIONS Ba, Ca OR Sr
ammonium chloride, CHEMISTRY
ammonium hydroxide Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3(white barium
mixture added carbonate) + 2NH4+
ammonium carbonate OR
solution Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3(white calcium
carbonate) + 2NH4+
OR
Sr2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3(white strontium
carbonate) + 2NH4+

No characteristic Absence of group V cations

reaction
7. To a little of the White precipitate PRESENCE OF GROUP VI CATION Mg
original solution Presence of magnesium identified.
added ammonium
chloride, ammonium CHEMISTRY :-
hydroxide then added Mg2++(NH4)2 HPO4 + NH4OH→MgNH4PO4(white
ammonium hydrogen precipitate) + 2NH4 + + H2O
phosphate
No characteristic Absence of group VI cations
reaction
E CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS IDENTIFIED UNDER GROUP ANALYSIS
GROUP ZERO CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR AMMONIUM CATION NH4+
1. Nesslers reagent test:-A little of Filter paper turned Presence of ammonium ion
the salt added with NaOH brown in colour confirmed
solution warmed and to the CHEMISTRY
mouth of the test tube, filter 2[K2HgI4] + NH3(g)↑+ 3KOH →
paper dipped in Nessler s reagent NH2.HgO.HgI↓(brown ppt) +7KI +
is shown to the mouth of the test 2 H2O
tube.
GROUP 1 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR LEAD CATION Pb2+
1. 1. potassium iodide test:- Yellow precipitate lead ion confirmed
To one ml of the original solution which is soluble on CHEMISTRY
added few drops of KI solution boiling. PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 (yellow
A little of the yellow precipitate precipitate) + 2Cl-
taken in another test tube added
water and boiled

2. potassium chromate test:- To Yellow precipitate lead cation confirmed

one ml of the original solution CHEMISTRY
few drops of potassium K2CrO4 + Pb2+ → PbCrO4(yellow
chromate solution is added ppt) + 2K+
GROUP 2 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COPPER CATION Cu2+
 The black precipitate obtained in group 2 is heated with 50% nitric acid (equal volume of
distilled water and conc nitric acid mixed). The black precipitate dissolves. To one part of the
above solution, add ammonium hydroxide solution in excess
Blue coloured solution obtained

1. POTASSIUM FERRO CYANIDE A chocolate brown Presence of group II copper

TEST –To one part of the blue ppt is formed confirmed
solution add acetic acid and The chocolate brown precipitate
potassium ferrocyanide solution. is copper ferrocyanide
Cu2[Fe(CN)6]

POTASSIUM IODIDE TEST:- White precipitate

2. is formed in brown group II copper confirmed
To another part of the blue
solution, add acetic acid and solution The white precipitate is Cu2I2 and
potassium iodide solution. the brown colouration is due to I2

GROUP 3 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR FERRIC CATION Fe3+

The reddish brown precipitate is dissolved in dil.HCl.

1. POTASSIUM FERRO CYANIDE Prussian blue presence of ferric cation

TEST :- To one part of the above colour confirmed . Prussian blue
solution , add potassium ferro colouration is due to ferric
cyanide solution. ferrocyanide Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

2. POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANIDE
TEST OR POTASSIUM
THIOCYANIDE TEST
To the second part add a little of
potassium thiocyanide solution
Blood red Presence of ferric cation
colouration confirmed. The blood red
colouration is due to ferric
thiocyanide Fe(CNS)3 or ferric
sulphocyanide

CONFIRMATORY TEST - ALUMINIUM CATION Al3+ The white gelatinous precipitate is dissolved in dil.HCl.

1. Lake test:- Added two drops of
blue litmus solution and added
few drops of ammonium
hydroxide till blue colour
develop.
Blue precipitate Presence of aluminium cation
floating in the confirmed
colourless solution CHEMISTRY
Al(OH)3 (white gelatinous
precipitate) + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3( blue
colour adsorbs on this precipitate)
+ 3NH4Cl

Cobalt nitrate test/ash test :- Blue tinted ash.

Presence of aluminium cation
2. To a little of the salt solution a confirmed
few drops of conc. HNO3 and a
few drops of cobalt nitrate
 solution is added in a test tube, CHEMISTRY Al2O3 +CoO→ Al2O3 .
heat the solution, dip a filter CoO (blue ash)
paper into the solution and
burnt into ashes
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR GROUP IV CATIONS
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ZINC CATION Zn2+
1. 1.Sodium hydroxide test:- The white Presence of zinc cation confirmed
To one part of the original precipitate CHEMISTRY
solution add sodium hydroxide dissolves
solution dropwise. A white Zn2+ + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 ↓(dirty
precipitate is formed. Add more white precipitate) + Na+
of NaOH. Zn(OH)2 ↓(dirty white
precipitate) + 2NaOH →
Na2ZnO2(soluble) + 2H2O
2. cobalt nitrate test/ash test :- green tinted ash.
To a little of the salt solution a Presence of zinc cation confirmed
few drops of conc. HNO3 and a
CHEMISTRY OF THE REACTION:-
few drops of cobalt nitrate
solution is added in a test tube, ZnO +CoO→ ZnO . CoO (green
heat the solution, dip a filter ash)
paper into the solution and
burnt into ashes

Potassium ferrocyanide test:- White or yellowish Presence of zinc confirmed.

3. To one part of the original white precipitate is CHEMISTRY
solution add potassium formed 2 Zn2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] →
ferrocyanide solution. Zn2[Fe(CN)6] (white or bluish
white precipitate) + 4K+
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NICKEL CATION Ni2+

1. Dimethyl glyoxime test :- To one Bright rose red Presence of nickel confirmed
part of the original solution add precipitate is CHEMISTRY
ammonium hydroxide solution obtained The rose red precipitate is Nickel
and a few drops of dimethyl dimethyl glyoxime
glyoxime.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR COBALT CATION Co2+

1. To one part of the original Blue colour in Cobalt ions confirmed

solution, add 1ml of ether and a ethereal layer CHEMISTRY
crystal of ammonium thiocyanate The blue colour is due to the
, shake. Allow to settle. formation of ammonium cobalti
thiocyanate obtained in the
ethereal layer
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MANGANESE CATION Mn2+
 1. To one part of the original White precipitate Presence of Mn confirmed
solution, add NaOH solution formed CHEMISTRY
dropwise. The white precipitate is due to
Manganese hydroxide Mn(OH)2
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR GROUP V CATIONS:- The group V precipitate is dissolved in dil. Acetic acid and
with this solution tests are done.
CHEMISTRY
The insoluble carbonates of group dissolve in acetic acid due to the formation of corresponding soluble
acetates
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BARIUM CATION Ba2+
White precipitate of barium carbonate dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid
BaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → H2O + CO2↑ + (CH3COO)2Ba
1. 1. Potassium chromate test:- To Yellow precipitate Presence of barium confirmed
one part of the solution, add a CHEMISTRY
few drops of potassium (CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 →
chromate solution BaCrO4(yellow ppt) + 2 CH3COOK

2. FLAME TEST :- A little of the salt grassy apple green

is made into a paste with Presence of barium cation
conc.HCl in a watch glass and confirmed.
shown to the non luminous part
of the flame using a glass rod.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CALCIUM CATION Ca2+-

White precipitate of calcium carbonate dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid
CaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → H2O + CO2↑ + (CH3COO)2Ca
1. 1. Ammonium oxalate test:- To White precipitate Presence of calcium confirmed.
one part of the solution, add 1-2 CHEMISTRY
ml ammonium oxalate solution . (CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2 C2O4 →
Add a little ammonium hydroxide CaC2O4 (white ppt of calcium
to it and scratch the sides. oxalate) + 2 CH3COO NH4

FLAME TEST :- A little of the salt

2. is made into a paste with Brick red colour Presence of calcium cation
conc.HCl in a watch glass and imparted to the confirmed.
shown to the non luminous part flame.
of the flame using a glass rod.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR STRONTIUM CATION Sr2+

White precipitate of strontium carbonate dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid

SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH → H2O + CO2↑ + (CH3COO)2Sr

 1. 1. Ammonium sulphate test:- White precipitate Presence of strontium confirmed.
To one part of the solution, add CHEMISTRY
1-2 ml ammonium sulphate (CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2 SO4 → SrSO4
solution and warm (white ppt of strontium sulphate)
+ 2 CH3COO NH4
FLAME TEST
A little of the salt is made into a
2. Crimson red colour Presence of strontium cation
paste with conc.HCl in a watch
( persistant) confirmed.
glass and shown to the non
imparted to the
luminous part of the flame using
flame.
a glass rod.

GROUP 6 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR MAGNESIUM CATION Mg2+

1. 1. cobalt nitrate test/ash test:- To
a little of the salt solution a few
drops of conc. HNO3 and a few
drops of cobalt nitrate solution is
added in a test tube, heat the
solution, dip a filter paper into
the solution and burnt into ashes
pink tinted ash. Presence of magnesium cation
confirmed
CHEMISTRY OF THE REACTION:-
MgO +CoO→ MgO . CoO (pink
ash)

RESULT

The given salt contains Cation = Anion= Salt =

SALT ANALYSIS IN A NUT SHELL:-

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY DEALS WITH QUANTITATIVE (ESITIMATION OF MOLARITY AND STRENGTH)

AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (SALT ANALYSED FOR THE CATION AND ANION IT CONTAINS)

Qualitative analysis is carried out through the reactions which involve

a) formation of a precipitate
b) change in colour or evolution of gas

SYSTEMATIC QUALITITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AN INORGANIC SALT INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING STEPS

I Preiliminary examination of the solid salt and its solution. A PART of salt analysis
II Identification of anions and confirmatory tests. B AND C PARTS of salt analysis
III Identification of cations (wet tests or group analysis) and confirmatory tests D AND E PARTS of salt
analysis
ANIONS :

1. Carbonate CO32-,
2. nitrate NO3-,
3. sulphate SO42-,
4. chloride Cl-,
5. acetate CH3COO-
CATIONS :-

GROUP 0 GROUP I GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 GROUP 6

Ammoniu Lead Copper Aluminium Al3+ Nickel Ni2+ Calcium Ca2+ Magnesium
m ion NH4+ Pb2+ Cu2+ ferric Fe3+ Cobalt Co2+ Barium Ba2+ Mg2+
Manganese Strontium
Mn2+ Sr2+
Zinc Zn2+
Solid SALT O S + dil HCl O S + dil O S + NH4Cl + O S + NH4Cl O S + NH4Cl O S + NH4Cl
+ NaOH HCl + NH4OH + + +
solution H2S aq NH4OH + NH4OH + NH4OH +
solution H2S (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)HPO4

Pungent White lead Black a) White a)Black a) White White

Ammonia chloride Copper gelatinous Nickel Calcium Magnesium
smelling precipitate sulphide Aluminium sulphide carbonate hydrogen
gas gives precipitat hydroxide ppt Ni2+ Ca2+, phosphate
white e Aluminium confirm by confirm by Mg2+
fumes Lead Al3+ Dimethyl Ammonium Confirm by
when glass Pb2+ Confirm by glyoxime test oxalate test ash test
rod dipped Copper Lake test and
in concHCl Cu2+ ash test b)Black b) White
is shown cobalt Barium
Ammoniu b) reddish sulphide carbonate
m NH4+ brown ppt of Co2+ Ba2+,
ferric confirm by
Confirm by Confirm by hydroxide confirm by Potassium
Nessler s ferric Ammonium chromate
test Fe3+ test
 KI test and Confirm thiocyanate
Potassium by confirm by ether test c) White
chromate potassium potassium Strontium
test ferro cyanide c)Flesh carbonate
ferrocyani
test and coloured
de test potassium Sr2+
Manganeses
sulphocyanide e sulphide Ammonium
test Mn2+ sulphate test

confirm by
NaOH test

d)Dirty
white zinc
sulphide
Zn2+,
confirm by

1.NaOH test

2.ash test

3. potassium
ferrocyanide
test
NAME: GRADE : ROLL NO: